塔城盆地地下水“三氮”污染特征及成因

地下水氮元素污染是一个全球性的环境问题,其来源和迁移转化特征是国内外研究的热点。文章以新疆塔城盆地80组地下水样品水化学组分测试结果为依据,研究塔城盆地地下水“三氮”污染特征。结果表明:塔城盆地地下水质量总体较好;对比2017年发布的地下水质量标准,深层承压水“三氮”均未超标;浅层地下水“三氮”污染较轻,“三氮”超标点零星分布于地下水的中下游冲洪积平原区,其中,NO3-N超标率最高,超标率为8.8 %;NO2-N和NH4-N次之,超标率均为1.3 %。沿着地下水流向,从山区到盆地中央的平原区,地下水污染逐渐变重。“三氮”重污染点主要分布在塔城市、额敏县及其周边地区。区内地下水污染点的分布与工矿企业污染源、污水处理厂、垃圾填埋场等大型污染源的分布具有一定的相关性。城市化进程中,生活污水的不合理排放是塔城盆地“三氮”污染的主要来源,而通过排污河流下渗是研究区地下水“三氮”污染的重要途径;氧化还原条件、pH值、包气带岩性结构、补径排条件等是“三氮”迁移转化及其空间分布的主要影响因素。     

湖北泉水河流域水化学特征和硝酸盐来源示踪

目前针对喀斯特山区及平原过渡带天然河流硝酸盐的来源识别与追踪的研究鲜有报道,也较少考虑湿润气候区反季节性干旱气候特征对硝酸盐迁移规律的影响.以汉江二级支流泉水河流域为例,分析了从源头喀斯特地区、中间过渡区、平原区地表水和地下水硝酸盐含量及组成的空间变化,采用氮氧同位素识别地表水和地下水硝酸盐来源,利用SIAR模型定量计算各污染源的贡献率.结果表明:土壤有机氮、污水粪便、化肥和大气沉降对地下水硝酸盐来源贡献占比分别为31.4%、20.0%、29.6%和19.0%,对地表水硝酸盐来源的比例分别为32.0%、30.0%、25.0%和13.0%,污水粪便对地表水硝酸盐贡献比例较地下水增高;坝上水样因水体较大,自净能力较强,受污水粪便的影响很小（仅为9.0%）,坝上水样硝酸盐土壤有机氮、大气沉降和化肥的贡献占比分别为43.0%、11.0%和37.0%.枯水期河水主要由地下水缓慢补给,无地表径流汇入,土壤有机氮为河流主要的硝酸盐来源,河流中下游更易受人类活动影响,生活污水和化肥对河流硝酸盐贡献增大.      

漓江桂林市区段三氮分布特征及影响因素分析

文章为确定漓江桂林市区段三氮含量的变化趋势及其影响因素,分丰水期和枯水期在漓江干流及其支流上选择7个断面分别进行了取样,通过现场水化学指标和室内化验,对研究区三氮含量的时空分布特征和影响因素进行了探讨。分析结果表明:研究区漓江干流上C（NH3-N）和C（NO3--N）的最高值分别为0.248 3mg/L和2.251 7 mg/L,满足地表水环境质量Ⅱ类水标准,但漓江在经过研究区后三氮含量呈升高趋势;三氮含量的季节分布特征为NH3-N和NO3--N含量枯水期明显高于丰水期,而NO2--N含量枯水期略低于丰水期,丰枯季节水温的变化会影响总无机氮（TIN）中各种形态氮含量的比例,使得C(NH3-N)/ C(TIN)由丰水期的4.83%提高到枯水期的6.69%;流经农村生活区和农业地区的桃花江和小东江等支流是区内NH3-N的主要污染源,降雨后NH3-N的含量会明显升高。因此,加强区内漓江支流的综合治理、开展降雨条件下饮用水水源地取水口NH3-N含量的实时监测非常必要。      

基于氢氧稳定同位素的武汉北部新城地表水-地下水转换关系研究

【研究目的】揭示武汉北部新城地表水、地下水的氢氧稳定同位素特征及其相互作用。【研究方法】2019年，采集、测定了降水样7件、河水样6件、水库样14件、民井样98件、泉水样3件和钻孔样11件，并收集到武汉站1986—1998年的监测数据50件，以空间分析和流域分析为基础，氢氧稳定同位素分析为手段。【研究结果】（1）武汉降水氢氧同位素随季节变化，并表现出“降雨效应”明显、“温度效应”不明显的特点；（2）地表水在枯水期受到强烈的蒸散发，表现出一定的“地貌效应”与“干支流效应”的特征；（3）民井、泉和钻孔等地下水均源于大气降水，表现出“含水层埋深效应”与“山区平原效应”的特点；（4）枯水期，界河流域中界河获得了上游水库和地下水的补给，夏家寺水库流域中夏家寺水库得到了地下水补给。【结论】氢氧同位素能显著提高武汉北部新城地表水-地下水相互转换规律的认识。创新点：利用各类水体氢氧同位素组成及空间分布特征，揭示了武汉北部新城降水、地表水和地下水相互转换的规律     

阜阳浅层地下水"三氮"污染特征及其影响因素分析

通过研究阜阳浅层地下水中"三氮"污染情况、分布特征,分析揭示了污染源及影响因素。结果表明,研究区近几年浅层地下水中"三氮"浓度有逐年增大趋势,受季节的影响明显,且"三氮"浓度随采样深度增大而减小。化肥厂废水排放、农业含氮有机肥料的使用和流失、动物粪肥是该区"三氮"污染的主要来源。此外,包气带厚度、pH、DO、Fe~(2+)等水文地质条件因素影响"三氮"的浓度及相互转化。     

酒泉东盆地地下水“三氮”分布特征及健康风险分析

为探讨河西走廊地下水“三氮”的污染现状和个人健康风险。本文以酒泉东盆地为例,通过数据统计、空间分布趋势、污染源和影响因素分析的手段,从“三氮”分布、迁移和影响因素及其健康风险评价进行研究。结果表明：在其独特的地形地貌、氧化还原环境、包气带和含水层岩性、潜水的埋深、酸碱环境和地下径流条件等自然因素以及生态环境的破坏和城市化的发展等人为因素影响下,研究区地下水“三氮”总体含量较低,污染相对较轻,仅有一处NO₃^--N含量超过标准限值;区域分布上,“三氮”含量具有明显的北高南低的规律,NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N含量东、西两侧高,中间低,NH₄⁺-N含量由西北向东南逐渐减少。“三氮”个人年健康风险的整体分布趋势基本一致,由西部人口密集区域向东部人口非密集区域逐渐递减。     

冯家江流域水体中氮的空间分布特征

冯家江是北海市区重要的生态廊道。研究冯家江流域水体中氮的空间分布特征、污染来源、影响因素,对掌握冯家江流域氮污染现状及污染防控等具有重要的现实意义。本研究应用地统计学方法分析了冯家江流域地表水及沿岸地下水中氮污染物的空间分布特征。结果表明,地表水中氮污染物呈现出“高氨氮、低硝氮”的特征,NH₃-N质量浓度平均值高达5.42 mg/L,NO₃-N在孔隙潜水中明显富集,其质量浓度最高达32.63 mg/L。城镇生活污染物、人畜粪便及农业生产中化肥的施用是地表水、地下水中氮污染物的主要来源。pH值、氧化还原条件及包气带岩性结构和厚度是影响冯家江流域水体中氮污染物迁移转化的重要因素。     

桂江流域地下水污染途径及防控措施研究

对桂江流域开展岩溶地下水污染调查发现:流域内地下水污染源分为“三氮”污染源、重金属污染源、有机污染源三类;“三氮”污染源主要包括工业、养殖和生活三类污水、生活垃圾渗滤液、农业施用氮肥等;重金属污染主要来自工矿企业;有机污染来自工业、养殖业。污染途径主要有孤峰平原的分散入渗式、孤峰平原的脚洞灌入式、峰丛洼地的消水洞灌入式、溶丘谷地的入渗式和峰丛峰林谷地的天窗灌入式等五类。并对88组地下水样品测试结果进行多指标地下水污染综合评价,结果表明36.5%的水点为“三氮”污染,多以分散入渗进入地下水,其污染形态呈面状分布;15.3%的水点为重金属污染,主要通过峰丛洼地消水洞灌入式补给和溶丘谷地入渗补给两种途径,呈点状分布于污染场地附近;3.49%的水点为有机污染,主要为分散入渗补给途径,污染呈短线状或点状分布。      

浅层地下水氮污染的影响因素分析--以松嫩盆地松花江北部高平原为例

研究区浅层地下水中的NO-3质量浓度在时间分布上与降雨(包括降雨期、降雨量)和施肥(包括施肥期、施肥量)存在较大的相关性.同一年内9月份(丰水期末)浅层地下水中NO-3质量浓度大于5月份(枯水期末)的质量浓度.年际间总体变化趋势随年降雨量的变化而变化.在空间分布上主要受地下水水位埋深、水力坡度、含水层岩性及厚度的影响,水位埋深越大、含水层渗透性越强、水力坡度越小,浅层地下水中NO-3质量浓度增高的趋势越明显.为验证上述定性分析所得结论的可靠性,采用因子分析法对上述时空变量进行了定量评价.结果表明,研究区浅层地下水中的氮污染主要是上述时空变量共同影响的结果,其中降雨和水位埋深对其影响程度相对较大.     

δ15N在贵阳地下水氮污染来源和转化过程中的辨识应用

随着城市的发展,贵阳地下水氮污染日趋严重,为评估地下水中氮的分布、来源和迁移转化,我们采集了 72个水样,并测定了三氮 (、和 )浓度、主离子、δ 15N- 和 δ 15N-等.结果显示,在贵阳地下水大多数样品中,- N是最主要的无机氮形态,城区地下水大部分含较高的- N; 然而在城市污水和有些被明显污染的地下水中,却是最主要的无机氮形态,尤其是枯水期.丰水期地下水样有较低的δ 15N值,受农业化肥等影响明显.丰水期地下水- N浓度随着 Cl-浓度升高而升高,表明丰水期地下水硝酸盐可能主要受混合作用等控制.而枯水期地下水中溶解氧与硝酸盐的δ 15N值呈负相关关系,且相对于丰水期地下水具有较高的δ 15N值、较低的硝酸盐浓度和较低的 DIN/Cl值,说明地下水环境中主要受土壤有机氮等影响 , 同时可能存在反硝化.     

Temporal variations of fluoride concentration in Isparta public water system and health impact assessment (SW-Turkey)

Water–rock interaction is one of the prime factors affecting the fluoride contents of surface and groundwater. If fluoride concentration of drinking water has been neglected, excess fluoride can cause serious dental and medical problems on human health, which is well known at Golcuk-Isparta region. In the research area, Egirdir lake, Golcuk lake and surrounding springs have been utilized as drinking water sources. Golcuk lake water and surrounding groundwaters have high fluoride content (1.4–4.6 mg/l), which is above the WHO standards. Fluoride is predominantly supplied by dissolution of fluoride within the fluormicas of volcanics during the circulation of water. Fluoride concentrations of waters have shown variations for dry and rainy seasons depending on the degree of interaction between groundwater and volcanic rocks. It tends to decrease in rainy seasons and increase in dry seasons for all years. In this study, temporal variations and spatial distribution of fluoride concentration in public water system of Isparta were investigated to get benefit using GIS techniques from1990 to 2003 years. Extremely fluoride concentrations were measured in the public water system in 1990 at almost every district of the city. In 2003, fluoride content of the public water system decreased in some district of city due to drinking water has started obtaining from Egirdir lake in 1995. The fluoride contents of Isparta drinking water ought to be modified with suitable mixture of lake waters and groundwater point of view to health impact.     

贵阳观山湖区至白云区地下水有机污染现状与防治对策

文章按水文地质条件将全区划分为12个地下水系统,并选择43组控制性水点分丰枯两季进行有机样品采集和测试,在此基础上对研究区地下水中有机污染物的检出、超标、分布及来源均进行了分析。结果显示,参评的86组地下水样品中,有32组检出有机污染物;27种参评有机组分中,10种有机组分存在不同程度的检出,其中,三氯甲烷检出25次,检出率29.07%,其余组分检出率均低于5%;仅有1,2二氯丙烷超标1次,超标率低;区内地下水有机污染物检出浓度较低,超标率低,处于轻度污染阶段;12个系统中,有9个系统发现有机物污染物检出;检出点多分布于工矿企业的下游地段,排污河渠两侧;污染物多来源于中小型工矿企业,以污染物通过落水洞、天窗等进入含水层为主要污染途径;地下水系统排泄区的近源污染多发,危害程度大。针对上述污染特征,提出加强对中小企业污染源的集中管理,加大污水管网建设力度等对策建议。      

西南喀斯特地区水体硝态氮时空分布特征及其来源解析

由于人类活动影响,水体硝态氮污染已经成为世界范围内的环境问题。硝态氮污染不仅会造成水体富营养化,长期摄入过量硝酸盐还会严重威胁人体健康,控制并解决水体硝态氮污染是我国经济社会发展过程中亟待解决的重要环境问题。我国西南喀斯特地区是世界上面积最大、发育最典型和人地矛盾尖锐的岩溶连续分布带,具有十分脆弱且高度敏感的生态系统。与非喀斯特地区相比,这里水体硝态氮污染情况更为复杂和严重。因此,明确西南喀斯特地区内硝态氮的时空分布特征并对其来源进行解析是有效治理的前提。本研究梳理了近几十年来西南喀斯特地区水体硝态氮的现代监测结果,探讨了水体硝态氮时空分布特征、来源及受控机制等问题,发现:(1)区域内地表水硝态氮平均检出质量浓度不高,地下水检出质量浓度波动范围较大;(2)近几十年来,地表水硝态氮质量浓度整体呈现小幅增长趋势,而地下水检出质量浓度随时间的变化存在地域差异;(3)降水的稀释和冲携作用对区域内硝态氮质量浓度及分布的影响不容忽视,而人类活动导致的土地利用变化带来的影响可能成为未来的主控因素;(4)区域内水体硝态氮主要来源于铵态化肥、土壤有机氮、粪肥及污水,硝化作用是主要的转化过程。研究结果将为进一步认识喀斯特地区氮循环过程及促进地区可持续发展提供理论基础。     

Assessment of groundwater quality in the flood plains of upper Palar River, India

Groundwater is generally presumed to be good for human consumption and is used as a main source of drinking water. Although there are numerous reasons for groundwater pollution, anthropogenic sources are consid-ered as the prime ones. In this study, twenty-two groundwater samples were collected from the flood plains of upper Palar River during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons to assess the extent of pollution and effects on human health. Physico-chemical characteristics of groundwater were analyzed and compared with those of drinking water standards recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The Piper’s tri-linear diagram shows the nature of alkali earth with the high contents of alkalies and prevailing sulphate in the pre-sent samples. The univariate statistics and correlation analysis were performed to find out the relationships between the variables. The tannery effluents, solid wastes and sewage were suspected to be the predominant sources of pollu-tion in the area.     

珠江三角洲地区浅层地下水铍的分布及成因探讨

通过对珠江三角洲地区900余组浅层地下水样中铍及铝、pH值等元素的分析,研究了珠江三角洲浅层地下水中铍的分布特征,探讨了铍的主要影响因素及其成因。结果表明,珠江三角洲地区浅层地下水中铍的含量介于0~40.3μg.L-1,普遍低于0.5μg.L-1,平均值0.66μg.L-1。超标点仅零散分布于广州、深圳、东莞、佛山和惠州地区,超标率2.24%。地下水铍污染呈局部点状分布特征。pH值和铝是影响该区地下水中铍分布的最主要因素。偏酸及高铝含量的地下水及土壤环境为铍的迁移提供了有利条件。岩石风化及天然土壤的形成是地下水中铍的来源之一,人类活动造成的污染对地下水铍超标有重要贡献。     

济南市岩溶水中铅的分布特征及污染来源分析

＂泉城＂济南是一个富含岩溶地下水的城市,泉水甘甜。近年来,城市化发展带来环境污染。为查明重金属在岩溶地下水的分布特征,选取代表性元素Pb作为研究对象,对研究区的164个岩溶地下水样品进行了Pb含量的分析。分析结果表明,研究区内岩溶地下水中Pb元素含量不仅在空间上分布有规律,同时也跟工业废水和废渣排放、水位埋深及其它元素和离子之间有相关关系,进一步分析污染来源,为研究区域岩溶水环境污染防治提供科学依据。     

Seasonal variability of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in a wetland system of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau,southwest China: a quantitative assessment of groundwater inflow fluxes

The Caohai Wetland serves as an important ecosystem on the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau and as a nationally important nature reserve for migratory birds in China. In this study, surface water, groundwater and wetland water were collected for the measurement of environmental isotopes to reveal the seasonal variability of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes (δ¹⁸O, δD), sources of water, and groundwater inflow fluxes. Results showed that surface water and groundwater are of meteoric origin. The isotopes in samples of wetland water were well mixed vertically in seasons of both high-flow (September) and low-flow (April); however, marked seasonal and spatial variations were observed. During the high-flow season, the isotopic composition in surface wetland water varied from ?97.13 to ?41.73‰ for δD and from ?13.17 to ?4.70‰ for δ¹⁸O. The composition of stable isotopes in the eastern region of this wetland was lower than in the western region. These may have been influenced by uneven evaporation caused by the distribution of aquatic vegetation. During the low-flow season, δD and δ¹⁸O in the more open water with dead aquatic vegetation ranged from ?37.11 to ?11.77‰, and from ?4.25 to ?0.08‰, respectively. This may result from high evaporation rates in this season with the lowest atmospheric humidity. Groundwater fluxes were calculated by mass transfer and isotope mass balance approaches, suggesting that the water sources of the Caohai Wetland were mainly from groundwater in the high-flow season, while the groundwater has a smaller contribution to wetland water during the low-flow season.     

Characteristics of the main inorganic nitrogen accumulation in surface water and groundwater of wetland succession zones

Based on the observation of a complete hydrological year from June 2014 to May 2015, the temporal and spatial variations of the main inorganic nitrogen (MIN, referring to NO3--N, NO2--N, NH4+-N) in surface water and groundwater of the Li River and the Yuan River wetland succession zones are analyzed. The Li River and the Yuan River are located in agricultural and non-agricultural areas, and this study focus on the influence of surface water level and groundwater depth and precipitation on nitrogen pollution. The results show that NO3--N in surface water accounts for 70%-90% of MIN, but it does not exceed the limit of national drinking water surface water standard. Groundwater is seriously polluted by NH4+-N. Based on the groundwater quality standard of NH4+-N, the groundwater quality in the Li River exceeds Class III water standard throughout the year, and the exceeding months’ proportion of Yuan River reaches 58.3%. Compared with the Yuan River, MIN in groundwater of the Li River shows significant temporal and spatial variations owing to the influence of agricultural fertilization. The correlation between the concentrations of MIN and surface water level is poor, while the fitting effect of quadratic correlation between NH4+-N concentration and groundwater depth is the best (R2=0.9384), NO3--N is the next (R2=0.5128), NO2--N is the worst (R2=0.2798). The equation of meteoric water line is δD =7.83δ18O+12.21, indicating that both surface water and groundwater come from atmospheric precipitation. Surface infiltration is the main cause of groundwater NH4+-N pollution. Rainfall infiltration in non-fertilization seasons reduces groundwater nitrogen pollution, while rainfall leaching farming and fertilization aggravate groundwater nitrogen pollution.     

Characteristics of the main inorganic nitrogen accumulation in surface water and groundwater of wetland succession zones

Based on the observation of a complete hydrological year from June 2014 to May 2015, the temporal and spatial variations of the main inorganic nitrogen(MIN, referring to NO_3~--N, NO_2~--N, NH_4~+-N) in surface water and groundwater of the Li River and the Yuan River wetland succession zones are analyzed. The Li River and the Yuan River are located in agricultural and non-agricultural areas, and this study focus on the influence of surface water level and groundwater depth and precipitation on nitrogen pollution. The results show that NO_3~-N in surface water accounts for 70%-90% of MIN, but it does not exceed the limit of national drinking water surface water standard. Groundwater is seriously polluted by H_4~+-N. Based on the groundwater quality standard of H_4~+-N, the groundwater quality in the Li River exceeds Class III water standard throughout the year, and the exceeding months' proportion of Yuan River reaches 58.3%. Compared with the Yuan River, MIN in groundwater of the Li River shows significant temporal and spatial variations owing to the influence of agricultural fertilization. The correlation between the concentrations of MIN and surface water level is poor, while the fitting effect of quadratic correlation between H_4~+-N concentration and groundwater depth is the best(R~2=0.9384), NO_3~-N is the next(R~2=0.5128), NO_2~--N is the worst(R~2=0.2798). The equation of meteoric water line is δD =7.83δ~(18) O+12.21, indicating that both surface water and groundwater come from atmospheric precipitation. Surface infiltration is the main cause of groundwater H_4~+-N pollution. Rainfall infiltration in non-fertilization seasons reduces groundwater nitrogen pollution, while rainfall leaching farming and fertilization aggravate groundwater nitrogen pollution.     

山东省汶泗河冲洪积平原地下水污染评价与安全供水对策

在对汶泗河冲洪积平原水文地质条件和污染源现状进行阐述的基础上,对不同含水岩组无机组分指标进行了分析,表明浅层孔隙水和部分地区岩溶裂隙水无机组分含量大幅增高,深层孔隙水无机物含量则变化不大。在有机污染方面,浅层孔隙水有机物检出率26.8%,但含量很低,远未达到饮用水标准限值;岩溶裂隙水有机物检出率46.7%,检出率相对较高,局部地段有机物超标;深层孔隙水有机物基本未检出。该区地下水污染评价结果表明,浅层孔隙水和岩溶裂隙水无机污染呈面状污染特征,且污染程度较重,而有机污染则呈现点状污染特征,且污染程度总体较轻。对研究区地下水污染现状,提出了地下水安全供水对策。