吉林市某冶炼厂土壤重金属污染风险评价

为了解研究区土壤重金属环境质量状况,对土壤进行样品采集和测试。采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗（Nemerow）综合污染指数法,依据《土壤环境质量标准》（GB15618--2008）第二级标准对土壤中Ni和Cd的污染状况进行环境风险评价。结果表明, Ni的污染范围主要在距中心点3000 m范围内,超标点共15个,大部分超标点为轻微污染或轻度污染。个别点存在重度污染和综合污染现象。此外,对土壤重金属超标点位的玉米作物进行测试分析,发现其Ni和Cd含量均不超标,说明土壤的污染程度对于当地的玉米作物没有影响。     

舟山西蟹峙海洋倾倒区及邻近海域表层沉积物重金属污染及其生态风险评价

根据2011年7月浙江舟山西蟹峙海洋倾倒区及邻近海域表层沉积物重金属的监测结果,采用单因子指数法和Hakanson生态危害指数法分析表层沉积物重金属的污染特征,并评价其潜在生态风险。结果表明:沉积物重金属元素Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As含量均符合国家海洋沉积物质量一类标准;重金属元素污染程度由高到低依次为Zn、Cr、Pb、Cu、As、Cd、Hg,其中Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg和As 5种重金属元素为低污染水平,Zn和Cr 2种重金属元素为中等污染程度水平;7种重金属元素单个和综合潜在生态危害程度均为低风险水平,由高到低依次为Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cu、Cr、Zn。     

鲁西莱阳茌梨产地小流域沉积物重金属生态风险评价及来源分析

富集在河流沉积物中的重金属是长期影响河流地表水和周边农田土壤环境生态的潜在威胁。采集鲁西五龙河小流域表层沉积物样品,分析As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn共8种重金属的含量,采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法评价重金属元素污染现状和潜在生态风险,运用正定矩阵因子矩阵法对沉积物重金属来源进行解析。结果表明,沉积物重金属中Cr、Cu、Hg和Ni的平均含量明显高于相关背景值,显示一定的富集特征。重金属污染程度排序为Ni>Hg>Cu>Cr>Cd>Zn>As>Pb,其中Cu、Hg和Ni为偏中度污染,Cd和Cr为偏轻度污染,As、Zn和Pb为无污染。沉积物重金属潜在生态风险低、中、较高等级风险占比分别为40.8%、48.1%和11.1%,Hg和Cd为主要潜在生态风险元素,分别表现为较高潜在生态风险和中等潜在生态风险,风险点主要分布在五龙河汇合口和富水河中。研究区重金属污染来源主要有自然源(Cr和Ni)、混合源(As、Cd、Hg和Pb)和果园农药(Cu和Zn),三者贡献率分别为30%、31%和39%。     

朱仙庄煤矿塌陷水域水文地球化学特征及污染评价

煤矿塌陷导致的环境问题日益显现,尤其是塌陷水域的水环境问题直接影响到矿区水资源利用。通过对朱仙庄塌陷塘常规离子(K~+,Na~+,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),Cl~-,SO_4~(2-),HCO_3~-)及重金属离子(Cd~(2+),Cr~(3+),Mn~(2+),Pb~(2+))的测定来分析塌陷塘水文化学特征,并利用单因子评价法、内梅罗指数法对水域重金属离子做出污染评价。结果表明,塌陷塘水化学类型为:I,II,III塘均为HCO_3-Na型;IV塘HCO_3-Ca型。重金属含量均符合《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)II类水质标准。单因子评价法与内梅罗指数法评价结果显示,塌陷塘水质良好,基本无污染。     

湄洲湾海域贝类重金属污染状况及健康风险评价

【目的】研究湄洲湾海域贝类重金属污染状况,评价其健康风险。【方法】测定湄洲湾海域长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)、缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)、菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)、毛蚶(Scapharca subcrenata)、文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)等5种贝类中的Pb、Cd、无机As、Cr、Hg、Cu含量,对其进行Pearson相关性分析。采用单项污染指数法和综合污染指数法评价5种贝类的健康风险。【结果】Hg与Cu之间存在有统计学意义的正相关(P0.05),相关系数为0.923,其他各元素间相关性则无统计学意义;Pb、Cd、无机As、Cr、Hg、Cu的平均含量均未超过食品中污染物限量,5种贝类的综合污染指数为0.28~0.35;5种贝类的复合目标危害系数TTHQ值为0.370~0.532,均小于1。【结论】湄洲湾海域5种贝类均未受重金属污染,重金属暴露的健康风险较低。     

博贺湾表层沉积物重金属来源及风险评价

【目的】探究博贺湾海域表层沉积物重金属的污染特征和来源。【方法】基于2016年和2014年博贺湾海域表层沉积物Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg、As重金属调查结果,应用单因子污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法评估其生态风险,同时结合同步调查得到的总有机碳(TOC)参数,应用相关性分析和主成分分析方法,分析调查海域重金属的污染特征及来源。【结果】博贺湾海域表层沉积物重金属Zn、Cd、Pb、As、Hg含量均满足国家第一类海洋沉积物质量标准,95%站位的Cu、Cr满足国家第一类海洋沉积物质量标准,重金属污染程度由高到低依次为CrPbHgCuAsZnCd,重金属元素潜在生态危害影响程度依次为HgCdAsPbCuCrZn,TOC与重金属Hg含量成显著正相关,而与Cu、Zn、Cr无相关性。【结论】该海域Hg主要来源于有机质的降解,Cu、Zn、Cr具有相近来源,主要为人类工业生产与生活污染;Cd、Pb、As来源为人类工业生产与生活污染以及有机质的降解。调查海域综合潜在生态风险整体处于较低水平,重金属Hg为主要生态风险贡献因子。     

山东省临沭县北部农用地土壤重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

本文以山东省东南部的临沭县北部农用地表层土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤中8种重金属元素含量及其分布特征,采用地积累指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价了研究区农用地土壤重金属生态风险。结果表明：8种重金属中除Pb元素略高于临沂市表层土壤背景值外其余7种元素都低于背景值,研究区表层土壤中金属累积程度整体上相对较轻,土壤中重金属地积累程度由强到弱顺序为Hg>As>Zn>Cd>Cu>Ni>Cr>Pb, Hg元素有0.30%的样品属于中度累积以上级别,是累积程度最严重的元素,在局部可能存在一定程度的严重污染状况。Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn这5种元素的单因子潜在生态风险较小,Hg和Cd为单因子潜在生态风险评价重危害程度最严重的2种元素,综合潜在生态风险指数有72件样品达到了中度风险等级以上,这种现象主要受Hg和Cd这2种元素的影响。该研究成果可为该地区农产品产地安全管理和农业可持续发展提供重要科学依据。     

西北某退役炼油厂地下水中挥发性有机物污染特征及健康风险评价

挥发性有机物(VOCs)可长期存在于地下水中,从而对人体产生危害。针对西北某退役炼油厂受有机物污染的浅层地下水,开展了地下水中挥发性有机物的污染特征调查,并对其可能产生的健康风险进行评价。研究结果表明,该场地地下水中共检出18种VOCs, VOC单体检出率范围为6.25%～56.25%。特征污染物以苯和1,2,4-三甲苯为主,两者检出率均为56.25%,对照我国《地下水质量标准》(GB/T14848-2017)的Ⅲ类标准,苯和1,2,4-三甲苯超标率均达到50%。场地内污染物主要来自原液化气储罐区和原柴油灌区的垂向渗漏,表明这两个区域可能为该场地地下水的主要污染源,且污染物分布会受水文地质条件和地下水流向的综合影响,对场地下游地下水造成污染。健康风险评价结果表明,通过饮水途径造成的健康风险占据主导。83.3%的点位致癌风险值(CR)大于10^-6,可能存在致癌风险,其中位于渣油罐区GW11点位的致癌风险值大于10^-4,具有致癌风险;50%的点位危害商(HQ)大于1,会产生非致癌风险,对人体造成一定影响。因此,今后应加强对区域饮水问题的关注和管控...     

淄博市大武水源地土壤质量分析及其对地下水的影响

土壤质量评价是了解土壤污染状况,完善土壤管理制度的有效途径。本文旨在研究主要污染物对土壤质量的影响,进一步分析土壤对地下水的影响。以淄博市大武水源地为研究区,运用综合分析法和对比法,分析近十年土壤改善情况,探讨土壤和地下水之间的联系。结果表明,研究区内土壤质量整体较好,无较高污染风险Ⅲ类土壤,以污染风险低的Ⅰ类土壤为主,风险可控的Ⅱ类质量土壤主要分布在最表层,垂向上污染物存在向下迁移现象。土壤重金属以Hg、Cd、Pb为主,具有一致性、同源性;有机物污染最严重的是多环芳烃类,其次是二氯甲烷,主要来源于周边化工厂以往所排放的污废水。本次调查的苯浓度有了大幅度减低,均未检出,重金属Cd污染增加。土壤中污染物向下迁移影响了地下水水质,近10年来地下水和土壤质量虽有所改善,但大武水源地土壤中污染物仍对地下水水质产生持续影响。本次研究对淄博市大武水源地土壤质量的分类和界定,提高水土生态健康具有重要意义。     

原子吸收分光光度法测定废水中的镉

镉（Cd）不是人体的必需元素,Cd的毒性很大在人体主要积蓄在肾脏,引起泌尿系统的功能变化引发多种疾病。当水中Cd质量浓度为0．1mg／L时,可轻度抑制地表水的自净作用。用Cd质量浓度为0．04mg／L的污水进行农田灌溉时,土壤和稻米明显受到污染。Cd的主要污染源有电镀、采矿、冶炼、染料、电池及其它工业等排放的废水,这些废水排放到水体中引起水质污染。因此,对水中有害重金属元素进行检测就显得很重要。     

资江河口区农田土壤重金属污染评价及来源分析

资江是洞庭湖的第二大支流，其中上游锑(Sb)矿采矿冶炼工业发达，给资江下游及洞庭湖区带来了严重的重金属污染风险。以资江河口区为研究区，采集了132个农田土壤样品及7个资江水样，综合采用多种污染评价方法、空间分析、多元统计分析方法对研究区重金属进行了污染评价及来源分析。结果表明，研究区农田土壤重金属平均质量分数表现为Zn>Cr>Ni>Pb>Cu>As>Sb>Cd，旱田土壤重金属平均质量分数除Pb外均高于水田。Sb、As、Cd为主要污染元素，Sb达到了中等污染和中等生态风险的程度，总体处于轻微-中等生态风险程度。资江水体Sb质量浓度较高，平均为10.51 μg/L。Sb主要来源于中上游的锑矿工业，受高锑质量浓度地表水灌溉、垃圾填埋场以及燃煤等人为活动的控制；Cd主要来源于农药化肥、生活垃圾和城镇废水等人为活动；Cr主要来源于成土母质，而Cu、Zn、As、Ni、Pb受成土母质和人为活动的双重控制。      

Spatial distribution and seasonal variations of heavy metal contamination in surface waters of Liaohe River,Northeast China

Heavy metal pollutants are a worldwide concern due to slow decomposition, biocondensation, and negative effects on human health. We investigated seasonal and spatial variations of the five heavy metals and evaluated their health risk in the Liaohe River, Northeast China. A total of 324 surface water samples collected from 2009 to 2010 were analyzed. Levels (high to low) of heavy metals in the Liaohe River were: zinc (Zn) > chromium (Cr) > copper (Cu) > cadmium (Cd) > mercury (Hg). Spatial and seasonal changes impacting concentrations of Cu and Zn were significant, but not significant for Cr, Cd and Hg. The highest concentrations of heavy metals were: Hg at Liuheqiao, Cu at Fudedian, Zn at Tongjiangkou, Cr at Mahushan, and Cd at Shenglitang. The highest concentrations of Hg and Cr were found in the wet period, Cu and Cd in the level period, and Zn in the dry period. The surface water of a tributary was an important accumulation site for heavy metals. Health risks from carcinogens and non-carcinogens increased from upstream to downstream in the mainstream of the Liaohe River. The total health risk for one person in the Liaohe River exceeded acceptable levels. The total health risk was the greatest during the wet period and least in the dry period. Among the five heavy metals in the Liaohe River, Cr posed the greatest single health risk.     

Spatial Distribution and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Paddy Soils of Yongshuyu Irrigation Area from Songhua River Basin,Northeast China

There is an increasing concern for potentially hazardous metals pollution, which can threaten crops production and human health. In this study, the spatial distribution and environmental risks of eight heavy metals in surface soil samples collected from the paddy fields in Yongshuyu irrigation area, Northeast China were investigated. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Hg and As were 34.6 ± 4.67, 82.8 ± 9.51, 17.3 ± 4.09, 21.2 ± 12.0, 88.6 ± 17.9, 0.18 ± 0.15, 0.22 ± 0.07 and 8.77 ± 2.47 mg/kg, respectively, which were slightly higher than their corresponding background values of Jilin Province, indicating enrichment of these metals in the paddy soils, especially for Ni, Cd and Hg. The spatial distribution of heavy metals was closely correlated with local anthropogenic activities, such as agricultural production, mining and transportation. The hot-spot areas of As and Cd were mainly concentrated in the up-midstream where were associated with agricultural activities. Cr and Cu showed similar spatial distributions with hot-spot areas distributed the whole irrigation area uniformly. Ni was mainly distributed in the downstream where Ni quarries concentrated, while the spatial distribution patterns of Hg was mainly located in the upstream and downstream where the soil was significantly influenced by irrigation and coal mining emission. The spatial distributions of Pb and Zn were mainly concentrated along the highway side. The pollution levels of Yongshuyu irrigation area were estimated through index of geo-accumulation(Igeo), Nemerow integrated pollution index(NIPI) and potential ecological risk index(PERI). The results showed that Cd and Hg were the main pollutants in the study area. Health risk assessment results indicated that children were in higher non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks than adults with the carcinogenic metal of As. Ingestion was the main exposure pathway to non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk for both adults and children. Principal component analysis(PCA) indicated that Cr and Cu were mainly from parent materials, while Cd and As were mainly affected by agricultural activities. Pb and Zn were controlled by traffic activities, and the accumulations of Ni and Hg were associated with mining activities. This study would be valuable for preventing heavy metals inputs and safety in rice production of the Songhua river basin.     

Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface seawater and sediment near the outlet of a zinc factory in Huludao City,Liaoning Province,China

At present, the methods widely applied to assess ecological risk of heavy metals are essentially single-point estimates in which exposure and toxicity data cannot be fully used and probabilities of adverse biological eff ects cannot be achieved. In this study, based on investigation of concentrations of six heavy metals (As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) in the surface seawater and sediment near the outlet of a zinc factory, located in Huludao City, Liaoning Province, China, a tiered approach consisting of several probabilistic options was used to refine ecological risk assessment for the individuals. A mixture of various heavy metals was detected in the surface seawater, and potential ecological risk index (PERI) was adopted to assess the potential ecological risk of heavy metals in the surface sediment. The results from all levels of aquatic ecological risk assessment in the tiered framework, ranging from comparison of single eff ects and exposure values to the use of distribution-based Hazard Quotient obtained through Monte Carlo simulation, are consistent with each other. Briefly, aquatic Zn and Cu posed a clear ecological risk, while Cd, Pb, Hg, and As in the water column posed potential risk. As expected, combined ecological risk of heavy metal mixture in the surface seawater was proved significantly higher than the risk caused by any individual heavy metal, calculated using the concept of total equivalent concentration. According to PERI, the severity of pollution by the six heavy metals in the surface sediment decreased in the following sequence: Cd>Hg>As>Pb>Cu>Zn, and the total heavy metals in the sediment posed a very high risk to the marine environment. This study provides a useful mathematical framework for ecological risk assessment of heavy metals.     

章丘区北部土壤重金属地球化学特征及潜在生态风险

以山东省济南市章丘区北部表层土壤中As等8种重金属元素为研究对象,利用多元统计进行重金属来源分析,采用污染负荷指数法及潜在生态危害指数法进行污染评价,结果表明:研究区表层土壤重金属元素含量低于济南市土壤背景值,Cd和Hg元素含量为强度变异,在表层土壤产生一定的富集;不同土地利用类型下重金属元素含量具有差异性。土壤中Cr,Cu,Ni和Zn来源于土壤母质,Cd和Pb元素来源于人类活动,As元素来源复杂。土壤综合污染以轻度污染为主,重金属元素污染程度大小为AsNiPbZnCrCuCdHg。综合潜在生态风险以轻微和中度为主,潜在生态风险强弱程度为HgCdAsCuPbNiCrZn,建议防范Hg和Cd元素污染及生态风险。     

渭河水污染对杨凌区拟建水源地水质影响分析

杨凌农业高新技术产业示范区南临渭河，三维渗流数值模拟结果表明，拟建于渭河漫滩和一级阶地上的两个地下水水源地的开采将大大地激发渭河水对地下水的补给，使得已受污染的渭河水对拟建水源地的水质造成严重威胁。水质模拟结果表明，在未来开采条件下，热电厂水源地、水上运动中心及渭河近岸地带的地下水最容易受到渭河水污染的影响。     

招远市界河流域水土污染特征及修复技术研究

随着招远市社会经济的发展,人类对环境质量的要求越来越高,人类工程活动对土壤造成的污染问题也逐渐显露,加强土壤环境管理是我国环境保护的一项基础性工作,具有十分重要的意义。为查明界河流域地下水及土壤现状,在界河流域自上游到下游布设监测点位,共取水质分析样品66组和土壤样品19组进行化验,分析了地下水和土壤污染监测数据,总结了招远界河流域的水土污染特征,认为界河上游和中游流域土壤以有机污染为主,下游土壤污染为重金属污染,部分区域叠加有机污染形成复合污染,主要重金属成分为镉、砷、汞。结合环境工程领域的环境修复技术,提出了适宜的水土修复方案,为招远市环境修复提出可行性建议。     

Distribution and source of main contaminants in surface sediments of tidal flats in the Northern Shandong Province

Twenty-nine samples of surface sediments from tidal flats in the Northern Shandong Province were collected for grain size, heavy metal(Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr), and oil pollution analyses. The geoaccumulation index(Igeo) and factor analysis were introduced to evaluate sediment quality and source of contaminants. The mean concentrations of Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, and oil in the surface sediments in the study area are 0.033, 17.756, 19.121, 55.700, 0.291, 59.563, and 14.213 μg g-1, respectively. The heavy metal contamination in the old delta lobe is slightly higher than that in the abandoned delta lobe; however, the opposite was observed for oil pollution. The Igeo results revealed that the overall quality of the surface sediments in the study area is in good condition. The heavy metal pollution levels show a descending order: Cd Hg Cr Cu Zn Pb, Cd being the main pollutant. The contamination level for in the study area is relatively lower than those for China's other tidal flats. Heavy metals are mainly derived from natural sources of rock weathering and erosion, partly influenced by industrial and agricultural discharge. However, oil pollution is mainly from runoff input, motorized fishing boat sewage, and oil exploitation.     

武汉市东西湖区主要湖泊表层沉积物重金属污染特征与生态风险评价

人类活动对水环境影响巨大,同时水环境影响着人类的生产生活。采用地质累积指数法及潜在生态危害指数法对武汉市东西湖区主要湖泊表层沉积物重金属情况展开评价发现东西湖主要湖泊表层沉积物平均污染程度处于相对较低水平。地累积指数法评价结果表明,东大湖和金湖中Cd元素处于中度污染水平累积,墨水湖和上金湖中Cd元素为偏中度污染累积水平,其他湖泊沉积物中重金属均处于轻度或无污染水平。潜在生态危害指数法评价结果表明金湖和东大湖沉积物中重金属的潜在风险处于重度生态风险水平,墨水湖、上金湖、下银湖处于中度风险水平,其余湖泊沉积物中重金属的潜在风险均处于低风险水平。主成分分析表明,Hg、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb可能来自于工业和交通源的排放,而As可能与农药的使用有关。后期金湖、东大湖、墨水湖、上金湖和下银湖的内源污染治理过程中需考虑重金属的生态风险问题。