时间域航空电磁法在多年冻土调查研究中的应用

多年冻土空间分布调查在冰冻圈研究中具有重要意义。目前国内冻土空间分布调查通常采用地面物探结合测井的探测方法,获得局部点上或线上数据,或者采用不同的遥感模型,模拟估算区域性多年冻土厚度。笔者利用获取的时间域航空电磁数据,根据电阻率计算结果推断多年冻土空间分布特征。推断结果与已知测井资料对比分析表明,根据时间域航空电磁数据反演结果推断的多年冻土层厚度与已知测井测温确定的结果平均误差为18.5%,表明采用时间域航空电磁法开展多年冻土厚度调查是有效的,具有较高的准确性。由于时间域航空电磁测量具有高效、受地形影响小等技术优势,可应用于青藏高原、东北大兴安岭等地区的大面积、快速、定量化的多年冻土调查,为全面调查研究多年冻土空间分布及其对生态环境变化的影响提供新的、有效的技术解决方案。     

物探技术在多年冻土探测方面的应用

在青藏高原东部温泉地区对多年冻土厚度探测进行了试验研究,总结出一套可行的用于探测0～100 m范围内多年冻土分布及厚度的探测方法:选用探地雷达及瞬变电磁测深法分别对冻土上限及冻土下限进行探测,探地雷达分辨率高,能够有效解决地下0～5 m范围内多年冻土是否存在及上限埋深情况,而瞬变电磁测深法能有效解决地下5～100 m范围内的多年冻土下限埋深情况。     

瞬变电磁法(TEM)在多年冻土区的应用研究

多年冻土的上下限是在多年冻土区从事冻土研究、工程设计施工、气候水文生态模式等方面非常重要的参数,它可以通过破坏环境的有损方法(坑探和钻孔)或无损的物探方法来获取.结合少量的坑探和钻孔资料,应用瞬变电磁法(TEM)对青海省兴海县温泉地区多年冻土进行探测.基本查清了本地区多年冻土分布特征、上下限深度和多年冻土层的厚度,获取...     

祁连山中东部的冻土特征(Ⅱ):多年冻土特征

祁连山中东部地区多年冻土年平均地温、冻土厚度等基本特征参量与海拔具有明显的相关性,海拔越高,地温越低,厚度亦越厚.年平均地温、厚度与纬度、经度关系不明显,可能与工作范围较小有关.对比分析了地表植被、地层岩性、土层含水(冰)量等局域性(非地带性)因素对冻土年平均地温的影响,发现腐殖层较厚,下伏细粒土层,较高的含水(冰)量对保持多年冻土较低的温度有利.阐述了冻土厚度的变化及其影响因素.与前人工作比较,分析冻土层钻孔测温曲线,发现该地区多年冻土正处于退化之中.     

祁连山中东部的冻土特征(Ⅰ):多年冻土分布

祁连山地区地势高耸,气候严寒,冰缘现象广布,各类冰缘现象受地形与水分条件的控制,分布具有明显的规律性.祁连山多年冻土属青藏冻土区,阿尔金山-祁连山亚区,分布在海拔3400 m以上的高山、谷地、盆地中.多年冻土分布具有明显的高度地带性,随高度增加,冻土分布呈现出季节冻土-岛状冻土-连续冻土更替,同时,多年冻土下界高程与经度明显相关,自西向东表现出下降趋势,下降率约为每经度150 m,这一变化与降水在东西方向的变化有关.山区微气候因素复杂多变,也造成了冻土分布的复杂性,局地因素对冻土分布影响显著,对比分析了坡向,植被与水分、岩性,季节性积雪等诸因素对多年冻土分布的影响.     

基于GIS空间分析模型的祁连山多年冻土研究

依据祁连山和青藏高原气温、地温、冻土厚度与经纬度以及海拔的经验公式, 通过ArcGIS空间分析, 获得了祁连山地区年均气温、年均地温和冻土厚度的空间分布规律。祁连山多年冻土区年均气温和年均地温分别为-12~-6 ℃和-4~-2 ℃, 多年冻土厚度变化于90~140 m之间。其中, 哈拉湖地区海拔4300 m以上的高山区温度最低、冻土最厚, 年均气温和年均地温分别低于-10 ℃和-4 ℃, 多年冻土厚度大于140 m。结合祁连山烃源岩区域分布特征和木里天然气水合物钻孔的冻土厚度资料, 认为中祁连盆-山构造地貌发育区为天然气水合物成藏最有利区域。      

东北北部多年冻土的退化现状及原因分析

在全球范围内,我国东北冻土区是受气候变暖和人为活动影响最显著的地区之一.近几十年来,区内冻土退化显著,大兴安岭多年冻土退化主要表现为多年冻土上限下降,温度升高,厚度减薄,融区扩大;多年冻土岛消失及多年冻土南界北移等几个方面.多年冻土退化的主要自然原因归结于气候变暖,特别是冬季变暖,降水和积雪时段和厚度等气候变化因素.以城镇化、重大工程建设为代表的人类活动,已对该区冻土和环境产生深刻影响,导致了多年冻土的快速、显著和大规模退化,但其影响机制的合理解释还需深入研究.     

青海哈拉湖东南缘多年冻土厚度及其影响因素研究——基于音频大地电磁探测

南祁连哈拉湖盆地是重要的含油气盆地,多年冻土分布广泛,具有良好的天然气水合物找矿前景,而多年冻土的分布特征是天然气水合物成藏的重要控制因素。应用音频大地电磁测深(AMT)对南祁连哈拉湖东南缘的多年冻土的下限进行探测,并对影响多年冻土厚度的因素进行了分析。结果表明:应用AMT能较好地划分多年冻土的厚度;区内的多年冻土厚度基本分布在30~130 m之间,整体呈现"中部与西北部厚,其他区域较薄"的分布特征,其中,中南部、中部与西北部的多年冻土厚度在80 m以上,为天然气水合物提供了良好的盖层条件;区内多年冻土厚度的主要影响因素为地形、坡向(向阳面/背阴面)与地表径流,同时,断裂构造和地下水含量对冻土厚度也有一定的影响。高地、背阴面、非地表径流段、非断裂构造区域有利于形成较厚多年冻土层。     

基于年平均地温的青藏高原冻土分布制图及应用

年平均地温是指多年冻土年较差为零的深度处的地温,是冻土分带划分的主要指标之一.利用青藏公路沿线钻孔实测年平均地温数据,进行回归统计分析,获取年平均地温与纬度、高程的关系,并基于该结果,结合TOPO30高程数据模拟得到整个青藏高原范围上的年平均地温分布.以年平均地温0.5℃作为多年冻土与季节冻土的界限,对比分析模拟图与青藏高原冻土图,除个别区域有较明显的差异,模拟结果图较好地体现了青藏高原冻土的分布情况.利用模拟结果,根据青藏高原多年冻土分带指标及寒区工程多年冻土区划指标,对青藏高原多年冻土分布进行了分带划分,并统计各分带面积;根据简化的冻土厚度计算公式,计算了青藏高原多年冻土的厚度分布.最后,利用数值预测方法的结果,在气候年增温0.04℃的背景下,对高原未来冻土分布进行了预测.     

中国天山西部那拉提山地区多年冻土分布特征

那拉提山位于中国天山西部, 其冻土变化过程对区域自然环境变化、 工程活动产生重要互馈作用. 结合即将修建的新疆伊(宁)-库(车)输电线路前期的冻土勘察结果, 对那拉提山地区冻土分布特性、 主要影响因素等进行了探讨. 结果表明: 那拉提山地区冻土分布属于典型的山地多年冻土, 冻土发育区域、 冻土类型和地下冰空间发育特征及冻土温度状况等主要受到海拔、 地形地貌、 地表水分条件等因素的影响和控制. 同时, 该地区大量发育有泥流阶地、 泥流舌、 热融滑塌、 石环、 石河等冰缘现象. 受坡向、 植被、 水分等因素影响, 区域内冻土活动层厚度为0.7~4.5 m, 随着海拔增加, 冻土厚度由阳坡连续多年冻土下界(海拔3 000 m)附近的约20~22 m增加到海拔3 300 m附近的约70~100 m. 自1985年以来, 区域年平均气温上升(约0.088℃·a^-1), 该区域内的冻土退化趋势明显.     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of