广义湿位涡与暴雨落区预报的诊断分析

探讨了广义湿位涡理论及其倾向方程在暴雨落区预报方面的可应用性，为非均匀饱和广义湿位涡理论的业务应用提供了新的思路。 资料诊断结果表明， 非均匀饱和大气中的广义湿位涡虽然不具有守恒性， 但由于其体现了实际大气的非均匀饱和特性，尤其是水汽梯度效应的引入，使得广义湿位涡的异常在对流层低层能比较清楚地反映出暴雨发生时期的高水汽集中的特性和机制，有效地反映出暴雨区以及暴雨落区的变化。      

非均匀饱和广义湿位涡在暴雨分析与预测中的应用

考虑实际大气非均匀饱和特性, 通过引入广义位温及广义湿位涡方程, 对华北暴雨和江淮梅雨锋暴雨的发生及落区进行了广义湿位涡异常的诊断分析, 表明暴雨形成时大气低层有广义湿位涡的异常出现。对广义湿位涡倾向的计算表明:它对暴雨的发生有一定指示作用, 因而可利用广义湿位涡的异常来识别暴雨的出现。     

广义湿位涡在江淮流域暴雨分析和预报中的应用

利用中尺度数值模式MM5, 以6 h间隔的NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°的格点资料为背景, 加入新一代天气雷达 (CINRAD－SA雷达) 1 h间隔的反演风廓线资料和12 h探空、 3 h常规地面观测进行四维同化模拟得到的输出资料, 检验非均匀饱和大气中的广义湿位涡在2003年江淮流域暴雨动力指示方面的分析和预报能力。理论分析表明: 广义湿位涡综合体现了大气的动力、 热力及水汽作用, 相对于常用的温度、 湿度等物理量来说, 在一定程度上包含了风场、 温度场和湿度场的相互作用, 对实际非均匀饱和大气的热力变化和水汽影响有较好的反映。对模拟结果的诊断发现, 广义湿位涡倾向值的正负及强弱变化对暴雨落区预报和单站降水变化趋势预报都有一定的指示意义。利用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°格点资料和气象台站观测的实况降水资料, 对1999年长江流域梅雨和2007年淮河流域大洪水时期的广义湿位涡及其倾向变化与区域平均降水变化的对比分析进一步表明了在持续性暴雨发生时期, 在大气中低层(主要在500 hPa以下), 确实持续存在广义湿位涡和广义湿位涡倾向的异常, 这种异常能在一定程度上反映出对应时期的水汽分布和水汽集中特征, 与降水量的变化是一致的, 而850 hPa以下的广义湿位涡倾向在一定程度上也能反映出降水的增强或减弱趋势, 即: 广义湿位涡倾向为正 (负) 异常时, 未来降水量可能增加 (减小), 因此, 广义湿位涡倾向可以定性地给出暴雨是加强还是减弱的强度趋势预报。类似于涡度、 湿位涡等其他动力变量, 广义湿位涡除了可作为一个分析暴雨系统发生发展的动力变量外, 还可体现出暴雨时期高水汽集中的特点, 在暴雨分析中有一定的优势。     

敦煌致洪暴雨的广义湿位涡分析

利用高空、地面定时观测资料、区域站降水资料、FY-2E红外云图和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对2011年6月15-16日甘肃敦煌、阿克塞和肃北的一次历史罕见暴雨天气过程的影响系统、水汽条件、广义湿位涡及其倾向变化进行了分析.结果表明,这次暴雨是中高纬天气系统与低纬天气系统相互作用的结果.暴雨水汽来源于700 hPa新疆东部偏西气流输送和600 hPa附近河西走廊西部偏东气流输送.广义湿位涡正异常主要集中在850～750 hPa广义位温线密集区,这与实际大气水汽主要集中在低层是一致的,在一定程度上反映出暴雨期的水汽分布和水汽集中特征.800 hPa上广义湿位涡的正异常区基本与暴雨区一致,与湿位涡相比,广义湿位涡能更好地诊断出这次暴雨落区.广义湿位涡正异常大值区出现在绝对涡度异常大值区与大的相对湿度梯度相重叠的区域.单点广义湿位涡倾向异常值的负正、正负转换及峰值变化与降水开始、结束和雨强变化相一致.广义湿位涡除了可作为一个分析暴雨系统发生、发展的动力变量外,还可体现出暴雨时期高水汽集中的特点,在暴雨分析中有一定的优势.     

相当湿位涡异常与梅雨锋暴雨分析

基于位涡异常与中尺度对流系统发展密切相关的分析事实,以及中尺度天气的发生发展的过程中水汽的重要作用,在引入水汽变化方程的基础上,导出了非均匀饱和大气中的相当湿位涡方程,进而分析了引起相当湿位涡异常的主要因子。依据相当湿位涡包含动力因子、热力因子和水汽因子的特点,利用相当湿位涡及增量对一次梅雨锋暴雨进行诊断和模拟分析,初步揭示了相当湿位涡及其增量对梅雨锋强降水的指示意义,相当湿位涡及其增量大值区对未来1～3小时的强降水具有较好的指示作用。针对梅雨锋暴雨,可以将梅雨湿度锋与相当湿位涡相结合作为强降水短时临近预报的一个指标。      

强暴雨系统中湿位涡异常的诊断分析

从动力上推导了热力、质量强迫下的湿位涡方程，阐明了在暴雨系统中引起的强降水会造成热力、质量强迫下的湿位涡异常。并用NCEP1°×1°的分析资料对1999年6月23日到6月26日引起长江流域暴雨的对流系统进行了湿位涡诊断分析，分析结果表明湿位涡异常高度主要出现在700~500 hPa之间，中心最大值可超过1.4 PVU。从动力和资料诊断两个方面均揭示出湿位涡异常区与强降水区有很好的对应关系。     

“98·5”华南前汛期暴雨的湿位涡异常诊断:质量和热力强迫的数值分析

利用MM5输出的高分辨率资料对“98．5”华南暴雨的湿位涡进行了诊断分析，分析了质量强迫和热力强迫引起的湿位涡异常。结果揭示：降水区位于负湿位涡的下方，负湿位涡的趋势走向与降水区的一致。造成本次暴雨的成因中包括湿对称不稳定和对流不稳定两种机制，湿位涡MPV（moist potential vorticity）的分量MPV2对MPV起主要作用，其中主要是MPV2v的贡献。质量强迫和热力强迫共同作用引起湿位涡异常变化，它们的作用大小相当，在研究暴雨时，不可忽略因降水造成的质量强迫。     

动力因子对地形影响下的四川暴雨落区的诊断分析

本文分析了2010年7月16～18日地形作用下四川盆地的一次持续性暴雨过程,指出此次暴雨过程是在高低层系统配置较好的情况下发生的。并以NCEP资料为初值场对此次暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,结合实况对模拟结果进行对比分析。分析表明:模式对本次四川暴雨过程的模拟较为成功,能很好地再现此次暴雨的降水落区以及强降水中心。运用广义湿位温、广义对流涡度矢量垂直分量的垂直积分和质量垂直螺旋度对受大巴山脉影响的四川东北部的暴雨落区进行了诊断分析。分析指出,广义湿位温纬向平均的垂直剖面图上,等湿位温线的倒Ω区域与四川东北部的强降水落区吻合较好,等湿位温线的倾斜程度以及湿位温异常的高度可以定性地指示降水的强弱;对广义湿位温从800 hPa到500 hPa垂直积分,用得到的湿位温的水平分布来指示东北部的暴雨落区效果较 好;用改进垂直积分区间后的广义对流涡度矢量垂直分量比用传统的对流涡度矢量垂直分量来示踪四川东北部的暴雨落区效果更好;质量垂直螺旋度能有效刻画出四川东北部地区强降水系统的典型动力场垂直结构,因此与四川东北部的地面强降水具有很好的对应关系。     

四川盆地西部两次极端暴雨的广义湿位涡诊断分析

利用ERA5 0.25°×0.25°再分析资料、MICAPS4的常规资料以及四川加密自动站逐时降水观测资料,对2020年8月11~13日和15~18日发生在四川盆地西部的两次极端暴雨过程的广义位温和广义湿位涡进行诊断分析。结果表明:两次暴雨过程均属于500 hPa“东高西低”型暴雨,中高层南亚高压、高空急流、西风槽和低层切变线、低涡等天气系统是两次暴雨有利的动力条件,低空急流则是暴雨区良好的水汽条件。两次过程暴雨区上空均存在强广义位温梯度区和强广义湿位涡异常区,“8.11”暴雨出现高度为800~900 hPa,“8.15”暴雨出现高度为700~800 hPa,这种分布与低层相对湿度含量密切相关,即相对湿度越高,广义位温垂直梯度越强,广义湿位涡异常区中心值越高。两次暴雨的强降水站点广义位温和广义湿位涡的时空演变和降水的时间演变均有较好的对应关系,但广义湿位涡强度与小时雨强并不存在明显的正相关关系。      

一次北方暴雨的Q矢量诊断分析研究

考虑水汽相变的凝结潜热作用,引入广义位温,发展了包含广义位温的Q矢量,并在此基础上推导了非地转湿大气Omega方程。(1)包含广义位温的Q矢量是Omega方程的唯一强迫项,由拟涡度伸展矢量、锋生矢量和非绝热加热梯度等三项构成。(2)利用包含广义位温的Q矢量对一次北方夏季暴雨进行诊断分析,发现包含广义位温的Q矢量对降水区的垂直运动结构有良好指示意义,可以综合表征次级环流、锋生和锋消、大尺度和中尺度强迫等多种物理因素,而这些均是影响暴雨发生发展的重要因素,因而包含广义位温的Q矢量及其散度与强降水的发生发展密切相关。(3)利用美国全球预报系统24 h预报场对包含广义位温的Q矢量散度进行计算,结果表明预报的Q矢量散度在时间和空间上与观测6 h降水联系紧密,根据预报的Q矢量散度的异常能够判断降水的可能落区。     

Impacts of cloud-induced mass forcing on the development of moist potential vorticity anomaly during torrential rains

1. Introduction The Ertel (1942) potential vorticity (PV) has beenwidely used, especially in the studies of large-scale sys-tems (Hoskins et al., 1985; McIntyre and Norton, 2000;Wu et al., 1995; Wu and Liu, 1999). The vorticityequation in quasi-geostrophic ?ows only predicts thevariation of the vorticity and cannot provide a usefulconstraint to the vorticity. PV provides a constraintfor the variation of the vorticity in the baroclinic at-mosphere (Gao et al., 1990). The PV may not bec…     

A Review of Potential Vorticity and its Possible Application in the moist Atmospheric Flow

Potential vorticity (PV) has been served as a powerful and useful dynamic tracer for the understanding of the large-scale dynamics and synoptic variations in the atmosphere and oceans. Significant progress has been made on the application of PV. In recent decades there has been a substantial amount of work done on PV in a general moist atmosphere. In this paper PV and the generalized moist potential vorticity (GMPV) and their application in the tropical cyclones and mesoscale meteorological field are reviewed. The GMPV is derived for a real atmosphere (neither totally dry nor saturated) by introducing a generalized potential temperature instead of the potential temperature or equivalent potential temperature. Such a generalization can depict the moist effect on PV anomaly in the non-uniformly saturated atmosphere. A new convective vorticity vector (CVV) is introduced in connection with GMPV in order to diagnose the development of tropical deep convections.     

Application of Generalized Moist Potential Vorticity to the Analysis of a Torrential Rain Case

Considering the non-uniform saturation of the real atmosphere,a diagnostic study of a torrential rain event is performed from the perspective of the anomaly of the generalized moist potential vorticity(GMPV) after introducing the generalized potential temperature into the thermodynamic frame of the real atmosphere. The results show that the anomaly appeared at mid-lower levels of the troposphere when the torrential rain happened.Analysis of the magnitudes and locations of maximum values of the tendency o...     

On the Significance and Use of the Generalized Moist Potential Vorticity Equation

In this paper,the continuity and thermodynamic equations including moisture forcings were derived.Using these two equations and the basic momentum equation of local Cartesian coordinates,the budget equation of generalized moist potential vorticity(GMPV) was derived.The GMPV equation is a good generalization of the Ertel potential vorticity(PV) and moist potential vorticity(MPV) equations.The GMPV equation is conserved under adiabatic,frictionless,barotropic,or saturated atmospheric conditions,and it is closely associated with the horizontal frontogenesis and stability of the real atmosphere.A real case study indicates that term diabatic heating could be a useful diagnostic tool for heavy rainfall events.     

暴雨中尺度系统数值模拟与动力诊断研究

本文总结了近年来我们在暴雨中尺度系统数值模拟与动力诊断研究领域的主要成果。从广义位涡理论、梅雨锋及变形锋生、暴雨中尺度系统的不稳定性、有限区域风场分解技术对暴雨中尺度系统的识别、中尺度波流相互作用理论以及数值模拟研究等方面进行了分类概括。对暴雨中尺度系统数值模拟与动力诊断的研究回顾表明,雷达资料同化进入模式有效地改进了对中尺度系统发生、发展的模拟结果;一些新的物理量,如非均匀饱和位涡、对流涡度矢量、变形场锋生以及有限区域风场分解方法等在暴雨中尺度系统及热带对流发展诊断分析中得到了广泛应用。同时,波流相互作用理论也被应用到了中尺度系统发展的动力分析研究中。     

THE THEORY OF MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOON RAINFALL AND INTENSITY

This paper tests the impacts of cloud-induced mass forcing on the moist potential vorticity (MPV) anomaly associated with torrential rains caused by Typhoon No.9914 (Dan) by using fine model simulation data outputted by the Fifth-Generation NCAR / Penn State Mesoscale Model (MM5). The diagnostic results show that the positive MPV anomaly region, which is obtained by integrating the MPV from 600 hPa to 300 hPa in the vertical, roughly coincides with the precipitation at their synchronous stages either in position or in the distribution pattern, and the maximum positive MPV area of Dan is located mainly between 600 hPa and 300 hPa, which is much higher than torrential rain cases. Further analyses also showed that the value of positive MPV anomaly increased or decreased with the development of Dan, and the positive MPV anomaly may also be served as a tracer to indicate the evolution of tropical cyclone intensity.     

CONSERVATION OF MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY AND DOWN-SLIDING SLANTWISE VORTICITY DEVELOPMENT*

An accurate form of the moist potential vorticity(MPV) equation was deduced from a complete set of primitive equations.It was shown that motion in a saturated atmosphere without diabatic heating and friction conserves moist potential vorticity.This property was then used to investigate the development of vertical vorticity in moist baroclinic processes.Results show that in the framework of moist isentropic coordinate,vorticity development can result from reduction of convective stability,or convergence,or latent heat release at isentropic surfaces.However,the application of the usual analysis of moist isentropic potential vorticity is limited due to the declination of moist isentropic surfaces.and a theory of development based on z-coordinate and p-coordinate was then proposed.According to this theory,whether the atmosphere is moist-symmetrically stable or unstable,on convective stable or unstable,the reduction of convective stability,the increase of the vertical shear of horizontal wind or moist baroclinity may result in the increase of vertical vorticity,so long as the moist isentropic surface is slantwise.The larger the declination of the moist isentropic surface,the more vigorous the development of vertical vorticity.In a region with a monsoon front to the north and the warm and moist air to the south,or by the north of the front,the moist isentropes are very steep.The is the region most favorable for development of vorticities and formation of torrential rain.For a case of persistent torrential rain occurring in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang and Huaihe Rivers in June 11-15,1991,moist potential vorticity analysis,especially the isobaric analysis of its vertical and horizontal components,i.e.MPV1 and MPV2,respectively,is effective for identifying synoptic systems not only in middle and high latitudes,but also in low latitudes and in the lower troposphere.It can serve as a powerful tool for the diagnosis and prediction of torrential rain.