Iceocean mass balance during the Late Pleistocene glacial cycles in view of CHAMP and GRACE satellite missions

During the last glacial cycles, global sea level dropped several times by about 120 m and large ice sheets covered North America, northern Europe and Antarctica during the glacial stages. The changes in the iceocean mass balance have displaced mantle material mainly via viscous flow, and the perturbation of the equilibrium figure of the Earth by glacial isostatic adjustment is still observable today in timedependent changes of gravitational and rotational observations. Contemporary iceocean mass balance from volume changes of polar ice caps also contributes to secular variations of the Earth's gravitational field.
In the near future, several satellite gravity missions will significantly improve the accuracy of the observed timedependent gravitational field. In view of the expected improvements in the observations, we predict glacially induced perturbations of the gravitational field, induced by Late Pleistocene and contemporary ice volume changes, for a variety of radial mantle viscosity profiles. We assess the degree of uncertainty for the glacially induced contributions to gravitational and rotational parameters, both in the spectral and the spatial domain.
Predictions of power spectra for the glacially induced freeair gravity and geoid anomalies are about one order of magnitude lower than the observed values, and uncertainties arising from different plausible viscosity profiles are around 0.150.4 mGal and 0.21.5 m, respectively. Uncertainties from different ice models are of secondary importance for the predicted power spectra. Predicted secular changes in geoid anomalies in formerly glaciated areas are mainly controlled by the viscosity profile and contemporary ice volume changes. We also show that the simple threelayer viscosity profiles currently employed for the majority of postglacial rebound studies represent a limited subset for model predictions of the timedependent gravitational field.     

Structural effects of the crust on the geoid modelled using deep seismic sounding interpretations

According to the theory of isostasy, the Earth has a tendency to deform its surface in order to reach an equilibrium state. The land-uplift phenomenon in the area of the Fennoscandian Shield is thought to be a process of this kind. The geoid, as an equipotential surface of the Earth's gravity field, contains information on how much the Earth's surface departs from the equilibrium state. In order to study the isostatic process through geoidal undulations, the structural effects of the crust on the geoid have to be investigated.
  The structure of the crust of the Fennoscandian Shield has been extensively explored by means of deep seismic sounding (DSS). The data obtained from DSS are used to construct a 3-D seismic-velocity structure model of the area's crust. The velocity model is converted to a 3-D density model using the empirical relationship that holds between seismic velocities and crustal mass densities. Structural effects are then estimated from the 3-D density model.
  The structural effects computed from the crustal model show that the mass deficiency of the crust in Fennoscandia has caused a geoidal depression twice as deep as that observed from the gravimetric geoid. It proves again that the crust has been isostatically compensated by the upper mantle. In other words, an anomalously high-density upper mantle must exist beneath Fennoscandia.     

韩国南极国家行动:动因、举措及策略

南极地区位于地球的最南端,其独特的地理位置和自然环境一方面推迟了人类对其争夺和改造,另一方面也积累和形成了特殊的资源储量和战略价值。在物质资源日益匮乏的今天,南极作为尚待开发的新边疆,其战略意义日渐突显。韩国在南极有着广泛而特殊的利益,为了实现这些利益,改变后发参与的不利局面,韩国在南极科研、政治、经济等领域采取了诸多积极举措,并且形成了一套灵活务实的策略。随着国内外形势的发展,韩国未来将制定正式的南极政策文件,在原有实践基础上加大参与力度,并充分发挥企业的支援作用,实现国内优势向国家能力的转换,从而更好地推进其南极战略。     

利用地球重力场模型确定南极大地水准面

利用我国最新地球重力场模型 WDM94,给出了南极 (纬度范围为 - 60°～ - 90°)大地水准面高和平均空间重力异常。为了全面总结分析南极大地水准面特征 ,收集了国外最新地球重力场模型 OSU91 ( 360阶次 )和 JGMOSU( 360阶次 ) ,计算了相应的大地水准面高和平均重力异常。其结果分别与 WDM94的结果作了比较 ,WDM94与 OSU91和 JGMOSU的大地水准面高标准差分别为± 1 .90 m和± 2 .0 9m,平均空间重力异常标准差分别为± 8.97mgal和± 9.32 mgal     

南极陨石与沙漠陨石的对比研究

南极冰盖和热带干旱－半干旱沙漠地区均有利于陨石样品的保存。到目前为止,已在南极约２５００ｋｍ２的蓝色冰区内回收了约１５０００块陨石。在非洲撒哈拉沙漠、西澳大利亚及美国新墨西哥州沙漠地区回收了约２０００块陨石。但由于两者的气候条件和保存陨石的环境不同,它们之间存在明显差异,南极陨石居地年龄大,风化程度低,地球污染小;沙漠陨石居地年龄小,风化程度高,地球污染大。南极和沙漠陨石的主要陨石类型的频率与已知降落的陨石相似,未观察到陨石类型通量随时间的明显变化,但在南极陨石中稀少和独特陨石类型的丰度较高,按其陨石来源将其划分为小行星陨石和行星陨石。新的和独特陨石类型的研究以及月球和火星陨石的研究有利于探索和了解早期太阳星云的连续化学分馏作用及月壳和火星表面的平均化学组成及其横向变化。     

揭示气候变化的南极冰盖研究新进展

南极冰盖是气候的产物，对气候也有反馈作用，冰盖物质平衡变化与全球海平面升降息息相关，并引发地球系统内的一系列变化，南极冰盖是记录全球变化信息的良好载体，具有信息量大，时间序列长，保真性能强，分辨率高以及可进行现代过程定量研究等其他介质无法取代的独特优点，随着科学技术的发展和人类对全球问题的日益重视，南极冰盖与全球变化研究这一领域将会以高起点，多学科互相交叉，渗透为特色，成为未来南极研究的热点领域。     

Characteristics of change of the SST in the tropical western Pa-cific and the tropical Indian Ocean and its response to the change of the Antarctic ice area

In this paper, by using ocean surface temperature data(COADS), the study is made of the characteristics of the monthly and annual changes of the SST in the tropical western Pacific and Indian Oceans, which have important influences on the climate change of the whole globe and the relation between ENSO(El Nio Southern Oscillation) and the Antarctic ice area is also discussed. The result indicates that in the tropical western Pacific and the Indian Oceans the change of Sea Surface Temperture(SST) is conspicuous both monthly and annaully, and shows different change tendency between them. This result may be due to different relation in the vibration period of SST between the two Oceans. The better corresponding relationship is obvious in the annual change of SST in the tropical Indian Ocean with the occurrence El Nio and La Nia. The change of the SST in the tropical western Pacific and the tropical Indian Oceans has a close relation to the Antarctic ice area, especially to the ice areas in the eastern south Pole and Ross Sea, and its notable correlative relationship appears in 16 months when the SST of the tropical western Pacific and the Indian Oceans lag back the Antarctic ice area.     

An Analytic Model For A Mantle Plume Fed By A Boundary Layer

Summary. An approximate analytical solution for flow in a mantle plume of constant radius, viscosity, and density contrast is obtained in cylindrical coordinates. the differential equations for vertical velocity of the mantle surrounding the plume and for topography are homologous to the equation for flexure of an elastic plate. Although the model is too simple to be fully applicable to the Earth, one can conclude that the vertical velocity in the mantle changes significantly away from plumes, that the viscosity of the plume is important for controlling flow rate, and that the long-wavelength geoid anomalies are sensitive to the viscosity of the surrounding mantle. the first induced upwelling away from a plume is quite weak and unlikely to control the spacing of plumes.     

LATE QUATERNARY ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES IN THE ANTARCTIC AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH GLOBAL CHANGE

TheAnturCticisoneofthemostimpohantcoldsourcesonEarth,asabout24.5xlo'km'oficewhichtakes9opeamtoftotalicevolumeontheglobecoveronit.RotreaoradvanceOftheAntarcticIceSheetwillaffatfluCtuationofsealevel.ItiscalculatalthatiftheAntercticIceSheetlscomplotelymeltaw…     

冰芯中MSA迁移假说的延伸和完善

MSA在冰芯深层的“迁移”现象的存在 ,关系到能否应用大气中 MSA季节特征进行极地冰芯断代 ,并以冰芯分析结果确定大气中生物硫化物含量的方法基础。本文展示各类最有代表性的冰雪 MSA剖面 ,对提出冰芯深层 MSA“迁移假说”的理论依据进行探讨 ,并根据最新资料 ,说明冰川中 MSA的“迁移”和重新分布 ,在表层粒雪和渗浸 -冻结冰层中同样可能发生。对“迁移假说”的延伸补充在于 ,粒雪中的 MSA迁移是在积雪中空气与外界贯通的“开放”条件下进行的 ,渗入雪层中的融水将 MSA溶出后 ,在晶粒间宏观向下输送 ,在阳离子集中的层位发生反应 ,生成盐类冰点的改变使之发生“冻结”,重新分布。而渗浸 -冻结冰层中的迁移机制可能和深层冰川冰中的情况接近 ,即在气体与外界隔绝条件下 ,主要在“封闭”的晶间脉状纹理中以“微观”形式进行。南极半岛 MSA迁移过程需要很长时间 ,而表层渗浸 -冻结冰层中 MSA迁移过程很快出现 ,说明冰中脉状纹理的加快形成、较高冰川温度和冰层中的较大含水量等因素会对 MSA“迁移”进程起促进作用。最后 ,对 MSA“迁移”情况下 ,如何进行有关冰芯 MSA计算进行了讨论 ,对设计实验验证并完善迁移理论提出了设想。     

南极潮汐测量及区域潮汐对冰架表面流速影响的研究进展综述

南极区域潮汐是计算南极物质平衡和南极冰架表面冰流速的重要影响因素,同时对于研究冰架崩解和全球气候变暖具有重要作用。南极潮汐测量的方法从最初的实时测量,发展到了卫星测高和遥感监测以及建立数值模型预测的阶段。已有研究表明潮汐周期与冰架表面流速间存在一定关联,例如Filchner-Ronne冰架和Ross冰架的潮汐变化与冰流速度的联系为:在大潮时冰流速度达到最快,小潮时冰流速度达到最慢。研究还对南极典型冰架区域潮汐特征及对冰架表面冰流速、高程变化等的影响进行了总结。今后的研究不仅需要继续关注西南极和南极半岛的潮汐变化,更加需要对东南极稀疏的区域进行潮汐观测,这对于构建整个南极潮汐数据库和提高数值模型的精度具有重要意义。     

南极冰盖地形数据库BEDMAP 2述评

南极冰盖物质收支与不稳定性对全球气候变化和海平面升高有着重要影响,而冰盖厚度和冰下地形则是研究南极冰盖的物质平衡、动力及不稳定性极为重要的参数。自20世纪50年代以来,国际上针对南极冰盖开展了大量的冰雷达以及重、磁测量,这些测量结果被汇集并形成冰厚和冰下地形数据库,进而服务于冰盖模式和地球系统研究,最新推出的成果便是BEDMAP 2(Bedrock Mapping Project 2)。首先介绍了BEDMAP 2的数据来源、结构以及数据处理,并讨论了数据的质量评价,然后分析了BEDMAP 2中展示的整个南极冰盖与冰下地形及其特点。最后,对于BEDMAP 2对中国在南极冰盖考察和研究方面的作用进行了一些讨论与展望。     

Predicted present-day evolution patterns of ice thickness and bedrock elevation over Greenland and Antarctica

This paper discusses predicted evolution patterns of present-day changes of ice thickness, surface elevation, and bedrock elevation over the Greenland and Antarctic continents. These were obtained from calculations with dynamic 3-D ice sheet models which were coupled to a visco-elastic solid Earth model. The experiments were initialized over the last two glacial cycles and subsequently averaged over the last 200 years to obtain the current evolution. The calculations indicate that the Antarctic Ice Sheet is still adjusting to the last glacial-interglacial transition yielding a decreasing ice volume and a rising bedrock elevation of the order of several centimetres per year. The Greenland Ice Sheet was found to be close to a stationary state with a mean thickness change of only a few millimetres per year, but the calculations revealed large spatial differences. Predicted patterns over Greenland are characterized by a small thickening over the ice sheet interior and a general thinning of the ablation area. In Antarctica, almost all of the predicted changes are concentrated in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which is still retreating at both the Weddell and Ross Sea margins. Over most of both ice sheets, the model indicates that the surface elevation trend is dominated by ice thickness changes rather than by bedrock elevation changes.     

南极半岛地区地震勒夫波群速度与岩石圈结构

本文依据南极智利贝纳尔多奥伊金斯将军站的来自南桑德韦奇群岛的Ｍｓ＝６．４级地震面波资料，采用最新的适配滤波频时分析技术和网格频散反演方法，计算了南极半岛地区的勒夫波群速度频散，并获得了该区岩石圈结构模型。结果表明，西南极南极半岛地区地壳为成层结构，可分为三层，其分层厚度分别为５ｋｍ、８ｋｍ和１０ｋｍ。地壳厚度为２３ｋｍ，上地幔顶部速度为５．３２ｋｍ／ｓ。在深度５３ｋｍ以下，地幔介质中速度逐步降低为５．１１ｋｍ／ｓ和４．９ｋｍ／ｓ，最低值达４．８ｋｍ／ｓ，可以推断南极地幔亦为成层结构。     

A group velocity of seismic love surface wave and lithosphere structure in Antarctic Peninsula

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THE ENVIRONMENTAL EVENTS ON KING GEORGE ISLAND SINCE THE LAST GLACIATION

The extension of ice sheet on King George Island during the last glaciation was an environment event since the last glaciation. At that time South Shedlands Islands were a large unified island and the ice mass on King George Island might come from the Antarctic Peninsula. The model of ice retreat and ice advance events in the Holocene show that the ice sheet was separated into three small ice caps and then dispeared gradually. At present the retreating velocity of glacier is about 1.3m each year. After the retreat of ice sheet the isostatic compensation appeared in the crust there, and then 5-6 steps of the uplifted marine terraces have been developed along the coast. The uplift rate of the crust may be 6-10mm/a.     

联合卫星重力和卫星测高确定南极绕极流

联合基于GRACE重力卫星观测资料恢复的重力场模型(EIGEN-GL04S1)和卫星测高推求的平均海面高模型(KMSS04)来构造南极绕极流区域的平均海面动力地形,并利用小波滤波方法去掉短波及噪声信号,进而推算大、中尺度的绕极流。与非卫星重力场模型、同化资料及海洋水文资料确定相应结果的验证分析表明:基于新的卫星重力场模型推算的南极绕极流区域的海面动力地形、PF、SAF和表层流场等都与海洋学结果相吻合,且局部特征更加清晰。表明卫-卫跟踪重力卫星计划确定的地球重力场模型较之以前存在的重力场模型在中长波部分精度有较大提高,从大地测量(从空间)角度来探测南极绕极流已达到较高的精度。     

MODIS海冰数据监测中山站附近海冰的季节性变化

本文利用中分辨率成像光谱仪(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,即MODIS)的海冰数据,监测中山站附近区域海冰的季节性(尤其是夏季)的消融与冻结情况及海冰表面温度的变化。文中先对MODIS的海冰数据进行影像分层、数据合成,分时间段计算海冰范围,然后提取海冰表面温度信息,最后对获取的数据进行分析。研究结果表明,中山站附近区域在每年10月至翌年2月中上旬为海冰消融期;2月中下旬至4月为海冰冻结非密封期;5月至9月为海冰冻结密封期。海冰范围2月份最小;海冰表面温度1月份最低,8月份最高。     

Some remarks about the degree-one deformation of the Earth

The degree-one deformation of the Earth (and the induced discrepancy between the figure centre and the mass centre of the Earth) is computed using a theoretical approach (Love numbers formalism) at short timescales (where the Earth has an elastic behaviour) as well as at long timescales (where the Earth has a viscoelastic or quasi-fluid behaviour). For a Maxwell model of rheology, the degree-one relaxation modes associated with the viscoelastic Love numbers have been investigated: the M_o mode does not exist and there is only one transition mode (instead of two) generated by a viscosity discontinuity.
The translations at each interface of the incompressible layers of the earth model [surface, 670 km depth discontinuity, core-mantle boundary (CMB) and inner-core boundary (ICB)] are computed. They are elastic with an order of magnitude of about 1 mm when the excitation source is the atmospheric continental loading or a magnetic pressure acting at the CMB. They are viscoelastic when the earth is submitted to Pleistocene deglaciation, with an order of magnitude of about 1 m. In a quasi-fluid approximation (Newtonian fluid) because of the mantle density heterogeneity their order of magnitude is about 100 m (except for the ICB, which is in quasi-hydrostatic equilibrium at this timescale).     

Reconstruction of the Ross Ice Drainage System, Antarctica, at the Last Glacial Maximum

We present here a revised reconstruction of the Ross ice drainage system of Antarctica at the last glacial maximum (LGM) based on a recent convergence of terrestrial and marine data. The Ross drainage system includes all ice flowlines that enter the marine Ross Embayment. Today, it encompasses one-fourth of the ice-sheet surface, extending far inland into both East and West Antarctica. Grounding lines now situated in the inner Ross Embayment advanced seaward at the LGM (radiocarbon chronology in Denton and Marchant 2000 and in Hall and Denton 2000a, b), resulting in a thick grounded ice sheet across the Ross continental shelf. In response to this grounding in the Ross (and Weddell) Embayment, ice-surface elevations of the marine-based West Antarctic Ice Sheet were somewhat higher at the LGM than at present (Steig and White 1997; Borns et al. 1998; Ackert et al. 1999). At the same time, surface elevations of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet inland of the Transantarctic Mountains were slightly lower than now, except near outlet glaciers that were dammed by grounded ice in the Ross Embayment. The probable reason for this contrasting behavior is that lowered global sea level at the LGM, from growth of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, caused widespread grounding of the marine portion of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, whereas decreased LGM accumulation led to slight surface lowering of the interior terrestrial ice sheet in East Antarctica. Rising sea level after the LGM tripped grounding-line recession in the Ross Embayment, which has probably continued to the present day (Conway et al. 1999). Hence, gravitational collapse of the grounded ice sheet from the Ross Embayment, accompanied by lowering of the interior West Antarctic ice surface and of outlet glaciers in the Transantarctic Mountains, occurred largely during the Holocene. At the same time, increased Holocene accumulation caused a slight rise of the inland East Antarctic ice surface.