桥梁减隔震技术的应用现状与发展趋势

近几十年桥梁减隔震技术在很多国家得到了广泛应用,已成为提高强震区桥梁抗震能力的重要手段。本文简要介绍了现有的桥梁减隔震装置,归纳了国内外经受过地震考验的多座隔震桥梁的抗震性能和震害表现,特别分析了2008年汶川大地震和2011年东日本大地震中的隔震桥梁及支座的抗震性能。根据减隔震桥梁的震害特征,总结了减隔震设计和应用是需注意的问题,包括减隔震设计方案选择、设计方法与构造要求、临近断层的设计挑战、减隔震装置耐久性等。最后展望了桥梁减隔震技术与理论的未来发展趋势,以促进对减隔震技术在桥梁工程领域的应用和发展。     

减隔震桥梁设计方法及抗震性能研究综述

桥梁作为交通系统中的生命线工程,其抗震性能问题尤为重要。桥梁减隔震技术主要通过减隔震装置来降低结构的地震损伤,目前已发展成为提高强震区桥梁抗震能力的重要措施。为促进减隔震技术在中国桥梁工程领域的进一步发展,首先总结减隔震桥梁的设计方法,归纳其地震反应和震害情况,对采用不同减隔震装置桥梁的非线性动力性能、减隔震效果、地震随机响应、易损性及性能优化方法等研究情况进行梳理;其次,概述减隔震技术在斜交桥、曲线桥及铁路桥梁中的应用情况与研究进展,并介绍新型韧性抗震设计理念在桥梁工程领域中的应用情况和发展前景;最后,总结减隔震桥梁的试验研究情况,指出目前减隔震桥梁研究中的不足和发展趋势。     

桥梁隔震体系振动台试验研究(Ⅰ)──试验意义与模型设计

本文归纳了桥梁结构采用隔震技术时存在的主要问题，指出了模型桥梁进行模拟地震振动台试验研究的意义，简要介绍了模型试验设计情况及三种隔震体系模型桥梁动力特性测试结果。     

桥梁隔震体系振动试验研究（Ⅰ）—试验意义与模型设计

本文归纳了桥梁结构采用隔震技术时存在的主要问题，指出了模型桥梁进行模拟地震振动台试验研究的意义，简要介绍了模型试验设计情况及三种隔震体系模型桥梁动力特性测试结果。     

洞体应变观测仪器防潮处理

分析环境潮湿对洞体应变观测仪器的危害及成因,介绍防潮措施及相关技术,开发新型防潮装置。对泾县地震台伸缩仪实施防潮处理,观测数据明显改善,显示防潮效果显著。     

中美日桥梁减隔震设计规范的比较研究

为推动国内桥梁减隔震技术发展和促进相关规范完善,对中国、日本、美国等减隔震设计规范的发展历程、抗震设防目标、抗震设计和分析方法、构造措施及细节等进行对比分析,介绍了减隔震装置(支座)的性能要求和特性试验和原型试验技术要点。认为宜进一步在设计规范中细化设计方法、分析方法及构造措施要求等,重视减隔震装置性能检测及原型试验,增强抗震设计规范和技术标准之间的协调性。     

锦县大凌河公路桥输油管道的地震安全性分析

通过对大凌河桥梁、输油管道、悬吊减震装置效能的现场振动试验，以及对桥梁地基及岸坡稳定性分析、桥梁的抗震计算，对大凌河公路桥输油管道的安全性提出了建设性意见．     

SS—YD型断层观测伸缩仪

介绍了SS－YD型断层观测伸缩仪的系统组成及其基本原理,。该系统实行现场自动采集和自动储存并由“数据交换器”进行数据调用和回放，具备交直流电源自动转换及有效的避雷装置，实现了无人值守。仪器所得观测数据稳定，并记录到清晰的应变固体潮汐与台湾“9.21”大地震0．5μm的同震阶跃。     

丹东形变观测洞室改造

“十五”期间,为了新增水管仪、伸缩仪,丹东地震台对形变观测洞室进行了环境改造,新建了仪器基墩,解决了建造仪器基墩过程中遇到的施工难题,为水管仪和伸缩仪运行提供了良好的观测条件。文中介绍的方法对其他台站建造仪器基墩有一定借鉴意义。     

郑州黄河大桥主桥自振特性分析

以京珠高速公路郑州黄河大桥主桥为研究对象，采用ANSYS有限元程序，建立了下承式钢管混凝土系杆拱桥的空间力学计算模型，利用子空间迭代法计算了该桥梁结构的自振周期和振型，对桥梁的模态特性进行了分析，计算结果可为该桥的设计、施工以及使用阶段的健康检测和维护提供技术参数和依据。     

Changes in sand fractions of Binggou section and the expansion and contraction of the Tengger desert during 50–30 ka

Signs of the evolutionary process are well preserved in the aeolian deposits of desert margins and enable reconstruction of desert expansion and contraction. The sand content (percentage >63 µm) of loess in the loess–desert transitional zone was used as a proxy indicator for determining the proximity of the desert margin. According to the dominant wind direction, generally NW–SE in the northwest Chinese Loess Plateau, a transect was projected to observe spatial changes in sedimentological characteristics of aeolian deposits during the Last Glacial Period. The transect consists of 12 loess sections, starting at Shapotou in the transitional region between the Loess Plateau and the Tengger Desert and ending at Tianshui, which is located at the north foot of the Western Qinling Mountains in the southernmost part of the Loess Plateau. It shows the properties of temporal and spatial distribution of the Malan loess, with reduced sand content from northwest to southeast. A linear correlation model of sand content and distance was obtained, which was similar to the east of the Chinese Loess Plateau. According to this model, and on the basis of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating from Binggou section, a detailed and quantificational expansion and contraction for the Tengger Desert was established. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DISCONTINUOUS FLOW OF TURBID DENSITY CURRENTS I. CHANNEL EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION

Laboratory experiments on turbid density currents were conducted to observe the flow features of these currents with abrupt contracted and expanded reaches. Experimental data were used to determine water entrainment coefficients for both channel expansion and contraction. Expressions for turbid density currents with water entrainment coefficients in abrupt contracted and expanded reaches were derived, and compared with experimental data.     

Characterizing ephemeral streams in a southern Ontario watershed using electrical resistance sensors

Ephemeral streams are small headwater streams that only experience streamflow in response to a precipitation event. Due to their highly complex and dynamic spatial and temporal nature, ephemeral streams have been difficult to monitor and are in general poorly understood. This research implemented an extensive network of electrical resistance sensors to monitor three ephemeral streams within the same small headwater catchment in Southern Ontario, Canada. The results suggest that the most common patterns of network expansion and contraction in the studied streams are incomplete coalescence and disintegration, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis of the primary controls on ephemeral streamflow showed only weak Nagelkerke R² values, suggesting that there are more complex processes at work in these ephemeral streams. A comparison of all three streams suggests that even ephemeral streams within the same subwatershed may experience differences in network expansion and contraction and may be dominated by different spatial and temporal controls. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多维地震输入下曲线匝道桥梁伸缩缝碰撞响应

针对曲线匝道桥梁伸缩缝地震碰撞破坏现象,依托某市多层互通式立交体系中一座独立、单支、多联、曲线、箱梁匝道桥,用Kelvin接触单元模拟了伸缩缝处地震和碰撞效应,建立了全桥空间动力分析模型。利用非线性时程分析法,分别输入单维(X方向、Y方向)和多维共8种地震动工况,分析了曲线匝道桥梁伸缩缝的地震碰撞响应差异。结果表明:曲线匝道桥梁由于曲率的影响,不同方向地震动响应存在耦合效应,其伸缩缝碰撞响应的最不利值应考虑多维地震输入工况,并用碰撞力和碰撞位移双指标控制伸缩缝的地震碰撞响应。     

马陵山地震台地电场观测仪的安装

简要介绍ZD9A-Ⅱ地电场仪的仪器性能和技术要求,列举出仪器安装过程中和日常观测维护过程中必须具备的仪器设备。详细介绍了山东郯城马陵山地震台地电场观测仪安装过程中电极的布极方式,安装方法及检测方法,观测线路的架设及检测方法,地电场观测系统的安装调试程序,最后指出了地电场观测仪安装、调试过程中应该注意的有关事项。这为今后能够更加顺利、快捷完成地电场观测仪的安装任务,提供了重要的参考依据。     

Theoretical and experimental dynamic behaviour of a curved model bridge structure

Correlations between analytical and experimental seismic responses of a curved model bridge structure, which was constructed to have the same features as a typical full-scale high curved highway bridge structure, are presented. Dynamic behaviour and seismic response of the experimental bridge model are examined with particular emphasis on the discontinuous behaviour of expansion joints. Modelling of Coulomb type friction with slippages and impacting at the expansion joints is described. Correlations of displacement response of the bridge model carried out for three seismic excitations are presented. Parameter studies conducted to assist in the interpretation of correlation results are presented and the characteristics of the dynamic behaviour of the bridge model are discussed.     

伸缩缝刚度对大跨度悬索桥动力特性的影响

伸缩缝作为大跨度桥梁与引桥之间的重要连接构件,其抗推刚度及可能存在的变异性对主桥及引桥动力特性的影响不可忽略。本文建立了大跨度悬索桥及引桥的有限元模型,采用弹簧单元模拟加劲梁与引桥箱梁之间的伸缩缝,分析伸缩缝刚度对悬索桥及引桥自振特性及其地震响应的影响规律。分析结果表明:伸缩缝刚度对加劲梁的横弯振型、竖弯与纵飘耦合振型的频率有明显的影响;伸缩缝刚度的变化会导致加劲梁与引桥的振型相互耦合,同时这些振型的频率发生相应的突变,当伸缩缝刚度较大时,加劲梁两个竖弯与纵飘的耦合振型解耦成为独立的竖弯和纵飘振型;当引桥与悬索桥加劲梁的纵飘振型发生耦合时,在纵向和竖向地震作用下的悬索桥及引桥的地震响应达到最小。伸缩缝刚度对悬索桥动力特性影响的分析可为悬索桥的模态参数确认、损伤识别、抗震性能分析提供有价值的借鉴。     

Extending the application of integral frame abutment bridges in earthquake‐prone areas by using novel isolators of recycled materials

Integral abutment bridges (IABs) are jointless structures without bearings or expansion joints which require minimum or zero maintenance. The barrier to the application of long‐span integral abutment bridges is the interaction of the abutment with the backfill soil during the thermal expansion and contraction of the bridge deck, that is, serviceability, or when the bridge is subjected to dynamic loads, such as earthquakes. The interaction of the bridge with the backfill leads to settlements and ratcheting of the soil behind the abutment and, as a result, the soil pressures acting on the abutment build up in the long term. This paper provides a solution for the aforementioned challenges by introducing a novel isolator that is a compressible inclusion of reused tyre‐derived aggregates placed between the bridge abutment and the backfill. The compressibility of typical tyre‐derived aggregates was measured by laboratory tests, and the compressible inclusion was designed accordingly. The compressible inclusion was then applied to a typical integral frame abutment model, which was subjected to static and dynamic loads representing in‐service and seismic loads correspondingly. The response of both the conventional and the isolated abutment was assessed based on the settlements of the backfill, the soil pressures and the actions of the abutment. The study of the isolated abutment showed that the achieved decoupling of the abutment from the backfill soil results in significant reductions of the settlements of the backfill and of the pressures acting on the abutment. Hence, the proposed research enables extending the length limits of integral frame bridges subjected to earthquake excitations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PERT法评估特大桥梁工程施工进度风险

在桥梁工程建设中面临着大而多的风险,尤其是跨海湾特大桥的建设更为突出,因此特大桥梁工程项目风险管理也越来越受到工程建设领域的关注。针对特大桥梁工程施工过程中受各种风险的影响导致施工工序持续时间具有随机性的特点,本文提出了采用逻辑关系确定、活动持续时间不确定的网络计划PERT法来进行施工进度风险评估。该方法主要是假定工序持续时间的不确定性具有β分布的特性,通过计算其数学期望值使之转化为确定网络计划来求得其工期风险,并考虑线路间的相互影响。本文以甬台温高速公路复线工程中一特大桥为研究对象,阐述了PERT法在特大桥梁工程施工进度风险评估中的应用,希望能对该工程以及类似工程的实施提供一些参考。     

Expansion and contraction of Chinese deserts during the Quaternary

Episodic dune formations during the Quaternary are found in many deserts of China.The causes of desert expansions on different time scales are not the same. Desert extension atabout 1.1 and 0.9 Ma ago were the response to the active tectonic movements, whereas the de-sert evolutions on the ten-thousand years time scale were the response to the orbital scale climaticchanges. Spatial scale studies on desert evolution indicate that desert margins shifted greatly dur-ing the last glacial maximum (LGM) and the Holocene optimum, its changing from 125°E of theLGM to 105°E of the climatic optimum. Historical desertification in the semiarid China is not a re-sponse to climate drought but largely associated with the human impacts (mainly over-cultivation)since about 2300 years ago, which leads to the reworking of the underlying LGM sands.