长江下游沿江湿地升金湖越冬水鸟觅食集团结构及生态位特征

集团结构和生态位特征是量化动物群落组织过程的重要指标,鸟类集团结构及其食物资源分割的分析对于理解群落中不同鸟种生态适应性具有重要意义.越冬水鸟集团结构和生态位特征取决于食物资源的丰富度和可获得性.本文通过对升金湖越冬水鸟的觅食生境和觅食行为的观察,对水鸟群落的集团结构进行划分,采用Levins指数和Pianka指数计算生态位宽度和生态位重叠度.结果表明,升金湖越冬水鸟可被划分为4个觅食集团,即G1浅水啄食集团、G2草滩啄食集团、G3广食性集团和G4深水潜水觅食集团.在浅水和中水区的觅食集团物种组成比深水区的水鸟集团丰富.G3广食性集团的生态位宽度远高于其余3个特化集团.比较而言,所有水鸟物种的觅食行为均较特化,但在觅食生境方面却较宽化.同一集团内物种间的生态位重叠远高于集团间的生态位重叠.G3广食性集团内物种的生态位重叠度低于其它特化集团内物种的生态位重叠度.研究结果表明,升金湖越冬水鸟群落集团结构主要受食物资源空间配置及其可利用性的影响.水鸟群落结构和生态位特征的信息对监测升金湖湿地的质量和制定有效的湿地保护策略都具有重要意义.     

从东江调水后契爷石水库的水质和浮游植物群落结构特征

本文比较了太湖梅梁湾敞水区2004年秋季渔汛期刀鲚(Coilia ectenes)和间下鱵(Hyporhamphus intermedius)的食性,同时对不同食物的重要性、选择性以及两种鱼类食物的重叠进行了分析.结果表明,秋季刀鲚、间下鱵的食物主要由浮游甲壳动物、鱼和昆虫等组成.镖水蚤中的指状许水蚤(Schmackeria inopinus)是刀鲚最重要的食物,而间下鱵最重要的食物是裸腹溞(Moina sp.),而且摄食鱼和昆虫的比例远高于刀鲚.刀鲚和间下鱵对个体较大的指状许水蚤的选择性都比较高,对个体较小、而在太湖密度很高的象鼻溞(Bosmina spp.)都表现出主动回避.刀鲚与间下鱵的食物重叠系数较高,表明对竞争比较激烈,但要完全了解这两种鱼类的竞争关系,还要对它们在太湖的分布,不同发育阶段和不同季节的摄食情况进行详细的调查研究.     

第8届现代地壳运动国际会议概况

国际大地测量学协会第８届现代地壳运动国际会议于１９９３年１２月６－１１日在日本神户举行，有２３个国家的近１６０位专家学者出席了会议，中国共有１２位学者参加。本文综合介绍了这次会议的概况和学术内容。     

冻融期包头南海湖浮游植物群落及优势种生态特征

为了探究包头南海湖浮游植物群落特征和物种与生境之间的关系,于2018年11月和2019年1月、3月分别对南海湖浮游植物群落结构进行调查分析,得出南海湖冻融期浮游植物群落结构为绿藻硅藻蓝藻型使用改进的Levins公式和Petraitis指数测定了南海湖冻融期优势种的生态位量度结果显示:在不同生境条件下,物种生态位宽度存在季节性变化,同样,生态位重叠也随季节变化而变化随着湖面冰冻,多数浮游植物生态位宽度有所下降;结冰期生态位重叠程度最高,融冰期生态位重叠程度最低综合冻融过程优势藻种生态特征,绿藻门的四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)是冻融过程中最主要优势种,优势度、密度、生态位量度均优于其他优势藻种,能充分利用环境资源,更具竞争力优势种与环境因子的灰关联分析显示,p H是影响浮游植物优势种数量的主要相关因子.     

皖07井水位与地震关系初探

从分析皖０７井水位的映震能力入手,探讨地下水与地震的关系,文中着重对１９９６年１１月９日南黄海６．１级等４次中强地震前该井水位的异常特征进行了分析,并对该井水位映震的机理提出一些粗浅的看法。     

浅析太原盆地小震活动的时间特征

通过对山西地震台网近年来记录到的太原地区小震活动的分布情况、地震频度及能量释放强度的分析,得出该盆地地震活动在时间分布上具有丛集性的结论。统计分析认为该区发震概率最大时间段为每年的１月、２月、６月、１１月份。     

南极中山站极夜、极昼期间S_q~p、S_D的变化规律及特征

本文利用１９９１年度南极中山站的地磁资料，分析研究极夜（５、６、７月）及极昼（１１、１２月）期间Ｓ、ＳＤ的变化特征。研究结果表明，Ｈ、Ｄ、Ｚ三个分量的Ｓ、ＳＤ在极夜期间的变化幅度都小于极昼期间的变化幅度，Ｓ在世界时ＵＴ６时左右出现极值。这是由于在５、６、７月的太阳直射点在北半球，太阳紫外辐射和Ｘ射线辐射减少，在１１、１２月太阳的直射点在南半球，太阳紫外线和Ｘ射线辐射增大，致使空间电高层等效电流发生变化所产生。     

宽频带地震仪的地方强震观测：对1989年11月1日陆近海地震初始破裂…

１９８９年１０月到１１月三陆近海（日本岩手县近海）震群状的活动期间，１１月１月发生一次较大地震（Ｍ７．１，日本气象厅）。Ｓｔｒｅｃｋｅｉｓｅｎ宽频带地震仪于１９８９年９月安装在筑波地震观象台，成功地记录到包括１１月１日地震在内这一活动的完整序列。由于该地震仪的宽频特征以及大动态范围２４位Ａ／Ｄ转换器，所记录的地震图显示出各种有意义的特征，这无论对震源还是对构造都会提供有用的推断，甚至仅仅可以得到一     

中国西部地区地磁低点位移异常和磁暴与中强地震的关系

中国西部地区地磁低点位移异常和磁暴与中强地震的关系１资料的选取选取１９９０年至１９９４年３月陕西、甘肃、宁夏、青海、四川和西藏自治区发生的５级以上的地震，１９９０年到１９９４年２月在上述范围内地磁台站记录的Ｋ≥６的磁暴，１９９３年１２月１１日、１９９...     

南极中山站极夜,极昼期间S^PQ,SD的变化规律及特征

本文利用１９９１年度南极中山站的地磁资料，分析研究极夜（５、６、７月）及极昼（１１、１２月）期间Ｓ＾Ｐｑ，ＳＤ变化特征，研究结果表明，Ｈ、Ｄ、Ｚ三个分量的Ｓ＾Ｐｑ，ＳＤ在极夜期间的变化幅度都小于极昼期间的变化幅期，Ｓ＾Ｐｑ在世界时ＵＴ６时左右出现极值。这是由于在５、６、７月的太阳直射点在北半球，太阳紫外辐射和Ｘ射线辐射减少，在１１、１２月太阳的直射点在南半球，太阳紫外线和Ｘ射线辐射增大，致使空间电     

太湖新银鱼、鲚鱼的食性比较及相互影响分析

在太湖,通过对263个太湖新银鱼和鲚鱼胃含物样本的食物组成分析和比较,研究了两种鱼类间的食物关系;并结合太湖历年鱼类渔获量资料,对渔获量变化间可能存在的相互影响进行了偏相关分析.结果表明:太湖新银鱼在4月份的食物中以桡足类为主,占个数的70.11%±10.57%,其次是枝角类,为29.84%±10.62%,轮虫的数量极少,仅占0.05%±0.11%;在4月份1 鲚鱼的食物中以枝角类为主、占79.35%±11.42%,桡足类占19.97%±10.78%,而轮虫和虾的数量很少,分别占0.49%±0.45%和0.20%±0.44%.而在9-10月份0 鲚鱼的食物中,枝角类占89.77%±13.69%,桡足类占7.84%±11.53%,轮虫占2.39%±4.95%;用Pianka提出的公式,计算两种鱼类在4月份5个采样点的饵料重叠系数平均为0.4739±0.2810,没有达到Keast提出的Ojk＞0.7的严重重叠水平;计算5个采样点的相同食物组成比平均为46.42%±20.32%,和饵料重叠系数接近.而偏相关分析表明:两种鱼类数量变化间的相关关系是负向的,且随着鱼类密度的增加,负相关关系的显著水平有不断提高的趋势.如1973-1984年期间的负相关关系远没有达到显著水平(r=-0.2531 p=0.584),而1985-2004年期间的负相关关系接近显著水平(r=-0.4395 P=0.101).分析认为:太湖新银鱼和鲚鱼的食物虽有重叠,但通常情况下食物竞争并不激烈;种群数量变化间的相互影响是负向的,没有达到显著水平.可能仅在两种鱼类密度很高时,激烈地食物竞争才会发生、并主要表现为对哲水蚤和剑水蚤的竞争;且数量间负向的相互影响有加强趋势.     

Egg to adult identification of 13 freshwater fishes from Italy: a biochemical-genetic key

The family Cyprinidae comprises most of the freshwater fauna of the North Mediterranean region and it is often numerically dominant. Taxonomy based on morphology is problematic, owing to the high intraspecific variation in phenotypic traits, their overlap between species and environmental plasticity of morphometric and meristic characters. A difficult diagnosis, particularly for young developmental stages, can increase resource mismanagement. Here we report on the occurrence of species-specific allozymic patterns, consistent from eggs to adults. These allowed the construction of a biochemical-genetic key for the identification of all stages of 13 freshwater fishes, mainly cyprinids native to the North Mediterranean region (Alburnus alburnus alborella, Barbus plebejus, Chondrostoma genei, Gobio gobio, Leuciscus cephalus, L. lucumonis, L. souffia, Rutilus rubilio, R. erythrophthalmus, Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Tinca tinca, Pseudorasbora parva and Padogobius martensii).     

三峡水库和长江中下游通江湖泊(洞庭湖和鄱阳湖)草鱼、鲢的孵化日期及早期生长特征

三峡水库以及上游江段形成的河—库生态系统与长江中下游洞庭湖和鄱阳湖的江湖生态系统都是四大家鱼的重要栖息地,有相似性也有差异.2017年7—8月在三峡水库、洞庭湖和鄱阳湖利用地笼、虾笼、高网和迷魂阵采集草鱼和鲢幼鱼样本,观测耳石日轮,分析三峡水库和通江湖泊草鱼和鲢幼鱼的繁殖时间和早期生长特征及差异,探讨相应的保护措施.结果显示,三峡水库、洞庭湖和鄱阳湖采集草鱼幼鱼的孵化日期分别为4月24日—5月25日、5月21日—6月26日和5月4日—5月28日;鲢幼鱼的孵化日期分别为4月10日—6月12日、5月25日—6月19日和5月9日—6月12日.三峡水库、洞庭湖和鄱阳湖草鱼样本的体长增长率分别为1.04、1.84和1.64 mm/d,微耳石的沉积率分别为3.41、5.41和4.77μm/d;鲢幼鱼的体长增长率分别为1.10、2.87和1.96 mm/d,微耳石沉积率分别为2.96、7.17和4.57μm/d.洞庭湖草鱼和鲢的体长增长率和耳石沉积率均显著大于三峡水库;鄱阳湖鲢的体长增长率和耳石沉积率均显著大于三峡水库,而草鱼的体长增长率和耳石沉积率则与三峡水库没有显著差异.结果表明,三峡水库蓄水后长江中游干流草鱼和鲢的繁殖时间明显滞后;洞庭湖和鄱阳湖的草鱼和鲢幼鱼生长更快.目前,长江全面禁渔正在逐步实施,预期将对恢复鱼类资源起到重要的作用.除了全面禁渔之外,还建议保护和修复鱼类栖息地;减少江湖阻隔,灌江纳苗;增殖放流亲鱼;开展生态调度,促进鱼类繁殖.     

太湖鲫鱼数量变化的规律及与环境间关系的分析

通过食物组成分析和渔获物组成调查,并结合历年渔获量统计和环境监测资料,研究了太湖鲫鱼数量变化的规律、机制及与环境间的相互关系.渔获物调查和渔获量统计资料均表明:近年鲫鱼数量不断增加,已成为太湖仅次于鲚鱼的重要鱼类2004年渔获物调查中,鲫鱼占鱼类总重量的8.40%±2.69%,占鲤、鲫鱼渔获量的65.08%±15.47%;历年渔获量统计显示,1952-1998年鲤、鲫鱼渔获量相对稳定在1010.1±367.2 t、占鱼类总量8.89%±5.33%,1999年上升达到2547.4 t、占9.45%,2000年达到3708.7 t,占12.18%;年龄组成分析表明,鲫鱼低龄化趋势在加剧.食性分析表明:在7-12月,微囊藻占鲫鱼食物体积的83.65%-93.99%.分析认为:太湖鲫鱼以微囊藻为主要食物;富营养化加重为其提供了充足饵料,实施禁渔期、禁渔区等措施使其繁殖得到保障,捕捞强度过高导致其年龄组成低龄化、个体小型化.而太湖鲫鱼以蓝藻为主要食物,可能对蓝藻有抑制作用.     

大口鲇幼鱼摄食、生长及驯化的初步研究

根据1991年1～12月的调查,陆水水库的浮游植物共8门118属,以绿藻、硅藻、蓝藻门的种类为主,占总属数的86.44％;浮游动物198种,其中原生动物38种、轮虫68种、枝角类61种、桡足类31种。浮游植物年平均数量和生物量分别为3.1449×10~6cell/L和1.937mg/L,数量以蓝藻、隐藻、硅藻最多,占总数量的91.33％,生物量以隐藻、硅藻、绿藻最大,占总生物量的85.03％,浮游植物初级毛产量为3.4gO_2/m~2·d。浮游动物年平均数量和生物量分别为2323.8ind/L和1.4837mg/L,数量以原生动物和轮虫最多,占96.89％,生物量以枝角类和桡足类为主,占79.94％.陆水水库浮游生物种类组成和现存量在不同的水域差异较大,季节变化明显。按水化学分析结果及浮游生物特征判定,陆水水库的营养类型为中营养型。还讨论了环境因子对水库浮游生物的影响。     

西江广东鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)繁殖生物学及繁殖策略

探究鱼类繁殖策略是了解鱼类种群动态的关键.通过对珠江西江流域重要的经济鱼类广东鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)生殖周期、产卵时间、成熟期长度、生殖力类型和生殖力等方面进行研究,阐明在人类活动日益加强下,西江广东鲂的繁殖策略适应性变化情况.研究表明,广东鲂个体平均体长245 mm,优势体长集中在260~280 mm,平均体重347 g,优势体重集中在320~480 g.用L 50逻辑斯谛回归方法推算广东鲂雌鱼和雄鱼初次性成熟体长分别为244.5和232.2 mm.雌雄性比例为1.105∶1,且随着体长增加,雌雄性比呈现出先下降后上升的变化趋势.广东鲂繁殖群体在产卵季节为48月,产卵高峰为6月初持续到7月上旬,产卵季节内广东鲂鱼苗的密度与径流量显著相关.广东鲂绝对繁殖力平均为73069粒,相对繁殖力平均为118.7粒/g,绝对繁殖力与体长和体重均呈正相关.广东鲂繁殖群体性腺成熟系数与性腺重、肥满度以及体重密切相关.广东鲂种群繁殖策略在人类活动加剧影响下呈现出适应性变化:初次性成熟体长变小,绝对繁殖力下降.     

Diet of fishes in a detritus-based sandy lowland brook

To assess the trophic relationships of consumers in a sandy lowland brook (Ladberger Mühlenbach, Northrhine-Westphalia, Germany) the fish as well as the benthic communities were sampled monthly over half a year. Analysis of stomach contents of the fishes revealed two different feeding types: detritivores (including only Cyprinidae; foremost roach, Rutilus rutilus and Prussian carp, Carassius auratus gibelio) and benthivores (mostly stone loach, Barbatula barbatula and three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus). The detritivores mainly foraged on detritus, but also benthic invertebrates were found in their stomachs. This latter prey (especially some Trichoptera and Coleoptera, which were selected with a high preference) is strongly associated to hard substrates, only present in the brook as coarse detritus. Benthivore fishes only foraged on benthic invertebrates, mostly Gammaridae and Chironomidae, which were the most dominant elements of the macrozoobenthos. Niche overlap between these two foraging groups was very low, while the within-group overlap was rather high. As food could not be shown to be a limiting factor, a direct competition for food between most of these species in this brook seems most unlikely.     

Der Einfluß des Bibers (Castor fiber albicus) auf die Fauna (Odonata, Mollusca, Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, Diptera) von Mittelgebirgsbächen in Hessen (Deutschland)

Due to the return of the beaver an increasing number of brooks become restored to a natural condition. It is characterized by an alternation of flowing and standing sectors. In the summer of 1995, different groups of organisms (Odonata, Mollusca, Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, Diptera) of two brooks in the Spessart mountains (Hesse, Germany) were studied to compare the composition of invertebrates in beaver homeranges and in the non-influenced sectors above. The new living conditions resulted in the disappearance of some species (Drusus anulatus, Trich., Sericostoma personatum, Trich., Radix peregra, Gastr.). Nevertheless the beaver homeranges accommodate a significant higher number of species of dragon flies and damsel flies, molluscs and caddis flies than the brooks above the homeranges. The heterogeneity of natural river systems make a coexistence of running water and silent water organisms possible. The examinations result in a significant higher group dominance of ephemeras (i.p. Cloeon dipterum) in a beaver pond than in lenitic sectors conditioned by the gradient without beaver influence. Here the dominance of chironomids was much higher. High current sectors with their characteristic organisms are also present in the beaver homeranges. The higher number of insects is the basis of nourishment for predatory insects and fishes. The potential effects of beaver ponds on fishes are discussed.     

网湖银鱼的繁殖、食性与生长

研究了网湖太湖新银鱼和寡齿新银鱼的繁殖,食性和生长等生物学特征,并就网湖银鱼增殖的措施进行了探讨。两种银鱼的副性征出现时间分别为１０月和１１月。平均绝对怀卵量为１５０６粒和５６９粒。     

The trophic ecology of arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in Ellidavatn, a small lake in Southwest Iceland

In the lake Ellidavatn, southwest Iceland, fish samples were collected with gillnets of one mesh-size once or twice a month for two years. Stomach samples of 961 Arctic char and 429 brown trout were analysed. The annual diet of char consisted of chironomid larvae (31%), cladocerans Eurycercus lamellatus (19%), bivalves Pisidium spp. (16%), water snails Lymnaea peregra (15%), chironomid pupae (8%) and char eggs (5%) and that of trout consisted of sticklebacks (76%), salmonids (7%) and L. peregra (6%). The average percentage of indigestible plant remains and gravel in the stomach content was much higher for the char (14%) than trout (3%). There were large seasonal changes in the diet of char: char eggs were consumed in autumn, chironomid larvae mostly from autumn to spring, chironomid pupae in summer and E. lamellatus from summer to autumn. No seasonal changes in the diet of trout were seen. The diet overlap of char and trout was very low, usually about 10%, reaching a maximum of about 30% in late summer 1976 when the common diet was mainly E. lamellatus and chironomid pupae. The resource partitioning in Ellidavatn indicates that char are better adapted to preying on small benthic invertebrates than piscivorous trout. The segregation in the diet of the two species indicated competition for restricted food supply, which was also consistent with slow growth and low condition factor of char (0.8–1.0) and trout (1.0) in Ellidavatn. The prey of trout were two orders of magnitude larger than the prey of char which may explain why adult char grew more slowly (2 cm y⁻¹) than adult trout (4 cm y⁻¹) and reached sexual maturity at a smaller size (30 cm) than trout (40 cm).