黄河下游影响带含水系统激发补给动态调蓄研究

黄河下游悬河的特殊地质环境条件,使黄河水与其影响带地下水水力联系密切,地下水开采潜力大。为优化水资源联合调度,刻画地下水集中供水水源地与含水系统调蓄的内在联系,根据地下含水系统岩性结构及地下水的补、径、排条件,按水源地定流量的开采方案,建立浅层地下水二维水流模型。应用FEFLOW软件,对黄河下游影响带10处地下水水源地进行激发补给动态调蓄模拟预测。结果显示,傍河水源地开采条件下,可以通过增大黄河的侧渗补给量,实现含水系统动态调蓄水资源的功能。     

蒋家沟泥石流源地的特征

所谓泥石流源地乃是泥石流物质(水体和土体)来源地和这些物质起动、混合而成泥石流的地区,即包括泥石流物质源地、泥石流形成和汇流的源地。 蒋家沟泥石流物质源地有两,一为水源地,二为土源地。水源地面积大,达39.9平方公里,遍布于流域中、上游;土源地面积小,约为26.4平方公里,位于水源区内,沿干支流两岸分布。     

基于水化学和同位素评价马莲河下游地下水补给河水的时空变化

准确评价地下水对河水的补给量是流域水资源量管理和合理利用的基础。在马莲河流域下游采集不同季节地表水和地下水样品75组，利用Cl^-、电导率（EC）和D、¹⁸O同位素多方法联合评价，识别了地下水补给河水的位置、补给量及其季节变化。结果表明：马莲河水EC和Cl^-质量浓度沿着流向均呈降低趋势，δD和δ¹⁸O值沿流向减小。雨季EC和Cl^-质量浓度最低，δD和δ¹⁸O值最高。地下水各组分浓度均低于河水，时空变化不明显。地下水单宽排泄量存在时空变异，上段和下段为地下水强排泄区，中段地下水排泄较弱，不同季节地下水排泄量占总排泄量的72.20%～95.07%。雨季地下水单宽排泄量显著降低，河水中基流比例由雨季前期的68.89%降至29.43%。整体上，地下水补给河水季节变化明显，而空间变化规律较为稳定。研究成果有利于深入认识河水和地下水的相互作用机制，并为当地水资源利用提供基础依据。     

青海湖沙柳河流域浅层地下水不同时期补给特征

地下水稳定同位素组成的时空变化特征可以反映不同时期、不同区域地下水补给来源的差异。通过青海湖沙柳河流域浅层地下水氢氧稳定同位素组成的时空变化特征以及地下水、河水与降雨之间的补给关系的分析，结果显示：季风时期，地下水主要受降雨入渗和河流侧向补给为主，在补给过程中蒸发作用是影响地下水稳定同位素值的主要因素；非季风期，冰雪融水对低值区的地下水影响显著，同时降水的快速入渗则是该时期高值区地下水的主要补给方式之一。地下水同位素高值区，地下水与河水间补给作用较弱，补给时间超过5个月；地下水同位素低值区，地下水与河水补给关系较为密切，补给时间在1~4个月间。本文所得结论可初步反映干旱半干旱内陆流域地下水稳定同位素特征以及补给方式的基本规律，在一定程度上可为流域地下水及其他水体间的转换研究提供科学依据，并为地下水资源管理和水环境治理提供一定理论指导。     

克鲁伦河流域下游水体氢氧同位素与水化学特征

通过对克鲁伦河流域下游河水与地下水的主要离子水化学与氢氧同位素进行分析，结合区域水文地质资料，利用Durov图、空间插值、统计分析等方法分析了河水与地下水水化学与氢氧同位素特征。结果表明，河水的水化学类型主要为Na-Ca-HCO3型，地下水水化学类型为Na-Cl和Ca-Na-HCO型。克鲁伦河水主要离子浓度与氢氧同位素空间分布特征显著较地下水稳定、空间差异小。流域内地下水与地表水主要来自降水补给，地下水也是克鲁伦河的主要补给源。氘盈余变化揭示出克鲁伦河水的蒸发分馏程度强于地下水，除流域内水体蒸发主要受地质地貌影响外，人类活动对河水的影响显著于周边地下水。G3点所在的西庙为一个完整独立的水文地质单元，其表现出的水化学与氢氧同位素特征均异于其他地下水。流域内部分地下水F-含量超标，虽然一定程度是受人类活动影响，但更多的是基于综合水文地质条件基础上的自然现象，已严重威胁人类生存，应引起当地有关部门的高度重视，避免氟中毒事件重现。     

基于氢氧稳定同位素和水化学的青藏高原高寒内陆流域水文过程示踪研究

氢氧稳定同位素和水化学已成为研究水文循环过程的良好示踪剂,两者的结合能很好地揭示流域或者区域（特别是缺少水文观测数据的高寒内陆地区）的水文循环过程。青藏高原地表环境较恶劣,缺乏流域尺度的水文观测资料,不利于对流域尺度水文循环过程的综合理解和认识,成为水资源高效综合利用的瓶颈。为此,本文以青海湖沙柳河流域为研究对象,通过对降水、河水和地下水的定期定点高密度采样和对其氢氧稳定同位素组成（δD、δ¹⁸O）和水化学氯离子（Cl^-）浓度的分析测定,其目的旨在识别和示踪流域不同水体间的补给关系,探究D-¹⁸O同位素和Cl^-离子能否指示流域水文过程。结果显示,青海湖沙柳河流域干、支流河水和地下水均受降水补给,自上游至下游,干流河水受降水补给作用较强,支流河水受补给作用依次减弱,地下水受降水补给作用较弱。下游干流河水主要受下游地下水和全域支流河水补给,比例分别为15.45%和84.55%;下游地下水主要由中上游的河水和地下水补给,比例分别为42.40%和57.60%。上述结果表明结合氢氧稳定同位素和水化学手段可定量揭示高寒内陆河流域的水文过程,可为青藏高原其他类似流域水文过程示踪研究提供范例。     

秦岭—黄淮平原交界带河流水沙迁移变化规律研究

分析了秦岭－黄淮平原交界带河流水沙源地的分布规律及其成因和河流水沙移变化规律。得出结论：河流水沙异源，水源地主要分布上游多雨中心地区，沙源地主要分布于上游地面坡度和降水量较大地区，地表物较为疏松的地区和水库坝下河段。     

基于MODFLOW的流域分布式水文模型研究——以渭河中下游地区为例

在流域水循环框架下,以MODFLOW为基础,结合河水的一维动力波模型和地表、土壤坡面产汇流模型,建立了渭河中下游地区的流域分布式水文模型.该模型突出了研究区地下水循环这一主要水文环节.通过一个水文年的数据检验,证明该模型所获得的参数具有代表性,由各项参数模拟得到的流量过程与实测过程比较符合.在此基础上进行了模拟计算,确定了渭河中下游地区地下水天然补给资源量、浅层地下水开采潜力及现状条件下滨河湿地水源地开采与河水量的关系.该模型的开发不仅对科学调配和合理利用地表水和地下水资源,而且对滨河湿地生态系统功能的恢复和保护具有特别重要的意义.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠地下水环境同位素研究

根据塔克拉玛干沙漠科学考察,运用环境同位素水文地质学方法,对沙漠中现代河床、古河道、沙漠下伏古冲洪积洪泛平原三种典型地段地下水的补给源、径流特征、排泄途径等综合分析,表明沙漠中大部分地下水来源于周边细土平原带的侧向补给,河水影响范围有限,降水影响极小。地下水径流因条件差异而不同,排泄以蒸腾作用、毛细蒸发及溢出蒸发三种方式为主。     

青海湖沙柳河流域浅层地下水氢氧稳定同位素分布特征

地下水氢氧稳定同位素的组成与空间分布规律可为研究地下水补给及深入认识水循环过程提供重要理论依据。基于青海湖沙柳河流域浅层地下水样品的氢氧稳定同位素数据，通过空间插值法和δD-δ¹⁸O线性关系法，分析了氢氧稳定同位素组成、空间分布特征及地下水补给关系。结果表明：沙柳河流域中下游地区浅层地下水δ¹⁸O与δD值分别为-8.54‰~-6.02‰和-58.6‰~-34.6‰，平均值分别为-6.79‰和-41.8‰；δ¹⁸O值在流域空间上表现为西北、中部高，南北低的特征；流域西北和中部地区地下水主要受降水补给，补给来源单一、蒸发作用强是该区域地下水同位素值较高的原因，降水→地下水→泉水是其主要补给、排泄关系；流域北部、南部地区地下水与降水、河水、泉水等水体水力联系密切，不同补给来源的平滑作用是该区域地下水同位素值较低的原因，其补给、排泄关系主要为降雨→河水→地下水→泉水（或降雨→地下水→泉水→河水）。     

Using Digital Earth to Expose Students to GIScience

Students in U.S. geography programs face particular challenges that may discourage them from taking advanced GIScience courses and considering geospatial careers. This article provides a preliminary discussion of the development, delivery, and evaluation of a University of Colorado Colorado Springs sophomore-level, required geography course designed to address this concern. The course, Digital Earth (DE), introduces students to the principles, concepts, and applications of major geographic information technologies (GITs) early in their academic careers. The success of DE is evaluated by examining the extent to which the course excited students about GIScience and motivated them to take higher level elective geospatial courses. Results suggest that DE generates considerable student interest in GIScience, prepares students reasonably well for elective courses, and greatly inspires them to seek a geospatial career.     

为对抗世界沙漠化培养人才的继续教育

沙漠化已是世界性的严重生态环境问题。沙漠化土地的整治是一门复杂的生态环境工程学科。中国沙漠化治理的成就和经验受到国际社会的重视, 中国科学院兰州沙漠研究所受国际组织委托为发展中国家举办了七期国际沙漠化治理讲习班, 取得了很好效果。当前发展中国家更需要对抗沙漠化的人才, 因此为对抗世界沙漠化培养人才的继续教育工程是当前一项迫切的任务, 期望得到国际社会的重视和支持。     

Converting Brazil's pastures to cropland: An alternative way to meet sugarcane demand and to spare forestlands

Brazil seeks to rapidly increase its agricultural production to meet future demands, especially for sugarcane, which is an agricultural commodity and a biofuel source. In this paper, we explore how to achieve this increase without compromising existing forestlands. We propose that it is possible to substantially expand sugarcane production in Brazil while avoiding further environmental losses and the indirect land use changes often associated with them, such as deforestation. This task could be accomplished by converting existing pasturelands with agricultural potential into cropland. A great deal of pastureland exists in Brazil. Thus, we addressed the following questions in this study: (1) where are the most suitable pasturelands for sugarcane located geographically and (2) what potential do these pasturelands have for sugarcane production regarding their physical suitability and other significant factors, such as infrastructure availability and socioeconomic factors. We conducted a land suitability analysis using a spatial location model based on multicriteria decision-making and geographic information systems (GIS) to identify the cultivated pasturelands most suitable for conversion to sugarcane production in Brazil. “What if” scenarios were built to determine how changes in the subjectively derived weights of the priority criteria would modify the spatial distribution of the suitability classes relative to the MCDA model and demonstrate the robustness of the crop suitability assessment. The most suitable pastureland areas for conversion to sugarcane production were predominantly located in Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso and Pará. These zones have large contiguous areas of pasture with moderate and high agricultural potentials for sugarcane production. The total estimated area of cultivated pasturelands with moderate or high suitability for sugarcane production was 50 million hectares, which is much larger than the area currently used for sugarcane production in Brazil.     

A path that buys time to decide where to go

This paper considers the problem of planning a path in a circumstance where its origin is given, but its destination is not specified and is to be selected from among a set of candidate destinations during a trip. A situation like this may be experienced by a group of people who have different preferred destinations, as well as by an individual who is simply indecisive about where to go. To resolve such an uncertainty, one may stay at the origin until he decides on a destination, or choose to proceed on some path that does not overly deviate from a shortest path, whichever destination is eventually chosen, and make a decision on the way. The latter action is sensible when the risk of traveling longer is outweighed by the benefit of buying more time for a better destination decision. The problem of finding such a time-buying path is formulated and a simple algorithm is developed for its solution. Some extensions and applications are also discussed.     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,     

Guidelines to Authors

正1.Aims and scope Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions(SCAR)is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the patterns of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions.Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,chemical and biological processes and their interactions,and on the response of cryosphere to global change and human activities as well as their effects on environment and the acclimatizable strategies;focus on the objects of glacier,snow,river,lake,sea ice,permafrost and seasonal frozen ground,and periglacial geomorphology,etc.;and think much of cold regions