大数据时代地理信息科学专业培养方案改革探讨——以中南大学地理信息科学专业为例

大数据时代的来临对地理信息科学专业人才的培养提出了新要求。培养方案是高校实施人才培养工作的纲领性文件,是指导教学活动和教学管理的重要依据[1]。本文以中南大学地理信息科学专业2016版培养方案为例,对培养方案修订的技术路线、课程体系构建、课程设置进行了详细介绍,并阐述了培养方案的特色,以期为高校地理信息科学专业建设提供借鉴和参考。     

地理信息科学专业学生数学素养的培养

地理信息科学专业涉及地理学、测绘学、数学、计算机等多个学科，就培养角度而言，地理信息科学一方面强调地理学和测绘科学的知识学习，另一方面强调以数学素养为代表的素质教育。本文重点探讨了数学素养、核心要素和专业课程学习之间的关系，并探究实践对数学素养培养的影响。以武汉大学地理信息科学专业4届学生成绩为例，分析了数学素养及其与专业课程学习之间的相关性。分析结果表明：数学素养有助于地理信息科学专业课程的学习和深化。地理信息科学专业课程教学中需要激发学生的数学思维，这样不但有助于学生数学素养的提升，更加有助于对专业课程的理解和升华。同时，实践是检验和锻炼数学素养最好的方式，学生应在实际实践中不断提高自身数学素养与综合能力。     

“大知识”时代地理信息科学专业本科人才培养探索与实践

由“大数据”向“大知识”的转变是地理信息科学面临的新机遇与新挑战,也对地理信息科学专业本科人才培养提出了新的要求。本文深入分析了“大知识”时代地理信息科学专业本科人才培养的新特点,立足中南大学工科与地球科学群的专业特色,从人才培养顶层设计、课程体系构建、教学内容建设及教学理念改革等方面,阐述了近年来对地理信息科学专业本科人才培养的探索与实践,可为推动地理信息科学专业本科人才培养提供一定借鉴。     

大数据智能时代地图学课程内容改革探索

为了适应当前智能时代大数据的特点和地图应用的发展,本文结合当前地图学课程内容设置现状,分析在大数据时代地图学教学的特点,多源地理信息的参考体系差异、多维度地理信息高效可视化、多尺度表达的灵性化、地图用户需求的多样化等对地图学教学提出的新要求,在此基础上,结合地图学课程教学的理论与实践目标,提出在地图数学基础、地图可视化技术、地图综合和地图分析等进行课程教学内容改革的主要思路,增设新型坐标系知识、多维动态可视化技术、地图应需综合的多尺度表达方法、全息地图理论等主要知识点,并给出了课程实验教学改革的设计。     

地理信息科学专业Python程序课程设计与开课效果分析

在大数据、人工智能时代背景下,以社会需求为导向,兰州交通大学适时地面向地理信息科学专业,在大二年级开设了Python程序设计课程,提升了学生专业学习兴趣,对培养学生实践动手和解决实际问题的能力起到了非常重要的作用.Python程序设计课程的开设,使更多的学生喜欢上编程,加深了学生对地理信息原理、地理空间数据组织与管理、地理空间分析等方面的理解与应用,毕业生的能力水平更能满足社会用人需求,也帮助将来考研究生的同学奠定了科研编程的基础.     

在SuperMap平台下的栅格数据矢量化

将静态的纸张和影像地图及传统的各类地理信息转化为数字时代的电子信息,其中的关键环节是怎样将栅格数据矢量化。通过在国产软件SuperMap环境下进行栅格数据矢量化过程,详细描述了栅格数据、矢量数据、坐标系、投影坐标系、地图配准和镶嵌等专业基础知识在实际中的应用。     

地理信息交叉学科大学生科技创新能力培养途径探析--以测绘工程专业为例

随着地理信息科学技术的发展,地理信息学科交叉日趋频繁深化,测绘工程等地理信息交叉学科本科生规模迅速扩大,大学生创新能力培养问题日渐突出。首先阐明了大数据时代地理信息交叉学科大学生创新能力的培养的重要性和紧迫性,结合专业实际情况分析了地理信息交叉学科大学生教育过程中科技创新能力培养存在的问题,进而针对总结的问题探讨分析了地理信息交叉学科大学生科技创新能力培养途径的改革举措。     

地方高校地理信息技术课程群建设思考与探索——以贵州工程应用技术学院为例

地理信息技术作为师范类地理科学专业本科生的基本技能,对于培养中学地理教师具有重要意义.本文以培养区域经济、社会发展所需的应用型、复合型、技能型的高级人才为目标,立足于现代中学地理教师培养地理信息技术能力的需要,围绕欠发达地区地方高校地理科学专业特点,兼顾提高学生动手能力及综合应用能力,构建地理信息技术课程教学体系,以提高学生掌握现代地理学研究的技术和方法能力.     

大数据时代的空间分析

近年来,大数据越来越多地被用来描述正在到来的信息爆炸的时代,也引起了产学研政府部门的高度重视。首先综述了大数据和空间大数据的特点和最新发展。其次,从GIS基础理论方法的角度回顾和评述了空间分析、空间建模和空间优化等三个地理信息科学的核心议题。在此基础上,引申出空间理论方法背后隐含的空间哲学和空间思维。最后指出了大数据时代地理信息科学发展的机遇与挑战。     

地理信息科学专业《地图学》课程教学探讨

基于地理信息科学的专业特点和《地图学》学科的内在要求,通过对国内不同高校地理信息科学专业中《地图学》课程设置、实践要求的对比分析,提出地理信息科学专业《地图学》的教学方案和建议。     

Designing an integrated urban growth prediction model: a scenario-based approach for preserving scenic landscapes

Abstract

This study demonstrates the integration of landscape aesthetic quality and probable urban growth patterns in urban landscape modelling. This was performed using SLEUTH as a scenario-based urban growth model in Gorgan City of Iran. Future urbanization was predicted under developing three different scenarios including historical, managed and aesthetically sound urban growth up to the year 2030. Multi-Layer Perceptron neural network model was conducted for mapping the aesthetic suitability of the study area. The aesthetic suitability layer was used in the third scenario of SLEUTH model as the excluded layer to protect the scenic patches in future. The results showed that by correct implementation of urban growth policies, 323 ha in the second scenario and 650 ha in the third scenario would be saved. This integrated model would help the planners for a better management of urban landscapes as a Spatial Decision Support System.     

美的规律在地图美化设计中的应用研究

地图美化是地图艺术化的主要内容。美的事物具有一定的特征,即符合形式美规律和神采美规律。地图美化设计不仅要运用形式美规律,还要运用神采美规律。只有形神兼美的地图作品才是最美的。美的规律在地图设计中具有广泛的应用价值。本文论述了美的规律在地图个体符号和符号构成设计、注记字体及其构成设计、个体色彩与色彩构成设计、图面设计等方面的应用方法。     

Design principles for origin-destination flow maps

Origin-destination flow maps are often difficult to read due to overlapping flows. Cartographers have developed design principles in manual cartography for origin-destination flow maps to reduce overlaps and increase readability. These design principles are identified and documented using a quantitative content analysis of 97 geographic origin-destination flow maps without branching or merging flows. The effectiveness of selected design principles is verified in a user study with 215 participants. Findings show that (a) curved flows are more effective than straight flows, (b) arrows indicate direction more effectively than tapered line widths, and (c) flows between nodes are more effective than flows between areas. These findings, combined with results from user studies in graph drawing, conclude that effective and efficient origin-destination flow maps should be designed according to the following design principles: overlaps between flows are minimized; symmetric flows are preferred to asymmetric flows; longer flows are curved more than shorter or peripheral flows; acute angles between crossing flows are avoided; sharp bends in flow lines are avoided; flows do not pass under unconnected nodes; flows are radially distributed around nodes; flow direction is indicated with arrowheads; and flow width is scaled with represented quantity.     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

使用FME与VBA提取机场方格网高程数据

因受机场工程设计软件的测量数据容量限制,基于LiDAR采集、点云分类后得到的地面点云数据LAS不能完整应用于目前设计软件进行设计计算。本文通过对拟选技术方案的筛选,提出了利用FME Workbench数据处理功能,结合VBA编程获取外部方格网平面数据的方法。该方法在FME Workbench中实现了地面点云数据构建TIN、采用逐点内插方法从TIN中提取方格网高程数据、等高线生成及相应图形处理与成果输出。最终通过实际算例证明了该方法的有效性。     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.