青海东部一次区域性寒潮天气的成因分析

利用Micaps常规气象资料,从天气学角度对2015年4月1日青海省东部区域性寒潮天气过程的环流背景,影响系统及成因进行了分析。结果表明:此次寒潮天气过程主要是由乌拉尔山阻塞高压前部偏北气流引导极地冷空气南下在乌拉尔山东南部一带堆积,形成强大的冷高压;巴湖低涡分裂小槽东移南压,引导冷空气南下,在青海东部与南支槽叠加,促成了青海东部此次中到重度寒潮天气;乌拉尔山东南部地面冷高压分裂冷空气扩散南下,北路冷空气东灌进入青海东部河谷地区,与西路冷空气在青海东部地区锢囚,利于冷空气在青海东部维持;中低层强冷平流也是产生寒潮天气的触发机制;夜间辐射冷却加剧青海东部地面降温;新疆北部至河西走廊西部的中高层高空急流强盛,青海东部位于急流出口区右侧,利于高空动量下传,导致地面风速加大,另外地面冷锋后部气流下沉加压,也是导致地面出现大风的原因之一。     

新疆阿勒泰地区一次强寒潮天气过程分析

利用Micaps常规实况图、EC客观分析场及T213 00时的物理量场,从寒潮冷空气的酝酿、堆积、爆发3个阶段分析了2009年2月11～13日新疆阿勒泰地区的一次强寒潮天气过程,重点分析强降温及降水原因。分析表明:此次强寒潮冷空气来自新地岛和泰米尔半岛的超极地强冷空气,强冷空气沿乌拉尔山脊前东北风带和北风带南下堆积到西西伯利亚上空。由于乌拉尔山脊西北部冷空气的侵袭,使该脊向东南跨,推动西西伯利亚强冷空气大举南下,从而造成这次强寒潮天气。形成强降水的原因是北方冷空气与南支槽东移北上的暖湿气流在该地区汇合,并配合动力条件和水汽条件共同造成的。     

中尺度对流系统引发的致灾雷电过程分析

本文对2007年3月3日-5日华北区域爆发的强寒潮,从大尺度环流形势特征、天气过程特点及特强降温的成因进行了分析,得出了强寒潮天气爆发预报着眼点。此次寒潮天气是由于西路冷空气和极地冷空气在贝加尔湖附近地区合并加强;横槽转竖,偏北气流引导冷空气南下,并且又有补充冷空气南下造成的。欧亚500hPa中纬度大“Ω”流型为寒潮天气的产生提供了有利的环流背景。该大“Ω”流型与常见寒潮倒“Ω”流型的槽脊位置在东北亚地区接近反位相。且波长更长。     

河套地区一次寒潮天气的环流背景及成因

利用常规观测资料和MICAPS提供的相关资料,对2006年3月9—11日在河套地区发生的大范围大风、沙尘暴、寒潮天气的环流形势及物理量进行分析。分析表明:影响本次沙尘暴的高空系统是斜压性很强的蒙古横槽及北路冷空气南压形成的密集的高空锋区,地面蒙古气旋的暖性性质为沙尘暴的爆发提供了有利的热力条件;沙尘暴发生前期河套及上游地区干暖的气候条件及下垫面增厚的干土层及沙区,对沙尘暴的发生提供最基本的环境条件。另外,高空蒙古横槽南压、转竖是寒潮爆发南下的关键点;地面蒙古气旋的东移及地面冷高压中心强度达到1060.0hPa是寒潮爆发南下的必要条件;蒙古横槽诱发北路冷空气南压,使地面冷高压前沿气压梯度的不断加强加剧了寒潮爆发的速度。     

2006年广西冬春强冷空气过程对比分析

2006年1月4～6日、2月16～18日和3月12～14日广西分别出现了寒潮、强降温天气。本文从天气学角度对3次强冷空气影响过程的天气特点、大气环流特征、冷空气源地及影响路径等方面进行对比分析，分析表明：中高纬环流形势相似、冷空气堆积区及南下形式相同是三次过程的共性，高压脊的位置、冷空气的强度及其影响路径、南支槽造成的降水等差异是造成广西不同程度寒潮天气的主要因素。     

一次寒潮天气综合诊断

对 1999年 4月 2 1～ 2 6日出现在我国西北地区的一次区域性强寒潮过程 ,从天气事实、天气成因及动力诊断等方面进行了分析探讨。结果表明 ,环流经纬向型的调整是寒潮酝酿和爆发的直接原因。上游美洲大槽加深造成的下传波能为寒潮酝酿提供了能量基础 ,西风急流的南北大幅摆动使高度槽加深和高空锋区增强 ,这二者是寒潮生成的间接原因。冷气团中存在的上升运动 ,使冷空气影响的范围和强度增大。另外 ,伴随寒潮出现的强降温、大风、沙尘暴等其他天气现象与前期西北区上空大气普遍增温密切相关     

乌兰察布市2010年一次大风、寒潮天气的分析

运用常规气象观测资料和欧洲数值预报图,对2010年1月19—22日从西北方向入侵的强冷空气引发大面积的大风降温天气过程进行分析。结果表明：此次寒潮主要是由贝加尔湖附近的横槽内聚积一股较强的冷空气（高空500hPa冷中心强度达-45℃、地面冷高压中心强度达1060．0hP）。西西伯利亚的阻塞高压与贝加尔湖高空冷槽共同作用,西北路冷空气不断向东南侵袭,乌兰察布市处于西风带控制,横槽沿西风带向东移动分裂为两股冷空气。阻塞高压前偏北冷空气不断东移南下,引发横槽转竖并向南加深。持续性降温导致强寒潮天气过程。     

一次强冷空气活动过程的诊断分析

利用常规观测资料和MICAPS分析的2°×2°的12 h的物理量场资料,对2006年4月10—13日的一次大范围的寒潮天气的冷空气活动过程诊断分析。结果表明这次强冷空气发展的主要原因是：横槽的维持加强使两股冷空气合并堆积并加强;高空锋生及锋区后部强烈的上升运动,使空气绝热膨胀冷却,冷空气的强度不断加强;横槽前后高空冷暖平流和涡度平流的合适配置使得横槽转竖,转竖的大槽引导强冷空气南下。     

2008年4月天山北坡一次强寒潮天气成因分析

利用T213 0场预报资料对2008年4月18日新疆天山北坡带中部石河子垦区发生的50 a不遇强寒潮天气过程的环流背景、影响系统及物理量场进行了综合分析。结果表明：“2008.04.18”强寒潮天气主要成因是：里黑海脊发展东移与东欧脊同位相叠加并顺转, 脊前东北风带建立并加强,诱导泰米尔半岛冷空气沿脊前东北气流西南下到横槽中, 迫使横槽转向强烈发展东南压,并形成高空急流,强锋区和强冷高压;由于高压脊部分东南垮,导致中高纬度强冷空气大举东南下,造成强寒潮天气过程;西南急流与冷空气的交汇产生了较强的动力辐合和水汽辐合,对大暴雪的形成起到了重要作用;大暴雪发生在较强的能量锋区、高湿区和水汽通量辐合区内。     

2010年1月2—5日乌兰察布市大雪、大风、寒潮个例分析

利用常规气象观测资料,从天气环流形势的演变过程及各种物理量变化,对2010年1月2—3日乌兰察布地区普降中雪,其中集宁和兴和大雪、卓资山大到暴雪及雪后大风、寒潮过程做了客观分析。分析发现:这次过程是高空横槽转竖与地面河套气旋共同影响的结果,下游的阻塞高压是降雪的必要条件,极地冷空气南下在横槽北部堆积是出现大风、寒潮的关键。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.