302铀矿床方解石C-O同位素组成与成矿动力学背景研究

302铀矿床规模大,垂幅深(达1000多米),是我国华南主要产铀花岗岩型铀矿床之一。研究表明该矿床的方解石是经大气降水与围岩发生水岩反应后的流体去气沉淀的;矿化剂∑CO2主要源自受控于岩石圈伸展导致的地幔去气,对铀成矿的作用一方面表现为加入到贫矿化剂的地下水中以便铀元素迁移,另一方面表现在从成矿流体中逸出,改变热液络离子组成,导致铀沉淀成矿;印支碰撞运动使华南地壳叠加增厚,部分熔融含铀结晶基底,为产铀岩体提供丰富的成矿物质来源;白垩纪-古近纪地壳拉张、岩石圈伸展所形成的深大断裂等不仅是矿化剂∑CO2主要通道,而且还是控制铀矿床形成的关键因素。     

桂北沙子江铀矿床流体包裹体初步研究

对沙子江矿床内与成矿关系密切的各成矿阶段石英中流体包裹体进行了研究,显示成矿早阶段部分高温流体对铀的迁移可能发挥了一定作用,而整个成矿过程中主要成矿流体为中-低温、低盐度及中等密度热液.含子矿物包裹体可能捕获于流体沸腾作用过程中.沸腾作用降低了成矿流体中碳酸铀酰络离子的浓度,有利于铀的沉淀.成矿晚阶段,源自赋矿的富烃花...     

云南大坪韧性剪切带型金矿富CO2流体包裹体及其成矿意义

大坪金矿成矿可分为三个成矿阶段：早期成矿阶段（白钨矿石英脉）、主成矿阶段（团块状多金属硫化物含金石英脉）和晚成矿阶段（碳酸盐石英脉）。本文利用显微测温和拉曼光谱分析了大坪矿脉的流体包裹体特征,结果表明：流体包裹体基本由富液相CO2包裹体和不同CO2/H2O比例的CO2-H2O型包裹体组成,早阶段白钨矿石英脉中同时富含富气相CO2包裹体,主成矿阶段团块状多金属硫化物金矿石中富液相CO2包裹体占明显优势,只有晚成矿阶段碳酸盐石英脉中含有居次要地位的H2O溶液包裹体。流体包裹体中气相组成基本为纯CO2,早阶段者还含少量N2。早阶段CO2-H2O型包裹体的盐度为6.37%-14.64%NaCl,峰值9%-10.5%NaCl,均一温度为299.4-423.7℃,峰值320-380℃,CO2包裹体密度为0.352-0.798g/cm^3,多数在0.64-0.71g/cm^3;主成矿阶段的CO2-H2O型包裹体的盐度在3.70%-14.64%NaCl之间,峰值7.2%-9.0%NaCl,均一温度279.0-406.5℃之间,峰值320-360℃,CO2包裹体密度为0.591-0.843g/cm^3,多数大于0.8g/cm^3;晚成矿阶段CO2-H2O型包裹体的盐度为4.80%-6.54%NaCl,均一温度为287.6-337.1℃。计算表明早阶段成矿压力约为190-440MPa,主阶段成矿压力约为133.5-340.0MPa,相当的成矿深度为5.1-12.9km。这些特征揭示了该矿成矿流体为近临界的高CO2（CO2≥H2O）的中低盐度的CO2-H2O-NaCl体系流体,在成矿过程中基本不存在流体混合,但发生了明显的沸腾和相分离作用。该矿是剪切带控制下的中深中温热液金矿,成矿作用主要是减压沸腾环境下的快速沉淀。结合其它证据,作者认为该矿的成矿流体主体为深源的壳幔混合流体,而不是地壳浅部的大气降水、岩浆水或其混合流体。金在高CO2的成矿流体中可能主要以硫氢络合物形式迁移,矿质沉淀主要与压力速降条件下发生流体的相分离作用相关。     

地幔流体与铀成矿模式

近年来的研究显示．火山岩型和花岗岩型铀矿具有早、晚两期铀矿化．其中早期铀矿化具有地幔流体成矿作用的特征。本讨论了地幔流体及其成矿作用以及早期铀矿化的特征，提出了地幔流体铀成矿模式．强调构成成矿热液主体的∑CO2、U和H2O分别来自不同的源区．∑CO2来自地幔流体，U主要来自地幔流体上升途径的围岩．H2O主要来自地幔流体及其上升途径的围岩。     

湘南荷花坪锡多金属矿床流体包裹体研究

荷花坪锡多金属矿床是湘南地区新发现的一大型矿床, 主要由印支期矽卡岩型矿石和燕山期蚀变碎裂岩型矿石所组成, 且以前者为主体。本文在详细的野外调查和岩相学观察基础上, 将区内印支期成矿分为三个成矿阶段(I-含锡矽卡岩阶段; II-硫化物阶段; III-石英-方解石阶段), 燕山期成矿分为两个阶段(I-锡石-硫化物阶段; II-方解石阶段)。对不同期石英、绿柱石、方解石等矿物中流体包裹体的研究表明, 荷花坪矿床包裹体类型主要为H2O-NaCl型、H2O-NaCl-CO2型和少量纯CO2型。显微实验结果显示, 印支期成矿流体主要为低盐度(ω(NaCleq)=3%~10%)的H2O-NaCl和H2O-NaCl-CO2以及少量富CO2流体。三个成矿阶段的完全均一温度分别为290~390℃、190~260℃和140~180℃。成矿早阶段流体中含较多CO2, 晚阶段CO2含量减少, 主要为H2O-NaCl, 且Ca2+、Mg2+含量增高。燕山期成矿流体亦为低盐度(ω(NaCleq)=2%~10%)H2O-NaCl和H2O-NaCl-CO2, 二个成矿阶段的完全均一温度分别为190~340℃和130~170℃, 成矿早阶段流体中含较多CO2, 晚阶段CO2含量减少, 主要为NaCl-H2O。两期成矿从早到晚都呈现出盐度降低、密度增大的变化趋势。区内成矿流体主要来自岩浆和地下水热液, 成矿早阶段以岩浆流体为主, 晚阶段以地下水为主。区内锡成矿主要与含CO2的流体以及流体的沸腾作用有关, 铅锌矿化主要与盐-H2O溶液流体作用关系密切。     

赣南河草坑地区铀矿床流体包裹体特征研究

河草坑地区铀矿床的流体包裹体类型复杂,有气体包裹体、气液包裹体、液体包裹体和含CO2包裹体4种类型.成矿期前流体包裹体均一温度为231.8～357.8℃,成矿期为163.4～300.3℃,成矿期后为125.4～190.9 ℃.从成矿期前-成矿期-成矿期后均一温度逐渐降低,但盐度变化不大(均＜7%).成矿期流体根据均一温度可以划分为3个阶段,148.7～180℃、180～260℃和260～328.1℃,并于370.1℃至438.7℃期间发生过减压沸腾作用,流体中CO2气体的逸出,导致成矿流体中铀的沉淀、富集.河草坑地区铀矿床成矿期流体包裹体的均一温度与盐度均非常相近,可能为同一来源,与赋矿围岩没有必然联系.     

甘肃白银厂铜多金属矿田折腰山矿床下盘脉状矿体流体包裹体特征及其意义

甘肃白银厂矿田位于祁连山块状硫化物矿床成矿省东部,矿体主要赋存于早-中寒武世石英角斑岩-细碧岩组合中。本文主要对折腰山矿床下盘脉状矿体成矿流体进行研究,分析成矿流体性质及成矿流体来源,探讨其成矿机制。含矿石英中流体包裹体的岩相学和显微测温结果表明,包裹体类型主要有液体包裹体、气体包裹体、纯气体包裹体、含CO2三相包裹体、纯CO2包裹体。第Ⅰ阶段包裹体的均一温度为201~413℃,盐度为1.43%~13.40%;第Ⅱ阶段包裹体的均一温度为217~428℃,盐度为1.91%~11.93%(NaCl,wt)。包裹体成分研究表明,成矿流体气相成分主要为H2O,次为CH4和CO2,阳离子主要为Na+,阴离子主要为Cl-,说明成矿流体为H2O-NaCl-CO2-CH4体系。该矿床下盘脉状矿体的流体为岩浆流体与加热海水的混合流体,引起矿质沉淀的机制为混合作用。     

粤北诸广山岩体南部长排矿区流体包裹体研究

长排矿区位于诸广山岩体南部,是近年来铀矿找矿重点突破的新成果。流体包裹体岩相学特征显示,该矿区成矿期主要发育2种类型包裹体:含CO_2三相包裹体(Ⅰ型)和气液两相包裹体(Ⅱ型)。其中,Ⅱ型包裹体又可分为富液相包裹体(Ⅱ-1型)和富气相包裹体(Ⅱ-2型)。根据流体包裹体岩相学特征和显微测温结果,可将成矿期流体包裹体划分为2组:第1组均一温度主要集中在291～388℃之间,盐度范围为3.23%～7.87%NaCleqv,为Ⅰ型含CO_2三相和Ⅱ-2型富气相包裹体;第2组均一温度范围主要集中于140～260℃之间,盐度为1.74%～10.24%NaCleqv,属Ⅱ-1型富液相包裹体,分别代表成矿期早阶段和晚阶段流体性质。晚阶段流体包裹体相对于早阶段具有较低的均一温度和较大的盐度变化范围,说明成矿期晚阶段很可能发生了不同来源流体的混合作用。激光拉曼分析显示,成矿期流体包裹体气相成分主要为CO_2、CH_4、H_2等。硫同位素分析结果显示,成矿期黄铁矿δ~(34)S值在-10.2‰～-3.2‰之间,与华南地区其他铀矿床成矿期硫化物的δ~(34)S值相近。结合区域地质特征可知,长排矿区成矿物质主要来源于古老含铀地层部分熔融形成的富铀花岗岩;温度降低和流体混合作用可能是导致铀络合物水解沉淀的重要因素。     

山东莱西山后金矿床流体包裹体特征

根据山后金矿床的矿物组合和矿物生成顺序,将成矿阶段划分为4个阶段:黄铁矿-石英(钾化)阶段、石英—黄铁矿(绢英岩化)阶段、金-石英-多金属硫化物阶段和石英-碳酸盐阶段。对区内主成矿阶段的石英中流体包裹体进行岩相学、显微测温及氢氧同位素进行分析。结果表明:矿石中的包裹体主要有含CO2三相包裹体、气液两相包裹体和CO2包裹体三种类型,矿石中的包裹体普遍富含CO2。成矿过程中,流体经历了CO2-H2O—Na Cl体系的不混溶作用。成矿流体具有低盐度(4.0~9.0 wt%Na Cl.eqv)和低密度(0.70~0.89 g/cm3)的特点。主成矿温度为260℃~300℃,成矿压力为83~100 MPa,对应成矿深度为7.45~8.25 km。流体包裹体氢氧同位素分析结果介于地幔初生水和岩浆水之间,部分向大气降水线方向漂移,表明山后金矿成矿流体以幔源流体为主,并有大气降水和其他流体的加入,初步确定山后金矿床是受断裂构造控制的中温热液脉型金矿床。     

河南王坪西沟铅锌矿床流体包裹体特征和矿床成因类型

王坪西沟铅锌矿床隶属于东秦岭外方山钼铅锌多金属成矿区,位于车村-鲁山断裂北侧。矿床赋存于中元古代熊耳群鸡蛋坪组火山岩系中,受断裂控制,呈脉状产出;矿石主要由金属硫化物,少量石英和碳酸盐组成;成矿过程分为早、中、晚三个阶段,分别以石英-黄铁矿组合、金属硫化物和碳酸盐为标志。流体包裹体研究表明,成矿流体为CO2-H2O-NaCl±CaCl,体系,石英或闪锌矿中可见CO2-H2O型、含子晶型和水溶液型三类包裹体,CO2-H2O型包裹体集中在早阶段产出。早、中、晚阶段流体包裹体均一温度分别为280～386℃、180～350℃和120-230℃,从早到晚逐渐降低;盐度分别集中在3％～7％NaCl eqv．、3．55％～17．43％NaCl eqv．和3．06％-13．51％NaCleqv．。含子晶型流体包裹体主要出现在中阶段,子晶为方解石,该阶段为成矿主要阶段,可见CO2-H2O型包裹体与富液相水溶液包裹体共存,均一温度相近,指示流体沸腾,发生CO2的逃逸,成矿物质快速沉淀。总之,王坪西沟铅锌矿床地质特征与造山型矿床一致,成矿机理可由碰撞成岩成矿与流体作用（CMF）模式所解释。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.