非开挖水平定向钻进软件设计研究

轨迹设计是非开挖水平定向钻进管线铺设施工的关键。本文应用动态规划原理, 对轨迹最优化设计进行了深入研究。根据工程实际需要, 设计出一套水平定向钻进软件, 实现了轨迹最优化设计、施工图设计、竣工图处理、施工记录表填写及轨迹查询等功能, 集设计、优化、出图于一体。实践证明, 该软件能很好地满足水平定向钻进工程的要求。      

非开挖导向钻进轨迹自动控制系统的研究

非开挖导向钻进技术以其施工速度快、适用范围广等优点，得到了广泛的应用。但在目前实际钻进中，对于钻孔轨迹的控制主要是依靠操作人员的经验进行判断，使得钻进速度和效率大大降低。本文通过建立钻孔轨迹的数学计算模型，并利用Visual Basic和AutoCAD实现了钻孔轨迹的可视化，同时将测得实际轨迹与预先设计轨迹在同一界面进行同点比较，纠正超出范围的误差，使钻进轨迹更好的接近设计轨迹，并能顺利穿越地下障碍物完成导向钻进过程。     

煤矿井下近水平随钻测量定向钻孔轨迹设计与计算方法

以定向钻进基础理论为依据,结合煤矿井下近水平随钻测量定向钻进技术特点,研究煤矿井下定向钻孔轨迹设计内容、计算方法及设计流程。通过定义钻孔轨迹基本参数,建立钻孔设计坐标系以及规定钻孔轨迹图形表示方法,形成一套包括钻孔轨迹平面设计、剖面设计及轨迹参数校核等关键环节的钻孔轨迹设计和计算方法。实践证明,该设计和计算方法满足了定向钻孔设计的精度要求,为定向钻孔施工起到了良好的指导作用。      

基于离线编程的煤层智能定向钻进技术

定向钻进技术目前被广泛应用于煤层气的开采中。为了提高煤层气开采的质量和效率,必须提高煤层定向钻进过程的智能化水平。通过煤层定向钻进的三维离线编程系统,获取钻进轨迹的控制参数,并利用该系统自动生成的钻具控制程序,钻进过程中根据设计钻进轨迹与实际的钻进轨迹的偏差进行自动纠偏,从而实现煤层定向钻进的智能化。      

矿用电磁波随钻方位伽马测井系统的研究与实现

煤矿井下定向钻进是在螺杆马达和随钻测斜仪的配合下,按照预先设计轨迹进行钻进,不能根据实际的地层情况进行实时调整钻孔轨迹。矿用随钻方位伽马测井仪可实时测量地层放射性,实时依据地层放射性的变化判断钻孔轨迹是否在目的层中,为实时调整钻孔轨迹提供依据。从矿用电磁波随钻方位伽马测井系统（安标名称为YSDGC）的基本原理、关键技术设计、研制、试验设计等几个方面论述了该系统的研究与实现。该系统在煤矿井下的实际应用显示,系统在地层分界面处具有很好的方位伽马方位特性,为煤矿井下定向钻进根据地质情况调整钻进轨迹提供了依据。      

导向钻进非开挖轨迹优化设计

在实际非开挖工程施工中,应用计算机模拟技术指导钻孔轨迹设计,使实际轨迹线与设计钻孔轨迹基本相符,实现最优化施工。      

非开挖导向强度分析及其在电力铺管设计中的应用

全面分析了非开挖铺管导向钻进轨迹设计的主要决定因素;合理地剖析了钻遇地层的性质及其它施工条件对导向强度的影响;提出导向强度的计算方法,更科学、准确地设计出导向孔轨迹,并应用到实际电力管道铺设导向孔三维轨迹设计中。     

定向钻进及随钻测量技术在充填孔施工中的应用

充填钻孔是一种高精度垂直孔,地层促斜、钻孔自然弯曲率较大时,常规钻进方法难以控制钻孔轨迹。在施工中应用定向钻进及随钻测量技术,则可以对钻孔实施全程轨迹监控,使其按照设计轨迹延伸。主要介绍了广西华锡集团股份有限公司铜坑矿将充填站充填孔施工中定向钻进设计、随钻测量、纠斜、侧钻等技术及工艺等。     

定向钻进轨迹控制误差矢量分析方法及工程应用

[摘 要] 定向钻进中,实钻轨迹与设计控制目标之间往往存在误差,误差的定量分析对轨迹调整 与精度控制至关重要。论文依据定向钻进矢量控制原理,分析研究了造斜工具实钻矢量与设计轨迹控 制矢量之间的误差,根据实际钻进轨迹参数,得出了一种误差定量化分析、产生误差综合作用方向角度 和强度的简便计算方法。如果可以确知误差产生于地层自然造斜作用,该方法还可用于地层的各向异 性分析和自然造斜作用分析。该方法在地质勘探多回次、短钻程定向钻进工程实践中取得了很好的应 用效果,在随钻测量大钻程定向钻进轨迹的快速准确调整中也具有应用价值。     

国产随钻测量定向钻进系统在汝箕沟煤矿的应用

采用我国自主研发的随钻测量定向钻进系统及钻孔轨迹设计与分析软件,结合宁夏汝箕沟煤矿巷道现场试验情况,对该系统的组成、性能、使用情况等作了总结;对随钻测量得到的钻孔轨迹参数进行了分析处理,为今后定向钻孔轨迹设计和实测轨迹分析提供了参考。结果表明,无论是系统还是软件,均能满足煤矿井下随钻测量要求。      

Pedestrian network repair with spatial optimization models and geocrowdsourced data

Pedestrian infrastructure is an essential part of the urban fabric. Typically, it is carefully planned and maintained by governments and local experts, who recognize the benefits to health, well-being, and even economics associated with a walkable environment. Pedestrian walkway characteristics, including running slope, cross slope, curb cuts, cross walks, sidewalk widths, and signalization are a part of the comprehensive design elements used by most municipalities. However, barriers or obstacles, including temporary obstructions, construction detours, and surface irregularities make this infrastructure difficult for individuals with a mobility impairment or vision impairment to use. Crowdsourcing can assist these individuals by providing information about transient and permanent navigation obstacles, through an accessibility mapping system. Accessibility mapping systems, several examples of which are discussed in this paper, provide routing functions to make navigation easier for individuals with a mobility impairment or vision impairment. A geocrowdsourced accessibility system can also identify deficiencies in a pedestrian network dynamically, and can provision routing and obstacle avoidance functions in real-time, with data about transient events provided by the public. This paper is based upon previous geocrowdsourced data quality studies, and presents a modeling methodology to identify high-value routing corridors in a dynamic geocrowdsourced accessibility system. The corridor measurement can help civic employees from city public works and transportation departments prioritize maintenance of a pedestrian infrastructure, including the rectification of obstacles identified through crowdsourcing. In this paper, we augment geocrowdsourcing data quality metrics with input from subject matter experts trained in orientation and mobility services, and discuss the accessibility elements that could directly influence the usability of the pedestrian infrastructure. We also present a cost optimization model to measure the value of a pedestrian network segment. Lastly, this paper analyzes how the value of a network segment in a geocrowdsourced accessibility system changes with network conditions and how this relates to prioritization of maintenance tasks through optimization criteria.     

激光剥蚀-等离子体质谱技术及其在地球化学宇宙化学和环境研究中的应用

激光剥蚀-等离子体质谱(LA-ICPMS)已成为地球化学、宇宙化学和环境研究领域元素和同位素原位分析最重要的技术之一。文章介绍了多种类型的质谱仪及其使用的激光器。用途最广的LA-ICPMS仪器之一是单接收器扇形磁场质谱仪,配有Nd:YAG激光剥蚀系统(激光波长分为193 nm和213 nm两种),MPI Mainz实验室使用的就是这套系统,文章对此作一详细介绍。文中阐述了数据优化技术及其多种校正过程;介绍LA-ICPMS在痕量元素和同位素分析领域的一些应用,包括参考物质的研制,Hawaiian玄武岩、Martian陨石、生物骨针和珊瑚虫中痕量元素分析及熔融包裹体和富钙-铝碳质球粒陨石中的铅和锶同位素测量。     

Melting reactions and trace element relationships in selected specimens of migmatitic pelites from New Hampshire and Maine

Leucosomes and melanosomes in selected specimens of migmatitic, sillimanite-zone, pelitic schists are modal and chemical complements formed by segregation within originally homogeneous paleosomes. Systematic bulk chemical and modal variations in melanosomes can be used to infer the reactions by which leucosomes were generated.Trace element variations and relationships in melanosomes and leucosomes indicate that the migmatites behaved as closed systems during leucosome formation. Mass-balance evaluation of trace element relationships in the context of inferred leucosome-forming reactions suggest that trace elements essentially followed the melanosome phases initially containing them, as these phases reacted in leucosome generation. The trace element composition of a leucosome is given by the sum of those of the melanosome phases reacted, minus the trace element contents of any new solid melanosome phases produced by the reactions.Trace element relations are consistent with metamorphic equilibrium during leucosome generation, but suggest that once leucosome was segregated, equilibrium was not maintained between leucosome and melanosome.     

Metasomatism in mantle xenoliths from the Letlhakane kimberlites: estimation of element fluxes

A suite of metasomatised xenoliths from the Letlhakane kimberlite (Botswana) forms a metasomatic sequence from garnet peridotite to garnet phlogopite peridotite to phlogopite peridotite. Before the modal metasomatism, most of the Letlhakane xenoliths were depleted harzburgites that had been subjected to an earlier cryptic metasomatic event. Modal phlogopite and clinopyroxene - Cr-spinel increase at the expense of garnet and orthopyroxene with increasing degrees of metasomatism. The most metasomatised xenolith is a wehrlite. With progressive modal metasomatism, the clinopyroxene becomes enriched in Sr, Sc and the LREE, orthopyroxene becomes depleted in Ca and Ni, but enriched in Al and Mn, and olivine becomes depleted in Al and V. Garnet chemical composition largely remains unchanged. The garnet replacement reaction seen in most xenoliths allows the measurement of the flux of trace elements through detailed modal analysis of the pseudomorphs. Mass balance calculations show that the modally metasomatised rocks became enriched in incompatible elements such as Sr, Na, K, the LREE and the HFSE (Ti, Zr and Nb). Major elements (Al, Cr and Fe) and garnet-compatible trace elements (V, Y, Sc, and the HREE) were removed during this metasomatic process. The modal metasomatism caused a strong depletion in Al, and the results challenge previous suggestions that this metasomatic process merely occurred within an Al-poor environment. The data suggest that the xenoliths represent the mantle wallrock adjacent to a major conduit for an alkaline basic silicate melt (with high contents of volatile and incompatible elements). The volatile and incompatible element-enriched component of this melt percolated into the wallrock along a strong temperature gradient and caused the observed range of metasomatism.     

基于Ansys Workbench的梳齿钻头结构强度分析

以饱2500 mm梳齿钻头为研究对象,利用三维绘图软件Solidworks建立了钻头的三维模型,应用新一代多物理场协同仿真环境Ansys Workbench进行网格划分和静力分析,得到整体结构的等效应力和位移云图,获得了钻头在最大负荷工况和单翼板受力工况状态的最大变形值、最大应力值及最大应力点,所获得数据对钻头的强度和刚度校核及钻头设计过程中的优化起到了非常关键的作用。     

康滇地轴冕宁杂岩的Sm-Nd同位素地质年代学初步研究

通过冕宁杂岩的稀土元素、微量元素及Sm—Nd同位素组成分析发现：杂岩核部二辉片麻岩微量元素以Th富集为特征，而典型的太古代灰色片麻岩则为Th亏损；分布于杂岩边部的英云闪长质片麻岩及花岗质片麻岩与灰色片麻岩宏观特征相似，且有Th，Nb亏损，但强不相容元素强烈富集，配分型式强烈右倾，也有别于太古代灰色片麻岩。两类岩石的Nd模式年龄均小于2000Ma，推测该杂岩的部分岩石原岩(二辉片麻岩及斜长角闪岩)形成时代可能为早元古代晚期，它们在晋宁期强烈的构造岩浆活动中发生角闪岩相变质。岩石的Nd模式年龄(2008Ma～766Ma)显示该区在元古代有较大规模的地壳增长，基底岩石的形成时代有别于扬子地台周边地区。     

全回转套管钻机和全套管施工工艺的研究

简述了全回转套管钻机的国内外研究现状和应用领域。主要介绍了QHZ-2000型全回转套管钻机的设计结构、技术参数、关键技术。分析了全回转套管柱、冲抓斗、清障钻具的结构原理和应用特点。总结了全回转套管灌注桩、全套管清障和全套管拔桩的施工流程、机理和适用范围。研究填补了国内自主研发全回转套管钻机的空白,是一种适合在城市施工的绿色环保、广谱安全的无循环桩基施工新设备和新技术。     

Gough Island: Evaluation of a fractional crystallization model

Gough Island is composed of an alkaline olivine basalt-trachyte series. A fractional crystallization model for the development of these rocks has been evaluated by correlating the geochemical trends of major and trace elements. Beginning with an alkali olivine basalt parent the major element abundances were used to determine the varying proportions of crystallizing minerals required to generate the various residual liquids. A least-squares computer model was used for this calculation. The modal proportions of cumulative minerals and trace element distribution coefficients were used to predict the trace element abundances in each rock type.Three significant trace element trends are observed in Gough Island rocks: (1) increasing rare earth (RE) abundance and relative light RE enrichment with increasing major element differentiation, (2) marked Eu, Sr, and Ba depletions in late stage trachytes, (3) Cr and M enrichment in picrite basalt.The trace element abundances predicted by the fractional crystallization model are in good agreement with these observed trends. A fractional crystallization process involving olivine, pyroxene, feldspar, and apatite accounts for all the significant major and trace element trends observed in Gough Island rocks.     

Timescales of disequilibrium melting in the crust: constraints from modelling the distribution of multiple trace elements and a case study from the Lesser Himalayan rocks of Sikkim

A numerical code has been developed to track the distribution of trace elements in crustal rocks undergoing melting. The model handles diffusion with moving boundaries and accounts for the processes of diffusion, dissolution and precipitation in a partially molten system. Among the various input parameters for modelling, source composition (i.e. modal abundance) variations, diffusion coefficients and partition coefficients are found to exert a significant control on the melt chemistry. The other inputs such as melt reaction stoichiometry, kinetics of melting and grain size of protolith have lesser influence. Exploration of the general behaviour indicates that for systems in which disequilibrium melting of the kind considered in this paper occurs, trace element concentrations may be used to constrain the composition of the protolith or the timescales of melting, depending on the specific circumstances. After exploring some general features of melting in a pelitic system, the model is applied to calculate trace element distributions in migmatites from the Lesser Himalayan rocks in Sikkim, India. We focus on the distribution of trace elements during the initial stages of melt formation. These partially molten rocks show disequilibrium distribution of trace elements, and the numerical code is capable of quantitatively reproducing many of the observed patterns. The results of the modelling indicate that the observed melts in this zone were formed within 50,000 years and that segregation of melts (into leucosome and restite) was complete between 50,000 and 250,000 years. These short timescales may point to deformation-enhanced melt segregation at least on a hand specimen scale. It is important to distinguish between timescales of segregation over these scales and timescales of removal of melt on an outcrop scale to form plutons—the latter, requiring higher degrees of melting and larger distances of migration, take longer.