低级变质沉积岩区压溶作用在褶皱变形中的意义

拉卡兰褶皱带中,发育于Ballarat-Bandigo冲断带中的低级变质砂、泥岩的宏观构造以间离劈理和人字形褶皱为特征,而且劈理在褶皱中呈扇形发育。劈理和褶皱的几何关系分析显示:劈理和褶皱的形成为压溶作用、压扁作用、弯曲作用和被动旋转共同作用的结果,而褶皱砂、泥岩中变形构造则以与压溶作用和再沉淀过程有关的显微构造为其典型特征。Fry法进行的全岩应变测量显示,褶皱砂岩的内部应变相当低(X/Z=1.40—1.83),褶皱应变格局给出变形机制的信息包括:缩短过程中的压扁作用和压溶作用、褶皱过程中由弯滑导致的层平行剪应变、以及褶皱后期发育阶段内弧区强烈的压溶作用。宏观构造、显散构造以及应变特征多方面信息证明:低级变质的沉积岩在褶皱变形过程中,压溶作用为一重要的变形机制。应变分解显示在30％—50％的总地壳水平缩短量下,弯曲导致的缩短最为14％—36％,压扁导致的缩短量为3％—14％,压溶导致的缩短量为8％—26％,而且压溶作用主要发生在褶皱内弧区。     

河北省构造应变场探讨

主要从构造应变场的概念出发，对河北省的构造变形进行板内构造的变形学研究，主要研究内容包括板内变形速度、板内变形量、板内变形时间及板内应变速率等问题。将印支晚期以来河北省的构造应变场划分为六期，利用271件火山岩和岩浆岩常量元素化学全分析资料进行了Sugisaki(1976)研究创立的石英指数公式计算，进而确定出板缘变形速度。构造应变场的基础仍然是纷繁复杂的构造变形(断层和褶皱)，构造现象的客观分析和正确认识对构造应变场研究至关重要。     

构造模拟实验中的光纤应变测量

在砂箱中埋设光纤模拟脆性挤压变形,运用布里渊光时域反射测量技术(BOTDR)对光纤应变分布进行测量,并与模型变形比较。研究结果表明,光纤应变传感技术可以用来测量构造模拟实验中的应变大小,模型中的应变是由挤压部位逐渐向挤压前方传递的,应变量剧增的部位是断裂或褶皱构造发育的位置,从而可以运用光纤传感技术预测模型潜在的变形位置,为进一步进行模型内部应变研究打下基础。     

皖东黄栗树—破凉亭断裂带北段构造岩显微—超显微变形特征及地质意义

本文就郯庐断裂带南段东部的黄栗树—破凉亭断裂带内构造岩,特别是中深层次的韧性剪切带中的糜棱岩进行了细致的野外考察、采样,在室内显微构造研究的基础上,选择有代表性的样品和视域进行透射电镜制样观察,在对各超显微构造特征分析归纳的基础上,讨论了构造岩的塑性变形特征,并对构造岩的应变参数(最大差异应力和应变速率)进行了计算,从显微—超显微构造角度仔细研究该断裂带内典型的构造岩的变形特征,初步判明断裂带的性质和运动发展历史,证实了该断裂带是形成在较深构造层次的一条以韧性变形为主的脆—韧性剪切带,应变形式为简单剪切。应变参数的计算结果表明,自东向西从前陆褶皱冲断带根部到后缘带,构造岩中石英的位错密度逐渐减小,最大差异应力逐渐降低。     

川西北松潘-甘孜褶皱带较场弧形构造显微应变机制

区域显微结构构造特征及其变形机制已经成为造山带运动学、动力学机制及模型的重要约束。对松潘-甘孜褶皱带较场弧形带15个定向构造样品显微薄片的研究表明:弧形带以中—浅层共轴挤压同变形-变质作用为主,形成残缕构造、对称眼球构造、膝折构造等;弧形带构造变形具有典型对称性应变的特征,东西两翼应变强度大致相当(γ≌1.8)、压缩率大致相等(C≌27%),由北向南相同单元内应变特征具有一定的增强趋势(而不同单元之间具有微弱减小的趋势),尤其是弗林指数K值(K1)由北向南具有明显增大的特征,总体为三轴长椭球应变,为伸长型应变型式。较场弧形带的显微应变特征与典型弧形构造的"走滑成因"机制非对称性的特征迥异,其成因应归于以南北向主应力所控制的差异应力-应变机制。     

中国西天山东段的构造层次研究

西天山东段的构造变形分为三个构造层次。即：深部构造层次、中部构造层次和浅部构造层次。深部构造层次以韧性剪切，塑性压扁，顶界劈理发育为特征，应变强度平均为１．０３．压缩量平均为６３％。中部构造层次以等厚褶皱，同斜倒转褶皱和逆冲推覆断层为主的脆韧性变形为特征，断层总体为叠瓦扇状逆冲断层系。该层次的应变强度平均为０．６７，压缩量平均为４４％。浅部构造层以宽缓的断层转折褶皱，断层传播褶皱及造山带向盆地仰冲为主的脆性变形为特征，断层伴有大量的水平走滑。该层次的应变强度平均为０．２８，压缩量平均为２４％。     

皖东黄栗树——破凉亭断裂带北段构造岩显微——超显微变形特征及地质 …

本文就郯庐断裂南段东内栗树－－破凉亭断裂带内构造岩,特别是中深层次的韧性剪切带中的糜棱岩进行了细致的野外考察,采样,在室内显微构造研究的基础上,选择有代表性的样视域进行透电镜制样观察,在对各超显微构造特征分析归纳的基础上,讨论了构造岩的塑性变形特征,并对构造岩的应变参数（最大差异应力和应变速率）进行了计算,从显微－－超显微构造角度仔细研究该断裂带内典型的构造岩的变形特征,初步判明断裂带的性质和运动     

富蕴地区阿尔泰造山带有限应变测量和应变恢复

本文采用褶皱等倾线法，砾石三维应变和S－C夹角等应变测量方法，对富蕴地区阿尔泰造山带一个50km的剖面进行了系统的有限应变测算，得出其顺层缩短和剪应变剖面图，测量结果表明，该剖面褶皱压扁的顺层缩短最高达78％，断层处的剪应变（γ）最大可达8左右，三维应变分析和Finn图解表明该区应变主要为平面应变，断层活动为简单剪切，利用分段积分和正态曲线恢复方法对剖面的缩短和剪切进行应变恢复，结果表明该剖面由原宽为267.2km的原始剖面经缩短和剪切而形成。     

东天山康古尔韧性变形带韧性挤压变形特征:以哈密黄山东地区为例

东天山康古尔断裂带和雅满苏断裂带之间石炭纪沉积-火山岩系中发育一条东西向韧性变形带，具两期性质不同的韧性变形，早期韧性挤压性质，晚期右行韧性剪切.对早期韧性挤压变形的宏观构造（糜棱面理、糜棱线理、对称石香肠构造、不对称褶皱等）和显微构造（压力影构造、布丁构造、动态重结晶、不同类型砾石变形特征等）特征做了详细的研究.糜棱岩中砾石有限应变Flinn图解判别岩石类型为L-S和SL型构造岩，三轴应变量的测量均揭示了一般压缩和少部分的平面应变类型.石英亚颗粒旋转重结晶及少量边界迁移重结晶，长石塑性变形、部分膨凸重结晶等变形特征；石英C轴组构揭示中温柱面 < a>和菱面 < a>滑移为主，后期叠加底面 < a>滑移.因此，推测早期韧性挤压变形温度范围在450~550℃.综合区域地质资料，康古尔变形带早期韧性挤压变形形成于300~290 Ma，塔里木板块和中天碰撞闭合后陆内南北挤压环境下.      

米仓山构造带的应变与涡度分析

米仓山构造带东西向的断裂逆冲兼左旋走滑,西段的韧性变形较强,东段脆性为主。北东向三个主断裂带由北而南逆冲兼左行剪切,早期可能发生脆韧性变形,后期叠加了脆性变形。前震旦系基底岩系变形特征主要表现为透入性流变,碎斑结构和糜棱结构发育,镶嵌构造、S-C组构、带状构造、眼球构造为主,局部偶见"δ"和"σ"旋转碎斑以及矿物鱼。石英颗粒以亚颗粒旋转动态重结晶为主。显微特征反映岩石变形温度相当于绿片岩相。利用Fry法测定石英颗粒三维应变应变强度集中在1.35～1.60之间,显示出从北到南逐渐增强的趋势。Flinn指数K和Nadei-Hossack图解均表明应变类型为近似平面应变的拉长型。运动学涡度分析表明米仓山应变以简单剪切变形作用为主,具有由南向北递增趋势。     

构造物理模拟和PIV有限应变分析对构造裂缝预测的启示

油气储层中构造裂缝发育与有限应变状态关系密切,为了探索有限应变分析与构造裂缝预测的新技术方法,此次研究设计完成了一组单侧挤压收敛模型的物理模拟实验,并引入粒子图像测速(PIV,Particle Image Velocimetry)技术对实验过程进行了定量化分析。实验模型在垂向上为含粘性层的多层结构,实验结果形成了一个肉眼可见的箱状褶皱。通过PIV技术可以获取实验模型变形演化过程中各阶段的位移场数据,计算出各阶段的增量应变,实现从初始状态到褶皱形成之后整个变形过程的有限应变分析,探讨构造裂缝成因机制和分布规律,进行定量化裂缝预测。挤压变形过程初期,应变分布范围很广,有限应变较弱(约4%~8%),在挤压方向上的线应变表现为弱压应变,在垂向上的线应变表现为弱张应变,这种现象是褶皱和断层产生前平行层缩短和层增厚的纯剪变形结果,也是区域型张裂缝和剪裂缝形成的主要机制。褶皱和断层即将发育之时至发育之后,应变局限在断层发育的剪切带及附近区域,有限应变表现为较强(达20%)的剪切应变和剪切张应变,是断层面附近简单剪切变形作用的结果,也是局部型剪裂缝和张剪裂缝形成的主要机制。     

Near-surface foundation level assessment from seismic measurements: a case study of north Jeddah City,Saudi Arabia

In this study, a comprehensive assessment on the generation mechanism, distribution characteristics, and extension rules of structure cracks was conducted by in situ monitoring and field investigation in the Chengchao Iron Mine. Structure cracks are affected by many factors, e.g., surface deformation, structure strength, occurrence position, and machine vibration. They initially occur in a structure when the strength of the structure is not enough to resist the inner strain as surface deformation increases. In contrast, increases in width and length of structure crack exert stress release in the structure and thus decrease structure deformation surrounding the crack. A great ground crack may adversely aggravate structure cracking and release the stress of surrounding rock masses. In addition, micro cracks in rock masses provide favorable conditions for the generation and extension of cracks, resulting that cracks occur in shaft walls more easily and extend towards the deeper. The initial distribution of cracks is generally consistent with such micro cracks. Subsequently, cracks in deep rock masses will extend along the strike of the mined-out area as surface deformation increases. Sensibilities to cracking of structures are changed by their different strain resistances and become stronger from bolt-shotcrete shaft, bolt-shotcrete tunnel, and brick-concrete building to brick wall. Based on distribution characteristics of cracks and wave velocity in rock masses, the overlaying strata affected by underground mining can be divided into four zones: broken zone, broken transition zone, crack generation zone, and micro deformation zone.     

Strain and rotation in a multilayered fold

Strain was estimated in a fold of Cambrian interlayered siltstones and pelites by determining the preferred orientation of chlorite grains with an X-ray goniometer. Strains so obtained and the postulate that continuity be preserved allowed unfolding of the fold and the determination of rigid body rotations that accompanied the strain. Petrologic investigation showed no sign of major differential volume changes in the siltstones, and this in conjunction with measured strains led to the conclusion that one of the silty layers making up the fold was not, originally, a bed of uniform thickness but a lenticular body, probably representing a single ripple on a ripple-marked tidal flat.Unfolding by piecemeal fitting of unstrained domains shows that none of the principal axes of strain lie consistently parallel to or at right angles to the fold axis. Rock material was displaced with components orthogonal to the profile plane as well as parallel to it. Strain due to compaction during an early history of increasing sediment overburden cannot be separated from strain during tectonic deformation. Its influence is most clearly seen in differential volume change between siltstones and pelites. Additional differential volume changes within pelite beds could have occurred at any time of the deformational history.A comparison of the orientation of strain and rotation axes in the two limbs of the fold, and also comparison of the same orientations in Eulerian coordinates (Cartesian coordinates in the observed fold) and in Lagrangean coordinates (Cartesian in the unfolded fold) make it probable that episodes of relatively uniform strain both preceded and followed the buckling episode that produced the sharp hinge in the competent silt-stone. The siltstone may have been less indurated and thus no more competent than the pelite during early deformation.     

Strain analysis in Jurassic argillites of the Monte Sirino area (Lagonegro Zone,southern Apennines,Italy) and implications for deformation paths in pelitic rocks

Analysis of strain in Jurassic argillites forming part of the folded and thrusted sedimentary succession of the Lagonegro basin (southern Italian Apennines) has been carried out using ellipsoid-shaped reduction spots as strain markers. Most of the determined finite strain ellipsoids are of oblate type and show a peculiar distribution of the maximum extension direction (X), with maxima either subparallel or subperpendicular to the local fold axes. Using the strain matrix method, two different deformation histories have been considered to assist the interpretation of the observed finite strain pattern. A first deformation history involved vertical compaction followed by horizontal shortening (occurring by a combination of true tectonic strain and volume loss), whereby all strain is coaxial and there is no change in the intermediate axis of the strain ellipsoid. By this type of deformation sequence, which produces a deformation path where total strain moves from the oblate to the prolate strain field and back to the oblate field, prolate strain ellipsoids can be generated and may be recorded where tectonic deformation has not been large enough to reverse pretectonic compaction. This type of deformation history may be of local importance within the study area (i.e. it may characterize some fold hinge regions) and, more generally, is probably of limited occurrence in deformed pelitic rocks. A second deformation sequence considered the superposition of pre-tectonic compaction and tectonic strain consisting of initial layer-parallel shortening followed by layer-parallel shear (related to flexural folding). Also in this instance, volume change during tectonic deformation and tectonic plane strain have been assumed. For geologically reasonable amounts of volume loss due to compaction and of initial layer-parallel shortening, this type of deformation history is capable of producing a deformation path entirely lying within the oblate strain field, but still characterized by a changeover, during deformation, of the maximum extension axis (X) from a position parallel to the fold axis to one perpendicular to it. This type of deformation sequence may explain the main strain features observed in the study area, where most of the measured finite strain ellipsoids, determined from the limb regions of flexural folds, display an oblate shape, irrespective of the orientation of their maximum extension direction (X) with respect to the local structural trends. More generally, this type of deformation history provides a mechanism to account for the predominance of oblate strains in deformed pelitic rocks.     

Strain determination from concentric folds

A new technique to determine flattening strain from initially concentric folds is described in this paper. The proposed method is simple and involves direct measurements on fold profiles. It requires measurement of the distance between the center of the fold to the middle of the layer, and this is plotted as a function of line orientation. The method needs few measurements at fixed angular spacing resulting in quick estimation of strain.     

皖南-浙西地区盖层褶皱构造形迹特征

前人对皖南-浙西地区古生代至早中生代盖层中发育的褶皱变形期次、特征和构造样式的认识尚存在较多分歧。本文通过区内盖层褶皱变形调查与解析,除印支早期褶皱和燕山期构造外,新识别出加里东期和印支晚期褶皱。加里东期褶皱样式主要表现为大型中常至开阔褶皱,且均为复式褶皱;次为小型紧闭褶皱,二者可能为从属性质。其构造线均呈近东西向或北东东向。印支早期褶皱样式主要为中常线形褶皱,其轴迹呈北东向;晚期表现为中常至开阔褶皱样式,轴迹呈北北西或近南北向。燕山期构造主要为盆地和断裂构造。早白垩世早期,表现为同沉积宽缓向斜,构造线呈近东西向;早白垩世之后,主要表现为断陷盆地和断裂构造,构造线呈北东或北北东向。各期褶皱叠加明显,形成"L"或"厂"字型组合特征,或形成构造穹窿-盆地组合。深入研究构造特征及演化规律,对区域构造格架建立具有重要意义。     

Strain analysis in folds (Infrahelvetic complex,Central Alps)

Strain analysis based on initially uniformly oriented elliptical particles in an oolitic limestone (Blegi oolite) was used to study the homogeneity of the state of strain on various scales, kinematics of folding and deformation mechanisms. A computer (reduced means) method for strain analysis is presented which is based on deforming a population of ellipses with shape and orientation properties of measured undeformed ooids. The strain values obtained with this method are within an accuracy of about 10% (in terms of axial ratios) and are in good agreement with the ones obtained with existing graphical methods. The state of strain is homogeneous on the scale of a thin section, handspecimen and outcrop, provided that regions around relatively strong fossils and regions of marked variations in lithology are avoided. Whole rock strains and strains as indicated by ooids alone are similar. Strain patterns in folds in limestones embedded in sandstones, shales and marl are compatible with bending accompanied simultaneously with a shortening perpendicular to the axial surface. The shortening may be attributed to the shear strains related to fold asymmetry and overthrusting. Strains on the outer arcs of a competent dolomite layer compare well with theoretical and experimental fold models; strain patterns include complex contact strains and change along the fold hinge line across a transverse fault which was active during the folding process. Strains parallel to the hinge line are more or less uniform but do not necessarily represent a plane strain state. Volume change took place during deformation. It was accomplished by pressure solution processes, the pressure solved material being partly redeposited. Pressure solution accounts for only a relatively small fraction of the bulk finite strain and was accompanied by plastic flow. Intracrystalline deformation together with grain boundary sliding and/or grain boundary migration went hand in hand with recrystallization (noteably grain growth).     

纵弯叠加褶皱地区岩石有限应变特征：以川东北地区典型叠加褶皱为例

纵弯叠加褶皱地区岩石有限应变特征是所受历次变形的综合结果.远离叠加区应变型式的伸长方向与褶皱轴向一致而缩短方向与褶皱轴垂直,叠加区应变型式不规则,且应变椭球伸长量和缩短量之差值较小.     

川东南构造变形特征及其对页岩气保存的影响

川东南地区构造变形复杂,二叠系和志留系含有丰富的页岩气资源。依据岩性和地震资料的解释,寒武系膏盐层与中-下三叠统膏盐层对构造变形有重要控制作用,多数断层沿膏盐层滑脱。研究区包括盆内和盆缘两部分,盆内发育形态对称的盖层滑脱式褶皱;盆缘发育基底卷入式褶皱冲断构造,分为山前推覆带和山前转换带,前者发育高陡的三角楔构造,后者由冲断带、褶皱带和斜坡带组成。构造演化分析表明:晚侏罗世齐岳山断层开始发育,盆内地层发生挠曲变形;白垩纪盆缘形成三角楔构造,盆内主要构造和断裂已经发育;新生代齐岳山褶皱隆升,盆内寒武系之上沉积盖层褶皱形成多个背斜和向斜。山前推覆带构造高陡、变形强烈,页岩气保存条件差;山前转换带构造变形程度适中,其褶皱带背斜完整,页岩气保存条件好;盆内中-下三叠统膏盐层封盖性好,埋深适中的背斜为页岩气有利勘探目标区。      

Strain distribution in a fold in the West Norwegian Caledonides

Strain has been measured from clasts within a deformed conglomerate layer at 17 localities around an asymmetric fold in the Rundemanen Formation in the Bergen Arc System, West Norwegian Caledonides. Strain is very high and a marked gradient in strain ellipsoid shape exists. To either side of the fold, strain within the conglomerate bed is of the extreme flattening type. In the fold, especially on the lower fold closure, the strain is constrictional. Mathematical models of perturbations of flow in glacial ice have produced folds of the same geometry as this fold, with a strikingly similar pattern of finite strain. The fold geometry and strain pattern, as well as other field observations, suggest that the fold developed passively, as the result of a perturbation of flow in a shear zone, where the strain was accommodated by simple shear accompanied by extension along Y.