山东笏山矿难3号救援钻孔施工技术

2021年1月10日下午2点,位于山东烟台栖霞市的山东五彩龙投资有限公司笏山金矿井下240 m发生爆炸事故,造成井下22名工人被困。事故应急救援指挥部首批布设了4个救援孔,山东省地质矿产勘查开发局第六地质大队承担了3号救援孔的施工任务,采用“潜孔锤钻进+高精度测斜+套管护壁止水”的施工方案,快速钻进至521 m。之后配合国家矿山应急救援大地特勘队采用定向钻进技术完成剩余60 m施工任务,实现第一个透巷并收到井下被困矿工的回应。本次成功救援,开创了一种接力钻探救援的新模式,为矿山救援工作提供了借鉴与思路。     

大口径矿山抢险救援快速钻进技术

随着国家对矿山安全生产工作的高度重视,矿山应急救援钻井装备与施工技术迅速发展。快速钻进技术与工艺是提升矿山垂直钻进应急救援技术水平的关键。针对矿山救援所遇地层复杂,意外因素多,尤其在抢救被困人员过程中,施工所需时间长等问题,从抢险救援装备选择与工艺配套方面进行了讨论,对实现快速钻进紧急救援,降低事故伤亡率、减少经济损失,具有重要的意义。     

钻探技术在矿山灾害事故应急救援中的应用

钻探作为一种有效的应急救援手段在矿山灾害事故应急救援工作中得到了应用。本文根据应用目标不同将应急救援钻孔分为生命保障孔、救生孔、排水孔、灭火孔、瓦斯抽放孔等。生命保障孔钻探技术、排水孔钻探技术、大口径救生孔钻探技术等3种典型的矿山灾害事故应急救援钻探技术在矿山灾害应急救援工作中得到成功应用,取得了不错的效果。加强矿山灾害事故应急救援钻探技术配套设备的研发和相关钻探工艺研究将有力促进矿山灾害事故应急救援的发展。     

矿井事故垂直救援孔快速钻进技术研究

近些年来,在矿井事故应急救援中,钻探垂直救援井是重要手段之一。当矿井事故发生后,人员被困井下,地面救护人员无法通过井巷进行快速救援的情况下,在被困井下人员生命尚存的“黄金救援”时限内,运用先进的钻探工程技术方法,可安全、快速、精准地打通地面直通井下巷道的钻孔,从而达到维持生命、营救井下被困人员的预期目的。本文根据宁东煤田羊场湾煤矿地质条件,进行矿山钻探垂直应急救援小口径钻孔孔身结构设计、钻井方法选择、钻具结构设计、钻井液设计及钻井参数设计等快速钻井技术研究,旨在为宁夏矿山钻探垂直救援孔提供支持,促进矿山事故救援成功率的提升。     

地震应急预案管理和社会动员机制的建立

地震以其突发性和巨大破坏性给人类生存安全、社会经济发展和社会稳定带来严重危害。我省地处我国东南沿海地震带 ,地震活动比较活跃。在全面建设小康社会发展进程中 ,随着经济发展、人民生活逐步富裕 ,社会文明进一步提高 ,更加需要一个稳定的发展环境和安全的生存空间。为此 ,建立健全地震应急救援体系 ,不断提高地震应急反应综合能力 ,使地震造成的人员伤亡和经济损失减至最小 ,对社会的影响降至最低。地震应急救援体系是由政府统一领导指挥、地震部门综合协调 ,以各级抗震救灾指挥部和专业地震灾害救援队为主 ,联合各灾种管理部门和包括志愿者在内的其他救援力量 ,实施地震应急救援 ,相互支援、分工协作的综合应急救援协调系统。加强地震应急预案管理 ,快速、有序、高效、恰当地实施地震应急工作 ,建立社会动员机制 ,有效动员和组织社会力量 ,减少地震损失 ,是该体系中重要的基础工作 ,是我省“十一五”期间完善地震应急救援体系的主要工作内容。     

平邑石膏矿坍塌事故救援成功后的几点思考

2015年12月25日,平邑某石膏矿发生垮塌事故,多人被埋井下。救援人员经过共同努力,将被困井下36天的4名幸存矿工成功救出,创造了中国矿山救援史上第一个通过地面打孔救援的案例。针对该案例,对矿山事故救援、矿山地质灾害预防及治理、地面钻进大口径钻孔应急救援技术等相关问题进行了思考。     

平邑石膏矿坍塌事故5号救生孔施工工艺及钻具配置

阐述了2015年12月25日山东省临沂市平邑县保太镇玉荣商贸有限公司石膏矿坍塌事故救援中成功救出4名被困矿工的5号救生孔的施工过程。详细介绍了在抢险救援中国家矿山应急救援淮南队采用德国宝峨公司RB-T90型钻机配套河北省地矿局国土资源勘查中心石家庄探矿机械厂（河北石探机械制造有限责任公司）SG219/152型双壁钻具空气反循环钻进施工5号大直径救生孔的整个过程,包括地层情况、钻孔设计、施工工艺、钻具配置、施工过程和施工中遇到的问题以及最终的解决方法。     

矿山灾害生命保障救援通道快速安全构建关键技术与装备

矿山发生重大灾害事故导致井筒、巷道破坏,人员被困井下时,通过安全、高效地构建救援通道是最有效的救援方式。救援通道包括井下、地面2种形式,井下具备施工条件时,构建穿过坍塌段的大直径救援通道,是最直接的方式;井下不具备施工条件或易发生次生灾害时,则需先在地面快速、精准钻进小直径搜救孔,确定井下被困人员位置及身体状况,并及时输送给养,再构建大直径救援井,采用专用救援提升装备保障被困人员升井脱困。研究涵盖机械工程、钻井工程、电气工程、软件工程、流体力学、岩土力学、动力学、先进控制技术等多学科多领域,将理论分析、数值模拟、实验研究、型式试验、工程示范相结合,以“救援通道构建装备研制—生命保障通道构建技术开发—大直径救援通道构建技术开发—地面提升救援装备开发—技术与装备集成及工程试验”为主线,开发钻孔救援关键技术与装备。研制了3套应急救援集成装备,ZMK5550TZJF50/120型救援车载钻机最大提升力1 200 kN、最大转矩50 000 N·m,开发了钻机与配套机具的一体化集中控制系统,单根起下钻效率小于3 min/根;XZJ5240JQZ30型救援提升车开发了多传感器信息融合的通信监测控制系统,提升系统最大救援深度848 m;ZDG1500型井下大直径顶管机直径1 630 mm,最大顶推力8 541.2 kN。开发了复杂地层生命保障孔快速、精准钻进技术,地面大直径救援井精准、安全、高效钻进及透巷技术,井下大断面救援通道顶管快速施工技术3项矿山应急救援通道构建技术。在宁夏宁煤梅花井矿开展了国内首次生命保障孔及大直径救援井施工、救援提升的集成研究和工程示范,完成井径215.9 mm、井深670.5 m生命保障孔,用时46.83 h,井底水平位移偏移0.27 m,满足72 h黄金救援时间内成孔要求;完成井径830 mm、井深654.1 m救援井,井底水平位移0.19 m,介质溃入井下约7.5 m3,并在救援井内成功进行了救援提升技术与装备试验。在广东省基础工程集团有限公司碎石场开展了顶管钻进工程模拟坍塌条件下的试验,施工长度102.5 m,日进尺43.92 m,顶进误差0.35 m。相关成果在湖南源江山煤矿、山东栖霞金矿、新疆丰源煤矿等5次矿山灾害应急救援中进行了应用。开发的3项救援通道施工技术及3套救援装备,构成了具有自主知识产权的矿山井上井下联合救援技术与装备体系,可满足600 m深度的矿山应急救援需求,为我国矿山灾害救援提供技术装备支撑。      

王植

王植,江苏常熟人,我国地质学家.地矿部南京地质矿产研究所顾问、高级工程师.1933年毕业于清华大学地学系地质组.1945~1946年去美国联邦地质调查所和亚利桑那大学地质系访问进修,参观考察其他地质机构和著名矿山.解放前历任清华大学地学系助教,资源委员会江华矿务局、西南矿产测勘处、矿产测勘处工程师等职.解放后曾先后担任华东工业部矿产测勘处副处长,政务院全国勘探总局副秘书长,原地质部214队(即中条山铜矿勘探处)第一副队长,山     

矿山灾害应急救援生命保障孔钻井工艺研究

近年来国内外开展的救援钻孔实践推动了矿山和地下工程应急救援技术的发展,探索出的“小直径生命保障孔+大直径救生孔”模式是进行矿山和地下工程灾害救援的一种有效途径。本文以矿山灾害救援地面生命保障孔钻井工艺为主线,分析了小直径生命保障孔井身结构设计和套管选用方法;分别介绍了泥浆正循环钻进工艺和空气潜孔锤正循环钻进工艺,并以山东栖霞笏山金矿生命救援孔钻进实例分析了当前生命保障孔钻井工艺难点。依据轨迹设计理论,针对笏山金矿救援3号生命保障孔出现的偏斜问题,创新提出了超短距离螺旋纠偏技术,并取得了良好的应用效果,为后续生命保障孔施工积累了宝贵经验。     

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液的研究

通过烧杯搅拌实验对混凝剂处理钻井废泥浆液进行研究,从混凝剂适应p H值范围、混凝效果、沉降速度三方面研究比较,找出一种较为理想的混凝剂,并分析了影响混凝剂性能的主要因素,确定了混凝剂的最佳投放剂量。      

黄河源区水环境变化及黄河出现冬季断流的原因

自1954年有水文观测资料以来，黄河曾在青海省玛多县黄河沿水文站发生过3次断流。本文在分析黄河源区水环境特征及其影响因素的基础上指出，鄂陵湖、扎陵湖的环湖融区调节能力低，当遇到连续干旱、冬季其调节水量不足以维系黄河径流时便会发生断流，这是断流的主因。湖水位降低、开采沙金、过度放牧等自然和人为因素也会对黄河发生断流产生影响。鄂陵湖口附近黄河上修建的水电站开始蓄水，提高了两湖及环湖融区的调节能力，今后黄河冬季出现断流的可能性将大为降低。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川表碛区小气候特征研究

利用天山南坡科其喀尔冰川3号观测站2009年全年的气象观测资料,分析研究了科其喀尔冰川表碛区的小气候特征. 结果表明：总辐射和净辐射夏秋季较高、冬春季较低;反射辐射和地表反照率反之. 与其他地区不同,该区主要受积雪物理性质和下垫面状况的影响,冬春季地表反照率日变化表现为由大到小的变化过程,夏秋季表现为倒U型. 温度年变化表现为夏秋季高、冬春季低,最高月均值出现在8月,为9.4℃,最低月均值出现在1月,为-9.6℃. 受山谷风和冰川风的影响,全年的风向以西北风和西北偏西风为主,风向的日变化以11：00为界发生转向. 受降水和冰川消融等的影响,比湿夏秋季月均值较大,冬春季月均值较小.     

Climate: Is the past the key to the future?

 The climate of the Holocene is not well suited to be the baseline for the climate of the planet. It is an interglacial, a state typical of only 10% of the past few million years. It is a time of relative sea-level stability after a rapid 130-m rise from the lowstand during the last glacial maximum. Physical geologic processes are operating at unusual rates and much of the geochemical system is not in a steady state. During most of the Phanerozoic there have been no continental ice sheets on the earth, and the planet’s meridional temperature gradient has been much less than it is presently. Major factors influencing climate are insolation, greenhouse gases, paleogeography, and vegetation; the first two are discussed in this paper. Changes in the earth’s orbital parameters affect the amount of radiation received from the sun at different latitudes over the course of the year. During the last climate cycle, the waxing and waning of the northern hemisphere continental ice sheets closely followed the changes in summer insolation at the latitude of the northern hemisphere polar circle. The overall intensity of insolation in the northern hemisphere is governed by the precession of the earth’s axis of rotation, and the precession and ellipticity of the earth’s orbit. At the polar circle a meridional minimum of summer insolation becomes alternately more and less pronounced as the obliquity of the earth’s axis of rotation changes. Feedback processes amplify the insolation signal. Greenhouse gases (H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CFCs) modulate the insolation-driven climate. The atmospheric content of CO₂ during the last glacial maximum was approximately 30% less than during the present interglacial. A variety of possible causes for this change have been postulated. The present burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and cement manufacture since the beginning of the industrial revolution have added CO₂ to the atmosphere when its content due to glacial-interglacial variation was already at a maximum. Anthropogenic activity has increased the CO₂ content of the atmosphere to 130% of its previous Holocene level, probably higher than at any time during the past few million years. During the Late Cretaceous the atmospheric CO₂ content was probably about four times that of the present, the level to which it may rise at the end of the next century. The results of a Campanian (80 Ma) climate simulation suggest that the positive feedback between CO₂ and another important greenhouse gas, H₂O, raised the earth’s temperature to a level where latent heat transport became much more significant than it is presently, and operated efficiently at all latitudes. Atmospheric high- and low-pressure systems were as much the result of variations in the vapor content of the air as of temperature differences. In our present state of knowledge, future climate change is unpredictable because by adding CO₂ to the atmosphere we are forcing the climate toward a “greenhouse” mode when it is accustomed to moving between the glacial–interglacial “icehouse” states that reflect the waxing and waning of ice sheets. At the same time we are replacing freely transpiring C3 plants with water-conserving C4 plants, producing a global vegetation complex that has no past analog. The past climates of the earth cannot be used as a direct guide to what may occur in the future. To understand what may happen in the future we must learn about the first principles of physics and chemistry related to the earth’s system. The fundamental mechanisms of the climate system are best explored in simulations of the earth’s ancient extreme climates. Received: 7 November 1996/Accepted: 23 January 1997