Application of wavelet analysis to crustal deformation data processing

Introduction The study mainly focused on tidal information, i.e. earth tide in the continuous deformationdata processing and analysis before. And the analysis methods used were specially for earth tideonly. As to the medium-long period and non-tidal information, fitting and filtering are not the bestmethods. Because they are not able to reflect the variation process of frequency information withtime and to distinguish and extract more earthquake information, although they can eliminateyea…     

汶川8.0级地震前定点形变异常特征

对汶川8.0级地震震中周围800 km范围内近50个定点形变台站资料作小波变换处理,发现从震前3个月开始,30个台站资料处理结果显示有异常出现.距震中200 km以内的台站,其异常信息主要集中在小波分解的细节部分第6层;距震中200-550 km范围内的台站,其异常主要集中在第7层或第8层;距震中550-650 km范围内的台站,其异常主要集中在第8层或第9层.表明异常信息的频率随着各台站距离震中的远近呈现由低到高的特征.     

Multi-dipole observation system and study on the abnormal variation of the geoelectric field observed at Capital Circle area before the Wen’an MS5.1 earthquake

On July 4,2006,a MS5.1 earthquake occurred in Wen’an county of Hebei Province of which the epicenter is near the Beijing city.The six geoelectric field monitoring stations have been in operation for several years around the Beijing area to examine the relationship between electric field changes and earthquake.This paper firstly explains the principle of the eliminating noise method by using multi-dipole observation system of the geoelectric field.Then the data observed at the stations are studied and a lot of abnormal signals preceding the Wen’an earthquake are selected,of which five abnormal signals of the geoelectric field are finally recognized as the precursory signals.The result shows that 1 there probably exists the precursory signals of the geoelectric field preceding the Wen’an earthquake;2 there are sensitive sites in the spatial distribution of the abnormal variation of the geoelectric field before the quack;3 the anomalous signals do not appear synchronously,and their durations are not same at dif-ferent stations;4 the amplitudes of the abnormal signals recorded at Baodi station are small,but large at Changli station,while the latter is farther from the epicentral area than the former.     

1999年轮台5.1级地震近场地倾斜资料异常分析

利用小波分析独特的时—频分析特性,对轮台5,1级地震前近场多台地倾斜连续观测资料进行了多尺度分解,分析结果发现在地震前震中附近的地倾斜台站几乎都接收到了相同频段的异常信号,周期为几天到十几天,异常信号出现在各个台站的时间也大致相同,主要集中在震前3-4个月：震前异常具有从外围向震中发展且幅度明显增强的时空演化特征。分析认为：这些异常可能与1999年轮台5,1级地震的孕育过程有关。     

Automatic spikes detection in seismogram

Data processing for seismic network is very complex and fussy, because a lot of data is recorded in seismic network every day, which make it impossible to process these data all by manual work. Therefore, seismic data should be processed automatically to produce a initial results about events detection and location. Afterwards, these results are reviewed and modified by analyst. In automatic processing data quality checking is important. There are three main problem data thatexist in real seismic records, which include: spike, repeated data and dropouts. Spike is defined as isolated large amplitude point; the other two problem datahave the same features that amplitude of sample points are uniform in a interval. In data quality checking, the first step is to detect and statistic problem data in a data segment, if percent of problem data exceed a threshold, then the whole data segment is masked and not be processed in the later process.     

Preliminary analysis on characteristics of coseismic deformation associated with M S=8.1 western Kunlunshan Pass earthquake in 2001

Based on the analysis of coseismic deformation in the macroscopic epicentral region extracted by Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (D-InSAR), and combined with the seismic activity, focal mechanism solutions of the earthquake and field investigation, the characteristic of coseismic deformation of M _S=8.1 western Kunlunshan Pass earthquake in 2001 was researched. The study shows that its epicenter lies in the northeast side of Hoh Sai Hu; and the seismogenic fault in the macroscopic epicentral region can be divided into two central deformation fields: the west and east segments with the lengths of 42 km and 48 km, respectively. The whole fault extends about 90 km. From the distribution of interferometry fringes, the characteristic of sinistral strike slip of seismogenic fault can be identified clearly. The deformations on both sides of the fault are different with an obviously higher value on the south side. In the vicinity of macroscopic epicenter, the maximum displacement in look direction is about 288.4 cm and the minimum is 224.0 cm; the maximum sinistral horizontal dislocation of seismogenic fault near the macroscopic epicenter is 738.1 cm and the minimum is 551.8 cm. Foundation item: National Natural Science Foundation of China (40374013) and “Researching on the Disaster Earthquake” (2003) of Public Welfare Research Item, Ministry of Science and Technology of China.     

Process of source dynamics of the Jingtai earthquake ( M =6.2)

In this paper, the process of source dynamics of the Jingtai earthquake (M=6.2) is studied on the basis of both earth resistivity changes before the event and the spatial directivity of single-observatory magnitude measurements of the seismic network of China. The following conclusions are obtained: the NW-SE directional tension stress (or the one about in the direction) inside the source region was enhanced during the short period from three to five months before the event, and done still further about in twenty odd days before the event, so that it finally leads the fault in about the EW strike to produce dislocation in NWW-SEE direction. Finally, this dislocation pattern caused the strong ground vibration to be received at the seismic observatories which were located in the NWW and SEE directions of the epicenter, while the weak vibration to be received at the ones in NE and south directions of the epicenter. At last, understandings on the imminent earthquake prediction through earth resistivity method are set forth. This subject is supported by the Science Foundation of Gansu Province and the Youth Foundation of the Earthquake Research Institute of Lanzhou, SSB.     

基于平滑伪魏格纳-维勒分布的时频分析方法的震例回溯性研究

以四川及其邻区现有地磁台站数据为研究对象,基于平滑伪魏格纳-维勒分布的时频分析方法(SPWVD),对其进行时频计算,并对康定地震、九寨沟地震附近地磁台站及中强震活跃时段与平静时段的川滇地区部分地磁台站Z分量滤波后周期为4. 4h的振幅变化特征进行回溯性震例分析。研究发现:2014年康定地震之前,震中附近7个地磁台站4. 4h振幅存在同步高值异常现象,其中5个台的幅值为震前所研究时段的最高值;九寨沟地震前,震中附近6个台站存在同步相对高值的异常现象,其中3个台的幅值为震前所研究时段的最高值; 2014年川滇地震活跃时期,该区域地磁台站普遍存在4. 4h振幅同步异常,台站数量多、振幅大,与此时间段内中强地震发生强度呈正相关,在时间上呈现短临特征; 2018年川滇地区中强地震活动平静时期,4. 4h振幅变化较平稳,异常振幅相对较小,而后活跃期间同步异常的最大振幅增大且异常台站数量增加。综上所述,通过SPWVD时频方法对地磁数据进行处理和分析,以此得到的规律和认识,对未来川滇地区中强地震预测和研判区域地震活动性的强弱有积极意义。     

芦山MS7.0地震前的电磁异常信号

对南北地震带18个地电场及电磁扰动观测台站进行了跟踪与研究, 2013年4月20日四川芦山M_S7.0地震前只有其中5个台站观测到了异常电磁信号. 研究表明, 地震前的这些异常信号时空分布非常不均匀. 在时间上表现出震前电磁异常信号在出现的台站上不是同步的, 且随着时间的推移有向震中方向迁移的趋势; 在空间上体现在成都以北的台站都没有记录到震前电磁异常信号, 主要出现在成都及其以南的一些台站. 芦山M_S7.0地震前地震电磁信号出现的最早时间是震前21天, 其次是震前16天; 临震时间则为震前5天、 4天和1天. 通过接地极注入地下的大电流以及以往的震例分析, 认为仙女山台是又一个比较突出的电磁信号观测的敏感点.      

基于小波分析提取地倾斜异常特征

利用小波分析方法在时间域和频率域具有较高分辨率的特性, 选取db4小波基、 细节6阶为各台站地倾斜整点值数据的研究对象, 建立了小波分析异常提取方法。 利用该方法提取了2011年以来新疆天山中段地区2次6级地震前地倾斜形变异常。 结果表明, 在M_S≥6.0地震前, 震中附近(<300 km)不同台站记录到了相同频段、 周期的异常信号; 异常主要集中在震中150~300 km范围内, 震中附近观测资料异常并不明显; 不同方位台站对地震异常信号的接收时间具有一定指示意义。     

2008年汶川MS8.0与2010年玉树 MS7.1地震前电磁现象研究

应用全局小波能谱法对2008年四川汶川M_S8.0地震、 2010年青海玉树M_S7.1地震前地电、 地磁场变化情况进行了分析研究. 结果表明: ① 在汶川地震震中周围的台站观测到震前地电、 地磁场全局小波能谱值增大的现象; ② 青藏高原东北缘的代乾等3个地电、 地磁台站在玉树地震前均发生显著的小波能谱增大的现象, 震后恢复; ③ 对于上述两次大震周边地区的不同台站的不同测道, 在震前多次出现谱值时间上同步增大或减少的现象; ④ 距玉树地震震中距离相同的山丹和古丰地电场台站, 北南、 北西测向长极距在地震前后能谱值的变化几乎一致. 基于上述分析, 初步研究认为震源孕育激发的电磁辐射是造成震前电磁异常现象的主要原因.      

利用概率密度分布提取地下流体数字化观测资料中的高频异常信息以2014年鲁甸6.5级地震为例

中国地震地下流体观测经过数字化改造以后, 观测资料的采样频率显著提高。 流体观测资料中的高频数据含有丰富构造信息, 为我们捕捉地震孕育及发生过程中的前兆异常信息提供了有利条件。 但是, 高频信息的出现激发了对数据分析方法改变的需求, 如何研发与数字化高频观测资料相匹配的数据处理和异常识别方法, 从高频观测数据中挖掘潜在的前兆异常信息, 成为目前地震地下研究者首要需解决的关键问题。 应用概率密度分布法对2014年鲁甸6.5级地震前南北地震带174组水位、 水温分钟值高频观测数据进行分析, 结果显示: 鲁甸6.5级地震前共有10个水位测点和7个水温测点出现高频信息异常, 异常多集中在滇西南构造带的滇中次级块体两侧, 且随着时间推移, 有向震中区逼近的变化特征。 通过对震源区及附近地区地壳结构、 构造应力作用及更大范围的区域动力演化特征进行分析, 发现异常信息的空间分布特征与川滇地区地壳运动场具有很好的一致性, 说明概率密度分布可有效反映出区域构造应力作用, 同时也验证了利用概率密度分布在流体观测数据的高频信息异常提取方面具有一定可靠性。     

Geomagnetic daily variations around Huanghai earthquake

The geomagnetic daily variations of vertical component, which were recorded by geomagnetic array in Jiangsu Province, are investigated with the method of multichannel Wiener filtering. The results show that the daily standard errors between raw data and the actual output of the filter for the nearest stations away from epicenter are obviously higher than ordinary level before the Huanghai earthquake, especially three days before, then returned to normal after the earthquake. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 76–79, 1991. The project was supported by the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation.     

2008年汶川MS8.0地震前定点形变高频异常特征的研究

本文以中国大陆西部定点形变观测资料作为研究对象, 采用S变换和超限率时频分析法对其进行了处理和分析。 研究结果表明: 在2008年汶川M_S8.0地震前, 距离震中600 km范围内的定点形变个别台站观测到高频异常, 异常持续时间较长; 距离震中300 km范围的个别台站临震高频异常非常显著; 并且不同的定点形变观测手段对高频信号的响应不同, 地倾斜测项临震前高频异常形态较地应变测项更为清晰灵敏。 同时S变换和超限率两种方法处理结果具有较好的一致性, 表明本文提取到的高频异常可信度较高。     

福建省数字化形变资料的异常分析

为了提取中短期地震前兆信息,对福建省2006～2008年数字化形变观测整点值资料进行了二进小波多分辨率分析,结果表明：小波分析结果的细节部分dn主要包含周期为2n-2a＋1小时的信号,而近似部分‰包含所有周期大于2n＋1小时的信号;在此期间,福建省及其邻近地区的中强地震发生前,多数形变观测台站或测项同步接收到了周期大约为21～43d幅度较大的异常信号,这些信号可能是地震前兆。     

2022年1月8日青海门源MS6.9地震前地磁垂直强度极化异常变化特征

基于甘青川地区的14个地磁台站秒采样资料,对2022年1月8日青海门源M_S6.9地震前地磁垂直强度极化异常的时空变化特征进行分析研究。计算结果显示,在2021年10月底出现了地磁极化超阈值高值异常变化,异常台站主要分布在青海、甘肃和四川地区,异常出现后73天发生了门源地震,震中位于极化高值异常阈值线附近。研究还发现,此次地磁极化异常具有一定的时空变化特征,时间上,不同台站极化异常具有较好的时间同步性;空间上,极化异常高值区呈现出沿震中附近出现后不断扩展最终再向震中收缩的特点。此外,各地磁极化异常台站的归一置零极化值、异常持续时间与震中距存在较好的负相关性,异常台站距离地震震中越近,其归一置零极化值越高,异常持续时间也越长,这一特征符合地震电磁扰动信号的衰减特征。根据极化异常和地震的时空关系分析认为,此次地磁极化高值异常对应了之后在异常高值区边缘发生的门源M_S6.9地震。     

GPS观测得到的1998～2003年中国大陆地壳应变

利用1998年9月至2003年9月底中国地壳运动观测网络基准站与基本站GPS观测所获得的多期水平位移结果, 计算了由观测站组成的各三角形的应变。 鉴于量级不大的应变时空变化的复杂性, 试图用统计的方法分析基本网观测得到的2001年11月14日昆仑山口西M_S8.1大地震前后的应变。 此次地震前中国大陆, 特别是中国大陆西部变形有加剧过程, 且中国大陆西部最大剪应变方向总体上保持稳定。 这表明, 此次大地震前有明显的应变能积累; 而在震中附近2000～2001年地震前应变速率很低, 出现闭锁或成核现象。 由最接近震中三角形计算得到的最大剪应变方向确定地震断层走向为N89.3°E。 震后2002年的变形仍然较大, 但2002～2003年中国大陆, 特别是东部, 变形最小。     

GPS连续观测站基线与地震危险性分析

根据中国地壳运动观测网络基准站1999—2009年的资料,文中应用小波方法对中国大陆的有关GPS基线时间序列进行了分离,通过对各个频段小波分解结果的分类分析,我们获得如下看法:①在2001年昆仑山口西Ms8.1级与2008年汶川Ms8.0级强震前,部分GPS基线小波分解中低频段(A8,D8,D7,D6,D5)在数月至1年以上的时间内发生较明显的变化,说明浅源大地震的孕育发生与大区域构造活动增强相关;②与北京十三陵(BJSH)相连的BJSH-YANC,BJSH-JIXN,BJSH-TAIN,HLAR-BJSH,CHUN-BJSH基线近期都存在一定程度的异常,显示北京周围地区压性活动增强,首都圈地区2006—2008年大面积垂直形变结果也反映该地区存在一定的异常。目前尚无足够的证据证明这种形变异常变化是否与汶川地震有关。但也许提示2008年华北北部地区的构造活动已从常态活动开始转向异态活动,有可能是强震孕育的信号,应给予密切跟踪研究。     

Development and application of the monent-ratio imaging algorithm

In the moment-ratio imaging algorithm, which is based on the theory of healing of a wound, the energy of each strong earthquake is distributed around the epicenter according to certain rules, and the features of the Moment-ratio value R are analyzed as the space and time change, so that the relationships between the moment-ration value R and strong earthquakes can be found. In the present paper, regions divided, hypocenter depths and events completed magnitude analyses were carried out in the Chinese catalogue. By applying the moment-ratio imaging algorithm in which the parameters are adjusted, the processes of anomaly evolution which correspond to the epicenter and the surrounding value R before earthquakes of M≥7.0 since 1966 in different areas of China were analyzed. It was found that the range area and imminent time of a coming earthquake could be confirmed quantita- tively by analyzing the abnormal temporal and spatial variation of the value R The results showed that the temporal and spatial variation of the value R could quantitatively reflect the temporal and spatial factors of a coming strong earthquake as well as the rule of medium rupture.     

垂直形变趋势累计率在川滇地区的应用

本文在研究形变趋势累计率的基础之上,对数据处理方法进行了局部改进,将跨断层场地布设较多的川滇地区作为实验区,利用精密水准测量分析该地区的垂直形变异常强度,并结合川滇地区震例开展研究。分析发现强震发生前后一段时期,震中附近形变异常强度几乎保持一致,但在震前（1、2个月左右）会发生较大改变,震后逐步恢复到与震前相同的情况;强震主要发生在形变异常强度值变化较大区域附近。垂直形变趋势累计率在中短期的映震效果较好。