中国东部碱性玄武质岩石中的辉石和角闪石巨晶

在中国东部,北起黑龙江、南到海南岛,广泛地分布着新生代碱性玄武质岩石,例如碱性橄榄玄武岩、碧玄岩、霞石玄武岩等。它们含有丰富的超镁铁岩包体和各种巨晶。已发现的有辉石、角闪石、石榴石、歪长石、钛铁矿和云母等巨晶。Harte(1978)把巨晶定义为大的单矿物单个晶体,它比超镁铁岩团块中的矿物粗得多(2—20cm)。然而有的地质学家把巨晶的粒度下限定在1cm(Eggler 等,1979)。笔者遵循这一定义和采纳后一界线,在此基础上着重对中国东部部分地区的辉石和角闪石巨晶进行研究,研究情况见表1。     

浙江长兴二叠系和三叠系界限地层的碳同位素

研究海相碳酸盐岩的碳和氧同位素已有三十多年,积累了数千个数据,其目的在于研究古海洋碳和氧同位素的演变。在此期间,一部分研究者认为,海相碳酸盐岩的δ¹³C值在0±2范围内变化,未表现出与地质时代相关的变化趋势(Clayton和Degens,1959;Degens和Epstein,1962;Keith和Weber,1964;Galimov,1965;Becker和Clayton,1972;Schidlowski等,1975)。但是,另一些学者,如Jeffery等(1955),Baertschi(1975),Compston(1960),Weber(1967),Garrels和Parry(1974)却认为,海相碳酸盐岩的δ¹³C值随地质时代而有规律地变化。     

Sm—Nd模式年龄和等时线年龄的适用性与局限性

陈江峰(1994)与杨晓松(1994)关于“二元混合体系的端元Sm-Nd同位素模式年龄计算方法”的讨论,提出了有关Sm-Nd同位素体系的基本原理和应用的一些问题。他们的讨论很有意义。近十年来,我国Sm-Nd同位素地球化学和地质年代学的研究和应用得到了迅速发展,并在岩石成因、壳幔演化、前寒武纪地质等研究中取得了大量的成果。同时,由于基础理论知识学习、实验技术推广、研究经费等方面诸多因素的限制,我国的Sm- Nd同位素研究和应用也出现了一些问题,这些问题在近年来发表的一些论文中不同程度地有所反映。本文在陈江峰和杨晓松讨论的基础上,着重对Sm-Nd模式年龄和等时线年龄的适用性和局限性及其有关问题进行讨论。     

稀有元素矿物的鑑定

矿物鉴定是矿物研究工作的第一步,在一般情况下是没有什么很大的困难的。但是在野外设备比较差的条件下,有时在矿物鉴定工作中就可能产生一定的困难,尤其在某些稀有元素矿物方面,这种困难可能会更多一些。一般鉴定矿物的顺序是由简而繁,即由观察或试验矿物的产状、简单物理性质(如晶形、颜色、条痕、光泽、解理、断口、硬度、发旋光性质、磁性、放射性及比重等)及化学性质(如溶解性及定性分析等)开始,进一步再测定矿物的物理常数(如光学常数、电学常数、热学性质、空间羣及品格常数等)和研究矿物的化学组成。     

东北地区的印支运动

东北地区的印支运动,一直受到地学界的关注(赵宗溥,1959;潘广,1963;黄振辉,1966),但由于缺乏三叠纪地层资料而未能作深入论述。近年来,本区三叠纪的调查研究有了重大进展,相继在东北南部发现或对比确定了早、中、晚三叠世的陆相地层(张武、董国义,1983);在东北北部,除早已报道的海相三叠系外,又发现早、晚三叠世的陆相堆积层和火山岩建造(长春地质学院等,1977;吴水波等,1980;陈巫基等,1981)¹⁾。     

罗河铁矿的硫同位素分馏机制和矿床形成的物理化学条件的研究

罗河铁矿(又称庐枞铁矿)是我国长江中下游火山岩地区大型铁矿床之一,是一种重要的矿床类型。十多年来,各研究单位和生产部门对该矿床进行了多方面、较系统的研究,取得可喜成果(张荣华等,1974;张荣华,1981;陈锦石等,1982)。然而,要进一步阐明这类矿床的成矿机理,还需要对该矿床的蚀变和成矿条件进行深入研究。本文着重讨论罗河铁矿的硫同位素分馏机制,并在此基础上结合地质和矿物包裹体的资料,近似定量地推算该矿床形成各阶段的物理化学条件范围及变化规律。     

庆贺钱祥麟教授从事地质科学教育和研究五十年

1999年金秋迎来了钱祥麟先生从事地质科学教育和研究的第50个年头,作为钱先生辛勤培育的晚辈学生和长期学术合作的同行,我们向他表示衷心的祝贺。钱祥麟教授是北京大学地质学系前寒武纪地质学及构造地质学的学术带头人,长期担任北京大学学术委员会委员,地质学系学术委员会主任,并任《中国科学》、《地质学报》、《科学通报》、《自然科学进展》等重要学术刊物编委。在过去的50年中,他出版专、译著6部,发表论文80余篇,曾获国家自然科学奖(三等奖)、国家教委科技进步奖(三等奖)、国家优秀科技图书奖(二等奖)等多项奖励。     

矿液运移通道和方向的探讨及其研究意义(以某钨锡矿床为例)

文章从五个方面探讨了一个钨锡矿床的矿液运移通道和方向问题,即(1)成矿构造研究及矿体分析(表1,图1);(2)晶洞排列的规律性(图2);(3)物质成分的空间分布特征(图3和4);(4)成矿温度的分析(图5);(5)矿物生长特征(图6和7)。结果查明:矿液最初从矿区中部深处由西向东倾斜地向上方运移。最后,文章指出研究该问题在生产上及理论上的意义。     

应变-滑劈理的结构分析

应变-滑劈理(Strain-slip cleavage)一词,早在1886年提出。后来的研究者提出了相应的术语,诸如滑劈理(Slip cleavage)、皱劈理(Runzel cleavage)、剪劈理(shearcleavage)、锯齿形劈理(Crenulation cleavage)等。     

副硫锑钴矿(CoSbS)的晶体结构

副硫锑钴矿是硫锑钴矿(CoSbS)的一个同质多象变体。1970年由卡布里(L. J. Cabri)等人发现于加拿大安大略州,他们对该矿物进行了化学分析及X射线粉晶分析等研究。测得该矿物属斜方晶系,a=5.764,b=5.952,c=11.635,空间群为Pbca,Z=8。     

Diastasis cracks: mechanically generated synaeresis-like cracks in Upper Cambrian shallow water oolite and ribbon carbonates

Upper Cambrian limestones and dolostones of western Newfoundland, Canada, display conspicuous synsedimentary mud cracks. Cracks occur in carbonate mudstone interbedded with ooid and peloid grainstone (unwashed oolite and ribbon rock lithofacies). The traditional interpretation is that these are desiccation cracks. The weight of evidence supports an alternative explanation: cracks resulted from the differential mechanical behaviour under stress of stiff mud interlayered with loose ooid/peloid sand. The processes envisaged to cause such diastasis cracks may be applicable to a wide variety of both carbonate and terrigenous clastic deposits composed of interlayered sediments of contrasting material properties, and may be a viable alternative to synaeresis. Diastasis cracks are not depth limited, and may form in any subtidal environment from the beach zone to below wave base. If this interpretation is correct, there may not be nearly as many intertidal lithofacies in the rock record as are presently assumed.     

The peterson limestone — early cretaceous lacustrine carbonate deposition in western wyoming and southeastern idaho

The lacustrine Peterson Limestone of western Wyoming and southeastern Idaho comprises six lithofacies throughout its 20,000 km² aerial extent. These are: (1) calcareous sandstone and shale, (2) red nodular limestone, (3) pink sandy micrite, (4) biomicrite, (5) graded silty micrite, and (6) limestone conglomerate. The first two represent floodplain deposition and paleosols, whereas the remaining are shallow nearshore and deeper lacustrine sediments.This sequence was developed in a large fresh, hardwater lake surrounded by fluvial systems and associated flood plains in a warm temperate climate. Well-oxidized sandy terrigenous rocks, together with calcareous paleosol nodules, indicate that flood-plain deposition both preceded and was concurrent with lacustrine carbonate deposition. Micrite and biomicrite formed in deeper parts of the basin while sandy and silty carbonate accumulated in shallower lake-margin areas. Less-calcareous shale units which are interbedded with deeper-water carbonate were deposited either during rapid basin subsidence and deepening of the lake center or during periods of slower carbonate precipitation. Turbidity currents and subaqueous debris flows generated along steeper lake margins, resulted in the deposition of rhythmic layers of graded silty micrite and diamictic limestone conglomerate in the deepest part of the basin. The carbonate-rich sediments comprising these two lithofacies were originally deposited on shallow lake-margin benches and subsequently were transported downslope toward the lake center.Comparison with other carbonate-precipitating lacustrine systems indicates that this lake was not like modern playas. Although no known modern lacustrine system is precisely like Lake Peterson, the flora, fauna, composition, and distribution of facies within modern temperate-region lakes most closely resemble those of the Peterson Limestone.     

Facies analysis and depositional environments of the Bhander Limestone (Precambrian), southeastern Rajasthan and adjoining Madhya Pradesh,India

Special interest is attached to the Bhander Limestone because it is the only calcareous formation in the very thick elastic sequence of Precambrian age, designated informally as the “Upper” Vindhyan. The sedimentology of the Bhander Limestone was studied in the Mandalgarh-Singoli area of southeastern Rajasthan and adjoining Madhya Pradesh with a view to interpreting the depositional environments of the formation. This study has an important bearing on the exploration for oil in India and presents one of the few examples of Precambrian limestones of which thorough modern sedimentological analysis has been made.The Bhander Limestone comprises micritic limestones, crystalline dolostones, siltstones and shales that show desiccation structures (horizontal fenestrae, bird's-eye structures, mud cracks), very shallow small channels filled with flat-pebble breccia, algal lamination, palisade structure, and occasional ripple marks, ripple lamination and micro-cross-lamination. The major petrographic constituents are micrite, intraclasts, sparry-calcite cement, pseudospar and replacement dolomite. Seven environmentally significant microfacies have been recognized: micrite, silty micrite, graded micrite, dolomitized micrite, neomorphosed micrite, intrasparrudite and intramicrudite.The Bhander Limestone Formation has been divided vertically into four lithofacies: red argillaceous micritic limestones (lithofacies A), interlaminated blue micritic limestones and red dolomite (lithofacies B), olive calcareous shales (lithofacies C), and black micritic limestones (lithofacies D). Each lithofacies is characterized by certain megascopic sedimentary features and microfacies. The various lithofacies have been interpreted as representing deposition in the different subenvironments of a generally low-energy, marginal marine environment comprising tidal flats and lagoons. The vertical changes from one lithofacies to another are interpreted as reflecting the change from one subenvironment to another brought about by the landward shifting of the boundaries of these subenvironments in response to a transgression.     

陕南天台山、茶店一带磷块岩的时代和成因特征

陕西南部汉中天台山、勉县茶店和略阳何家岩、金家河一带磷块岩的时代,目前有三种看法,即:泥盆纪、震旦纪和寒武纪。这一带磷块岩的成因也比较复杂。在磷酸盐沉积、成岩以后,又受到变质、褶皱、断裂和水溶液活动影响。本文对天台山、茶店一带的磷块岩的成矿时代和生成特点提出一些初步意见。     

海南岛南部一地全新世生物屑灰岩的成岩作用

引言研究标本由我所碳酸岩组采自海南岛南部的一个地点。在那里,沿岸覆于原生礁之上有一套由生物骨屑(主要是珊瑚)砂、砾所组成的、已被碳酸盐胶结的岩层,其厚约3米左右(图1)。此岩层一般称为“次生礁”。它是由当时原生礁盘上的生物被海浪击碎并冲带到礁盘上沉积下来的,这里属连岛砂堤沉积,它现已完全暴露地表。次生礁在它抬升过程中,下部被海蚀形成海蚀龛。     

酒西盆地碎屑岩胶结物的形成问题

酒西盆地下白垩统陆相碎屑岩胶结物的形成关系到油气储集的重要问题,富铁的洪积扇沉积体系和非富铁的河流一湖泊沉积体系形成两种不同的胶结物组合类型,平面上可分为三带胶结物:混合胶结带、铁镁胶结带和浓聚成岩带。盆地边缘带是以铁、泥、钙为主的混合胶结物,中间为以碳酸铁镁矿物的白云石、铁白云石为主的胶结物,盆中带形成胶结物的浓聚成岩层,事实证明过渡的铁镁胶结带是最富于聚集油气的地带。本文还在纵向上探讨了泥质粘土矿物和碳酸盐胶结物的成岩变化。     

粤北中晚泥盆世碳酸盐沉积相和古地理概貌初探

概述 粤北地区为由上古生界所组成的两个互相连系的复向斜。北东部分是由前泥盆系组成的诸广山复背斜;西部有一条南北向半岛形的前泥盆系瑶山复背斜使本区与粤西北上古生界复向斜相隔;南部为前泥盆系的云开复背斜北东端。在雪山嶂一带分布成东西向排列的几个由前泥盆系组成的短轴背斜,使本区分隔成南北两部分。值得注意的是,粤北地区前泥盆地的构造线分布很奇特,北部为北北西,南部为北东东,两者互相垂直,其分界恰好位于本区南部的英德上古生界复向斜中。     

四川龙门山北段晚二叠世晚期沉积环境及沉积模式

本文从沉积序列、岩石类型、沉积构造和生物共生组合以及古地理位置等探讨了四川龙门山北段晚二叠世晚期的沉积相和沉积模式。提出了晚二叠世晚期沉积模式为缓坡型生物浅滩边缘沉积较深水碳酸盐-硅质岩边缘海槽环境。晚二叠世晚期(长兴期)由于华力西运动的波及和北东向和北西向两组断裂系的活动,海侵继续扩大,导致了碳酸盐台地发生破裂分化,出现了岩相和生物相分异明显,深沟纵横交错的古地理格局。四川龙门山北段晚二叠世晚期属边缘海槽沉积。     

Porosity distribution in cyclic dolomites of the Lower Qiulitag Group (Upper Cambrian) in northwestern Tarim Basin,China

Increasing interests in hydrocarbon resources at depths have drawn greater attentions to the deeply-buried carbonate reservoirs in the Tarim Basin in China. In this study, the cyclic dolomite rocks of Upper Cambrian Lower Qiulitag Group from four outcrop sections in northwestern Tarim Basin were selected to investigate and evaluate the petrophysical properties in relation to depositional facies and cyclicity. The Lower Qiulitag Group includes ten lithofacies, which were deposited in intermediate to shallow subtidal, restricted shallow subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal environments on a carbonate ramp system. These lithofacies are vertically stacked into repeated shallowing-upward, meter-scale cycles which are further grouped into six third-order depositional sequences (Sq1 to Sq6). There are variable types of pore spaces in the Lower Qiulitag Group dolomite rocks, including interparticle, intraparticle, and fenestral pores of primary origin, inter crystal, and vuggy pores of late diagenetic modification. The porosity in the dolomites is generally facies-selective as that the microbially-originated thrombolites and stromatolites generally yield a relatively high porosity. In contrast, the high-energy ooidal grainstones generally have very low porosity. In this case, the microbialite-based peritidal cycles and peritidal cycle-dominated highstand (or regressive) successions have relatively high volumes of pore spaces, although highly fluctuating (or vertical inhomogeneous). Accordingly, the grainstone-based subtidal cycles and subtidal cycle-dominated transgressive successions generally yield extremely low porosity. This scenario indicates that porosity development and preservation in the thick dolomite successions are primarily controlled by depositional facies which were influenced by sea-level fluctuations of different orders and later diagenetic overprinting.     

湖南东波-平和地区中上泥盆统岩石学特征及沉积相分析

通过对湘南东波-平和地区中上泥盆统岩石学特征的详细研究,划分出了滨海相带、局限台地相带和半局限台地相带等三个沉积相带以及滨海陆屑滩相、浑水潮间泥坪相、清水潮间泥坪相、潮间混乱合坪相、潮沟相、潮汐滩相、潮下浅水相等七个相型。根据对沉积环境的古构造背景,各相型基本特征的分析及时空分布规律,建立起了该区的沉积相模式。