ESTABLISHING LICHENOMETRIC AGES FOR NINETEENTH- AND TWENTIETH-CENTURY GLACIER FLUCTUATIONS ON SOUTH GEORGIA (SOUTH ATLANTIC)

Glaciers in small mountain cirques on South Georgia respond rapidly and sensitively to changes in South Atlantic climate. The timing and rate of their deglaciation can be used to examine the impact that nineteenth- and twentieth-century climate change has had on the glacial dynamics and terrestrial ecosystems of South Georgia. As part of a reconnaissance study in Prince Olav Harbour (POH), South Georgia, we measured the size of lichens ( Rhizocarpon Ram. em Th. Fr. subgenus. Rhizocarpon group) on ice-free moraine ridges around two small mountain cirques. Our aims were twofold: first, to provide age estimates for lichen colonization, and hence, deglaciation of the moraine ridges, and second, to examine the potential of applying lichenometry more widely to provide deglacial age constraints on South Georgia. In the absence of lichen age-size (dating) curves for South Georgia, we use long-term Rhizocarpon lichen growth-rates from recent studies on sub-Antarctic Islands and the western Antarctic Peninsula to calculate likely age estimates. These data suggest ice retreat from the two outermost moraines occurred between the end of the 'Little Ice Age' (post c. 1870) and the early twentieth century on South Georgia. Lichen colonization of the innermost moraines is probably related to glacier retreat during the second half of the twentieth century, which has been linked to a well-defined warming trend since c. 1950. Patterns of possible nineteenth- and twentieth-century glacial retreat identified in POH need to be tested further by establishing species- and site-specific lichen age-size (dating) curves for South Georgia, and by applying lichenometry to other mountain cirques across South Georgia.     

Climatic changes in the regions of Antarctic Great Wall Station,Southern Chile and South Georgia Island

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ANALYSIS OF THE STOMACH CONTENTS OF ANTARCTIC KRILL, EUPHAUSIA SUPERBA DANA

Diet components of Euphausia superba of 12 sexual maturity stages from the adjacent waters off the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica were analysed. The major points observed are summaried as follows: 135 taxa of nano-and microorganisms were found in stomach contents of Euphausia superba, of which, the diatoms make up 60% of the total species number. Planktonic nano-diatoms and nano-flagellates smaller than 20μm in diameter accounted for 85% of diet total number. The dominant species in the stomach contents were Nitzschia angulata f. minima, N. curta f, minima, N. curta,Chrysostomum sp., the mean cell number of these species was about 56.99 cells/ind., The stomach fullness increases gradually with the sexual mature of the krill.     

Results of recent COCORP profiling in the southeastern United States

Summary. Recently acquired COCORP profiles in the southeastern United States show that: 1) Reflections associated with the Appalachian detachment are prominent beneath the Inner Piedmont of western Georgia, but do not extend further southeast beneath the Pine Mountain belt. 2) The Brunswick magnetic low is associated with a broad zone of crustal-penetrating dipping reflections that probably marks the Alleghanian suture in the southeastern U.S. 3) The South Georgia basin is a composite feature consisting of several half-graben, locally containing >5 km of Triassic - E. Jurassic basin fill. These basins occur within the interior of the Alleghanian orogen, but are not specifically associated with Alleghanian suture. 4) Across-strike crustal thickness variation, and distribution and character of lower-crust and Moho reflections in the Southern Appalachians is grossly similar to that observed in other parts of the Appalachian/Hercynian orogenic belt. Global comparisons suggest that these regional variations are a consequence of post-collisional extensional tectonics, rather than a primary (Palaeozoic or older) feature of the orogenic belt.     

FLUCTUATIONS OF LAST SPRING-FREEZE DATES IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

Fluctuations for the date of the last spring freeze are examined for the period 1916–1985 for a portion of the southeastern United States including much of Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and southern North Carolina. Data from 43 meteorological sites were utilized. For a large portion of the region, mean dates of the last spring freeze were considerably later for the recent 35-year period 1951–1985 compared to the earlier 1916–1950 period. Of the 43 study sites, 19 experienced statistically significant later last spring freezes for the latter half of the study period while none experienced significantly earlier last freeze dates. Of potential agricultural importance is the fact that major peach growing areas in central Georgia and west-central South Carolina are located within the region of statistically significant later spring freezes.     

A variable lacustrine environment in Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba: Evidence from modern thecamoebian distribution

Thecamoebians (testate protozoan) were examined in 18 surface sediment samples from the North and South basins and the Narrows of Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba. Significantly higher numbers of thecamoebians and tintinnids in the North Basin compared to the Narrows and South Basin are attributed to the effects of urban development around the South Basin of Lake Winnipeg. Human population growth in this area has led to increased nutrient concentration in runoff, causing eutrophication of the southern lake, which in turn allows for increased algal productivity. Cucurbitella tricuspis is found in large abundances in the South Basin, particularly close to the inlet of the Red and Assiniboine rivers. High abundances of this species have been attributed to eutrophic conditions, which this species appears to withstand more successfully than other species. Increases in domestic waste output, that have led to elevated heavy metal concentrations in lake bottom sediments of the South Basin, may have resulted in lower abundances of thecamoebians, further reducing competition.Strong currents in the Narrows cause a slightly coarser substrate and sweep away food sources such as phytoplankton. This results in a lower faunal abundance and slightly lower species richness of thecamoebians. Robust species such as the coarse-grained Difflugia viscidula and species which feed on bacteria such as Centropyxis aculeata show increased abundances.Modern thecamoebian assemblages are comparable to Late Holocene faunal associations in terms of species composition. Individual species abundances, however, have changed. For example, in the North Basin the Late Holocene dominance of Difflugia manicata is replaced by various strains of Difflugia oblonga during recent times. A common species of the South Basin from Late Holocene to recent times is Difflugia globulus. It would appear that faunal differences between basins are the result of differences in algal food sources.     

南乔治亚岛2016 年冬季大风天气特征分析

南乔治亚岛大风天气较为频繁, 天气形势复杂多变。通过对2016 年冬季的随船观测, 结合地面天气 图分析得出, 随船观测期间所有大风天气都由气旋直接或间接造成, 共归纳出3 种造成南乔治亚岛大风的 天气形势: 单一气旋型, 北高南低型和西高东低型。单一气旋型持续时间较短。北高南低型持续时间较长, 对南极磷虾渔船作业影响最大。西高东低型持续时间最短, 往往是鞍型气压场东移造成, 风急浪大, 且风向 与常年西风不同, 需特别注意渔船避风避浪方式。     

Initiation and early evolution of a forearc basin: Georgia Basin,Canada

The lower Nanaimo Group was deposited in the (forearc) Georgia Basin, Canada and records the basin's initiation and early depositional evolution. Nanaimo Group strata are subdivided into 11 lithostratigraphic units, which are identified based on lithology, paleontology, texture and position relative to both the basal nonconformity and to each other. Significant topography on the basal nonconformity, however, has resulted in assignment of lithostratigraphic units that are not time correlative, and hence, cannot reliably be used to accurately reconstruct basin evolution. Herein, we present a sequence stratigraphic framework for lower Nanaimo Group strata in the Comox Sub-Basin (northern Georgia Basin) that integrates both facies analysis and maximum depositional ages (MDAs) derived from detrital zircon. This stratigraphic framework is used to define significant sub-basin-wide surfaces that bound depositional units and record the evolution of the basin during its early stages of development. Seven distinct depositional phases are identified in the lower 700 m of the lower Nanaimo Group. Depositional phases are separated by marine flooding surfaces, regressive surfaces, or disconformities. The overall stratigraphy reflects net transgression manifested as an upwards transition from braided fluvial conglomerates to marine mudstones. Transgression was interrupted by periods of shoreline progradation, and both facies analysis and MDAs reveal a disconformity in the lowermost part of the Nanaimo Group in the Comox Sub-Basin. Stratigraphic reconstruction of the Comox Sub-Basin reveals two dominant depocenters (along depositional strike) for coarse clastics (sandstones and conglomerates) during early development of the Georgia Basin. The development and position of these depocenters is attributed to subduction/tectonism driving both subsidence in the north-northwest and uplift in the central Comox Sub-Basin. Our work confirms that in its earliest stages of development, the Georgia Basin evolved from an underfilled, ridged forearc basin that experienced slow and stepwise drowning to a shoal-water ridged forearc basin that experienced rapid subsidence. We also propose that the Georgia Basin is a reasonable analogue for ridged forearc basins globally, as many ridged forearcs record similar depositional histories during their early evolution.     

Stable isotope composition of microfauna supports the occurrence of biologically fixed nitrogen from cyanobacteria in desert soil food webs

Biological soil crusts of the arid Southwest US are habitat for a greater diversity of microfauna than soils with absent or physically disturbed crusts. The cyanobacteria of desert soil crusts fix nitrogen biologically, but it is not known whether these cyanobacteria are consumed by microfauna and are a significant component of the soil food web. We suspect that stylet-bearing nematodes and tardigrades are the most likely microfauna to graze on cyanobacteria, so we used natural abundance stable isotopes to test whether cyanobacteria are indeed a significant component of their diet in the field. We found that stable isotope composition of microinvertebrate biomass supports the hypothesis that cyanobacteria are a potential prey item in the food chain leading up to tardigrades and dorylaim-type nematodes in desert soils, but does not support the same hypothesis for Tylenchidae in these communities. Continued development of stable isotope methods may help to refine our understanding of feeding behaviors in belowground desert soil food webs.     

Sustaining the “Societal and Scriptural Fence”: Cultural,Social, and Political Topographies of Same-Sex Marriage in Alabama

In June 2006, voters in Alabama overwhelmingly approved a statewide referendum that added a prohibition against same-sex marriage to the state's constitution. This research examines the Alabama vote by “placing” the politics of sexuality within the state's multifaceted web of cultural and social space. We fuse a traditional electoral geography approach with an overall postpositivist cultural and social perspective, beginning with an assessment of the politics of place by situating Alabama as a place with a long history of battles over the so-called culture wars. The cultural politics of the legislative debate and the geographic distribution of the actual vote are also examined within a socio-demographic context, drawing some comparisons from a similar vote in Georgia in 2004, another state in the American Deep South. Those opposed to same-sex marriage in Alabama made effective use of various social constructions that are deeply embedded within a “moral” geography, situating the state as a fenced-off bastion of “religious traditional values,” a common theme throughout the American South. In this vein, social boundaries and territory were demarcated as a powerful political act in Alabama, a strategy that situated the state as hetero-normatively “in place,” while deeming sexual minorities as “out of place.”     

基于形态学及傅里叶分析对两种南极冰鱼耳石外型的研究

根据2014年3—4月以及2015年4—9月在南设得兰群岛以及南乔治亚群岛周边水域采集的裘氏鳄头冰鱼(Champsocephalus gunnari)及雪冰(Chionobathyscus dewitti)样本,对其耳石进行5种基础形态参数测量并转换为7种形态学参数,比较分析了两种冰鱼间的耳石形态学差异,再利用傅里叶分析法选取两种耳石的77个傅里叶系数进行判别。结果表明,两种冰鱼耳石长、高、周长、面积及质量均与体长呈显著的幂指数关系(P0.01)。由形态指标分析可知,裘氏鳄头冰鱼较雪冰耳石环率更低,即更趋近于圆,更为规则,且耳石厚度上略薄。两者各项形态参数间均存在显著性差异(P0.01)。对耳石77个傅里叶谐值进行主成分分析,其中前20个主成分解释总变异的82.491%,两种冰鱼的因子分布图上重叠量较少,可见区分度较好,判别分析选取了其中的6个傅里叶值建立了判别函数,总体判别率为96.15%。总体而言,可利用耳石外型对两种冰鱼进行种类判别,傅里叶分析更为直观清晰且较为准确。本研究可为南极冰鱼耳石形态学研究提供基础数据,并就其种类鉴别提供备选方法。     

台湾的红树林及其环境意义

本文概述了台湾现代红树林的分布及其与气候，海流，底质等环境条件的关系，并将台湾的红树林与邻区做了对比。中国东南部陆，海域沉积物中红树花粉的分布变化规律在一程度上反映了第四纪以来的环境变迁。     

Parasitism and haustorium anatomy of Krameria lappacea (Dombey) Burdet & B.B. Simpson (Krameriaceae), an endangered medicinal plant from the Andean deserts

Krameria lappacea (Rhatany or Ratanhia, Krameriaceae) is an endangered, overexploited medicinal plant from the semi-deserts of Andean South America, and is destructively harvested from nature. There are published data on parasitism of Krameria from three North American species, but not on K. lappacea, the only economically important species. The present study investigates the presence or absence of hemiparasitism, host plant range and haustorium morphology/anatomy. The study was carried out at two sites in Peru, Department Arequipa, Prov. Arequipa. Hemiparasitism was confirmed, with 106 haustorical connections to 18 host plant species from 17 genera and 12 plant families observed, nearly doubling the number of host plant species known for Krameria (incl. four additional angiosperm families). Root and haustorium architecture and anatomy were found to be similar to the North American species. K. lappacea is a highly generalistic hemiparasite and host distribution and abundance are likely not limiting factors for Krameria recruitment and establishment. Due to its wide range of host plants K. lappacea likely influences the performance of the bulk of perennial species in its habitat and overcollection affects the overall vegetation. Conservation strategies and adequate management should have high priority because of the likely ecological and known economical importance of this species.     

Patterns of Avian Population Density,Habitat Use,and Flocking Behavior in Urban and Rural Habitats During Winter*

This study examined the use of urban and rural habitats by woodland bird species in winter in the vicinity of Athens, Georgia, USA. Population densities of most species on urban sites were either comparable to or greater than those on rural sites, and most species were flexible in their habitat use patterns. On urban sites, only the golden-crowned kinglet consistently avoided vegetation that had been opened either by felling trees or clearing undergrowth. Nuthatches and chickadees flocked together less often at urban than at rural sites.     

全球化背景下在华韩国人族裔聚居区的形成与发展演变——以北京望京为例

随着近年的经济高速增长,中国已成为仅次于美国、日本的第三大韩国人移居地。在此背景下,运用实地调查和访谈方法,以北京望京为例,分析在华韩国人居住区及其族裔经济的形成与发展演变过程。北京望京是迄今为止在华韩国人聚集规模最大的社区,其以1998 年、2003 年为节点,经历了从花家地北移到望京西园,进而以望京西园为中心向外扩张的发展扩散过程。伴随着韩国人居住范围的扩大,面向韩国人的族裔经济也应运而生。当地的韩国人族裔经济多为韩国人和中国朝鲜族共同经营,以自我服务为主,已形成覆盖生产生活各方面的经济体系。相比中国国内的其他族裔聚居区,望京韩国人聚居区由于中国朝鲜族的参与,形成了主动融入、隐性隔离的特征,而这也为北京的移民管理和国际化城市建设带来了新挑战。     

SOIL AND VEGETATION PATTERNS IN BARRIER-ISLAND DUNE ENVIRONMENTS

Plant species distributions often have been attributed to landform characteristics or their associated geomorphic processes. This complicates interpretation of vegetation patterns in that geomorphic processes shape, and are shaped by, landforms. To characterize the biogeographic impacts of this interaction, I used principal components analysis (PCA) to examine hypotheses regarding the structure of variation among soil properties in active barrier-island dune systems. Dune soils and vegetation were sampled on two well-recognized barrier-island morphologies. On low-profile, wave-dominated microtidal barrier islands (South Core Banks, North Carolina) frequent overwash exerts a greater control on the distribution of soil properties. On mixed-energy mesotidal barrier islands (Sapelo Island, Georgia), overwash is less frequent, and the distribution of soil properties is shaped by a complex dune topography. Nontrivial principal components on both islands captured an equivalent amount of variance in the soil data. However, there were inter-island differences in the dimensionality of these nontrivial principal components, and differences in the distribution of variance and factor loadings. Suites of topography-modifying species, unique to each island, were uniform in the strength of their individual correlation with local edaphic variability. I posit that soil variance structure is a useful criterion to distinguish the relative influence on vegetation patterns of soil properties expressed through landforms (Sapelo Island) versus sediment transport processes (South Core Banks). [Key words: dune vegetation, barrier islands, principal components analysis (PCA), overwash.]     

南极长城湾夏季浮游植物变化特征

用南极长城湾水域１９９２～１９９５年三个夏季（１２月～３月）网采浮游植物样品,分析了浮游植物种类组成和数量分布。共鉴定浮游植物７２种,其中三个夏季都采到的共有种３３种,占总种数的４５．８３％;各年夏季浮游植物细胞数量平均值分别为６８７３．８２×１０４个／ｍ３、２０８．４８×１０４个／ｍ３和１０２７．３６×１０４个／ｍ３。主要优势种有聚生角毛藻（Ｃｈａｅｔｏｃｅｒｏｓｓｏｃｉａｌｉｓ）、海链藻属（Ｔｈａｌａｓｉｏｓｉｒａｓｐｐ．）、脆杆藻属（Ｆｒａｇｉｌａｒｉａｓｐｐ）、珍珠异极藻（Ｇｏｍｐｈｏｎｅｍａｍａｒｇａｒｉｔｘ）和扁面角毛藻（Ｃｈａｅｔｏ－ｃｅｒｏｓｃｏｍｐｒｅｓｕｓ）等。结果表明,各夏季种类组成基本相似;数量有明显的年际变化;湾内和湾口数量变化趋势一致     

Tardigrade remains from lake sediments

Remains of tardigrades have rarely been reported to preserve in sediments, resulting in the absence of important ecological and biogeographic information that they could provide. However, a study of faunal microfossils in Antarctic lake sediment cores has shown that tardigrade eggs and occasionally exuvia can be abundant. Eggs from at least five tardigrade species were identified in sediment cores from six lakes from across the continent, with abundances up to 6,000 (g⁻¹ dry wt.). It is likely that the cold temperatures and absence of benthic grazers in Antarctic lakes results in particularly good preservation conditions, though it may also be a function of population density. The conservation of tardigrade eggs and exuvia in lake sediments enables a better understanding of paleodistributions and effects of environmental changes for this phylum that cannot otherwise be obtained.     

Effects of land use,slope gradient,and soil and water conservation structures on runoff and soil loss in semi-arid Northern Ethiopia

April lightning production in Richmond County, Georgia, from 1995 to 2003 is considered with regard to the associated risk to golfers and spectators at the Master's Golf Tournament and courses throughout the county. An examination of the April lightning climatology of Georgia, focusing on Richmond County, reveals a minimum in lightning activity during the time of the tournament (the first full week of April). A discriminant analysis of Richmond County lightning production utilizes several meteorological variables in order to discern between three categories of April lightning days: little or no lightning activity, minimal lightning activity, and high lightning activity. The analysis distinguishes relatively well between the categories with only 13.5% of the events misclassified. A composite regional analysis of the three lightning categories illustrates the environmental differences between these events. Although the little or no lightning and high lightning categories are somewhat similar environmentally, the intensity of features separates these events and allows for interpretation. The statistical and synoptic analyses together emphasize the importance of low-level instability and frontal proximity and intensity in enhancing lightning production in thunderstorms during April in and surrounding Richmond County. A multitude of meteorological conditions can lead to thunderstorm development. Localized studies of these environments, especially during times of major outdoor sporting events, are needed to help mitigate the risk associated with lightning.     

石芝珊瑚（Fungiidae）的分类、生活史及其生物地理研究进展

石芝珊瑚（Fungiidae）作为珊瑚礁生态系统框架的主要构建者之一,以其丰富的物种多样性、独特的移动性和对环境变化的强适应性,在维持珊瑚礁生态系统的稳定中起重要作用。文章综述了国内外对石芝珊瑚的研究进展,包括：1）物种多样性;石芝珊瑚可起源于白垩纪中期,现共有17属、约55种,具有多样化的进化分歧与丰富的物种多样性。2）生活史（繁殖、营养模式、生长发育与移动性）;石芝珊瑚具备独特的生活史策略,双向性别转换（bidirectional sex conversion）可增强石芝珊瑚种群的繁殖成功率与环境适应性,而成体移动性（adult mobility）则能够有效拓宽石芝珊瑚生态位,并提高其种群的竞争力与恢复力。3）空间分布模式（跨大陆架分布、珊瑚礁地貌带分布与纬向分布）及影响因素;石芝珊瑚是全球性的珊瑚物种,其能够在岩石、沙地、淤泥等多样化的生境中存活,具有广阔的生物地理分布范围。基于目前石芝珊瑚的研究进展,建议从以下3个方面开展进一步研究：1）基于形态学与分子分类,厘定南海石芝珊瑚科的谱系,阐明南海石芝珊瑚物种多样性的演变规律及驱动机制;2）依托宏观生态调查,揭示石芝珊瑚在南海不同纬度、岛礁、地貌带的分布特征与优势类型;3）利用群体遗传学的研究方法,从南海石芝珊瑚种群历史动态与遗传联通性的角度探讨其对全球气候变化的响应机制。