红树林潮滩沉积动力研究进展与展望

红树林是全球极为重要的生态与环境资源, 在储存有机碳、增加滩面高程及防御海洋灾害等方面富有成效。然而, 因高强度人类活动与海面上升作用, 世界沿海红树林潮滩出现大规模损失。基于此, 本文从红树林消能及泥沙捕集、红树林潮滩生物地貌行为, 以及红树林潮滩对风暴潮与海面上升的响应三个方面, 对红树林潮滩沉积动力研究进行分析与回顾, 提出红树林潮滩沉积动力研究的关键问题应着重于红树林潮滩波流联合动力的衰减与潮滩动力、沉积、地貌及植被的耦合过程。此外, 针对全球沿海红树林生境的差异, 还应从区域尺度加强红树林潮滩沉积过程与驱动机制的研究。     

抗差估计在倾斜刃边法MTF检测中的应用分析

传统倾斜刃边法没有充分考虑噪声的影响,在进行刃边直线拟合和ESF(edge spread function)拟合时均采用最小二乘拟合估计,当影像噪声较大时会使得调制传递函数MTF(modulation transfer function)重建结果失真。采用抗差估计代替最小二乘估计,优化了传统倾斜刃边法中刃边直线拟合和ESF拟合过程,并采用模拟仿真的方法对倾斜刃边法的边缘直线拟合精度及MTF重建精度进行了评估与分析。实验结果表明,基于抗差估计的倾斜刃边法可有效抑制噪声影响,边缘直线拟合结果及MTF重建结果均与真实值吻合较好,且稳定性强。     

上海沿岸海域灾害性大风特征研究与预报检验

选取2011-2017年上海沿岸海域5个浮标站点的风场和海浪数据,分析了大风过程的时间和空间特征;对海浪成长过程进行风向分类,运用滑动相关分析统计了8个风向的海浪滞后时间;计算了大风起风时间的预报提前和滞后量,进行了风速风向的误差和准确率检验。结果表明:越往东部海域,大风时数越多,长江口区东部风速较大;大风极值主要出现在8月份台风过程,出现时段都为傍晚到半夜,大浪极值浪向以东北到东南向为主;秋冬季大风时数多,5-6月大风时数最少;大风风向以西北到东北风为主;海浪成长过程风向分布是东南-西北走向,海浪对风的响应滞后时间平均为3~4 h;大风起风时间预报较实况略有滞后,风速预报的准确率总体在70%以上,预报值较实况值偏小,口外浮标偏小最为明显,偏强率都为0;风向预报准确率低,误差大。     

风向对航母甲板风影响的大涡模拟

采用低速气流运动控制方程组和湍流大涡模拟方法,研究了来风风向对航母甲板风的影响,得到了不同来风风向条件下,艏艉对称面附近、甲板上方低场及航母后方某点处压力和垂向速度随时间的变化关系。结果表明:航母有一定角度的侧向风对舰载机起飞有利,右舷风比左舷风有利;从有利于舰载机着舰角度看,右舷来风较左舷来风有利;从舰载机着舰下滑稳定性上看,来风风向角度越小越有利。     

Abnormality of the monsoon wind in the sea area along the southeastern coast of China and the response of the northern area of the South China Sea during the ENSO events

Variations of monsoon wind field in the sea area along the southeastern coast of China during the ENSO events and its influence on the sea level and sea surface temperature (SST) are explored mainly on the basis of the data of monthly mean wind at 850 hPa and five coastal stations during 1973-1987. The results from the analyses of the data and theoretical estimation show that the southwest wind anomalies appeared in the study area during the events, and northeast wind anomalies occurred in general before the events. With the coastline of the area being parallel basically to the direction of the wind, an Ekman transport will result in an accumulation of the water near the coast or a departure of the water from the coast. As a result , the sea level and SST there will be affected markedly. During the events, southwest wind will intensify in the summer, and northeast wind will weaken in the winter. Their total effect is that a large negative anomaly of the sea level and SST will occur. The estimations indi     

海上风机吸力式桶形基础承载特性研究综述

风机基础作为海上风机整体结构的重要组成部分,承受着上部风机所受到的风浪流荷载,并且对风机的安全性及可靠性至关重要。吸力式桶形基础由于其安装简单和可重复利用等优点,在海洋平台基础中得到了广泛应用,并逐步应用于海上风机基础中。但由于海上风机与海洋平台在海洋环境中的荷载工况有一定的差别,仍需要通过对其承载特性研究现状进行全面认识,以实现吸力式桶形基础在海上风机基础中的可靠应用。文中通过总结和评价现有研究对桶形基础在不同土体条件以及荷载条件下进行试验及数值模拟分析得到的研究结果,综述了静荷载和循环荷载作用下砂土和黏土中的吸力式桶形基础的承载特性研究现状,以及海上风机吸力式桶形基础的相关研究。文章展望了目前应用于海上风机基础的桶形基础仍缺乏的研究,为海上风机吸力式桶形基础的可靠应用及后续研究提供重要参考。     

Influence of the type of sea waves on the backscattered radar cross section at medium incidence angles

We consider the influence of the sea surface state on the backscattered radar cross section and the accuracy of the wind speed retrieval from the scatterometer data. We used a joint set of radars and buoys to determine the type of sea waves. Three types of sea waves were distinguished: developing wind waves, fully developed wind waves, and mixed sea. It is shown that the retrieval error of the near surface wind speed using a one-parameter algorithm is minimal in the case of fully developed wind waves. We compared these data with the results of radio-altimeter data analysis and showed that in both cases underestimation of the retrieval wind speed exists for developing wind waves and overestimation occurs for mixed sea. A variety of swell parameters (length of the dominating wave, swell height, swell age) significantly influence the backscattered radar cross section, leading to a growth in the mean square error of the retrieved wind speed during vertical sounding (radio-altimeter data), and only slightly influence the mean square error of the scatterometer data (medium incidence angles). It is necessary to include the information about the parameters of sea waves in the algorithms and take into account the regional wave properties to increase the accuracy of wind speed retrieval.     

北太平洋北部的风能输入门户

风不仅驱动了上层海洋的环流,也是深层海洋运动的主要能量来源。本文主要研究了北太平洋北部的风能输入的季节性分布特征和年际变化趋势,包括风向表面波、表层地转流和表层非地转流的能量输入。基于SODA3数据的结果表明,风能输入门户随季节变化显著,其中黑潮延伸区是冬季门户,副极地流涡是春、秋季门户,大洋东边界则是夏季门户,能量输入强度逐次递减。21世纪以来,秋冬风能输入明显减弱,春季增加,夏季无显著变化。就变化趋势的空间分布而言,向表面波的能量输入由风场主导,而向表层地转流和非地转流的能量输入则由流场主导。这些机械能输入结果对进一步认识该海域的动力机制有重要意义。     

Air-Sea Interactions under the Existence of Opposing Swell

Data of a comprehensive laboratory study on the coexistent system of wind waves and opposing swell (Mitsuyasu and Yoshida, 1989) have been reanalyzed to clarify the air-sea interaction phenomena under the coexistence of wind waves and swell. It is shown that the magnitude of the decay rate of swell due to an opposing wind is almost the same as that of the growth rate of swell caused by a following wind, as measured by Mitsuyasu and Honda (1982). The decay rate is much smaller than that obtained recently by Peirson et al. (2003), but the reason for the disagreement is not clear at present. The effect of an opposing swell on wind waves is very different from that of a following swell; wind waves are intensified by an opposing swell while they are attenuated by a following one. The phenomenon contradicts the model of Phillips and Banner (1974), but the reason for this is not clear at this time. The high-frequency spectrum of wind waves shows a small increase of the spectral density. Wind shear stress increases a little due to the effect of opposing swell. The intensification of wind waves by opposing swell and the small increase of the spectral density in a high-frequency region can be attributed to the increase of wind shear stress. Such organized phenomena lead to the conclusion that the hypothesis of local equilibrium for pure wind waves (Toba, 1972) can also be satisfied for wind waves that coexist with opposing swell. The recent finding of Hanson and Phillips (1999) can be explained by this mechanism.     

Model analysis of the currents and wind waves in the Vistula Lagoon of the Baltic Sea

This paper considers the results of the numerical simulation of the steady currents and waves field structures in the Vistula Lagoon under constant wind forcing. The currents?? structure is essentially 3-dimensional. The direction of the near-shore drift is determined by the wind and shore orientation, but the currents involve two layers in the deeper part of the basin: the upper layer downwind current and the upwind compensative current in the underlying layer. The wind waves depend upon the wind speed, fetch, and depth until the wind speed is less than 6?C8 m/s. As the wind increases, the fetch??s dependence disappears. The wind height depends only on the wind??s magnitude, and, under stormy conditions (when the wind??s speed exceeds 15 m/s), the waves are limited by the water depth alone.     

Validation and accuracy analysis of wind products from scatterometer onboard the HY-2B satellite

The Chinese marine dynamic environment satellite HY-2B was launched in October 2018 and carries a Ku-band scatterometer. This paper focuses on the accuracies of HY-2B scatterometer wind data during the period from November 2018 to May 2021. The HY-2B wind data are validated against global moored buoys operated by the U.S. National Data Buoy Center and Tropical Atmosphere Ocean, numerical model data by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, and the Advanced Scatterometer data issued b...     

海上风电场高桩承台群桩基础平台的设计研究

针对国内海上风电基础设计没有统一的规范及标准，为提升海上风电基础设计建设的水平，通过对东南沿海某海域海上风电基础的设计进行了有限元计算分析论证，验证了群桩高承台结构设计方案的设计方法和设计参数。分析结果表明该设计的最大应力主要发生在塔筒底座与承台接触部位及钢管桩与承台连接段，应在连接部位加强措施处理；基础竖直位移较小，水平位移相对较大；分界部位应力较集中，刚度不能顺畅过渡，可考虑填充碎石土等方法加强。本研究对海上风电基础设计技术的研究与探索，可为将来制定中国海上风电行业标准提供可靠的依据，对中国未来大批量的海上风电能源的开发有着重要意义。     

热带气旋对南海表层流和波浪的能量输入

利用日本气象厅"best track data"热带气旋数据、QuikSCAT(Quick Scatterometer)卫星风场数据和SCUD(Surface Currents from a Diagnostic model)表层流场数据,估算了热带气旋对南海表层流和波浪的能量输入。结果显示,由于热带气旋基本都位于南海中北部,热带气旋对表层流和波浪的能量输入也集中在南海中北部;能量输入最大的月份均在8月和11月,而在9月对总能量输入贡献最大。5～12月,热带气旋对南海表层流的能量输入为1.26GW,占风对表层流总能量输入的9.87%;热带气旋对表层波浪的能量输入为11.60GW,占风对表层波浪总能量输入的5.42%。如果只考虑10°N以北区域,则热带气旋对表层流和波浪能量输入的贡献分别达到11.29%和6.87%。     

Mapping wind by the first-order Bragg scattering of broad-beam high-frequency radar

Mapping wind with high-frequency(HF) radar is still a challenge. The existing second-order spectrum based wind speed extraction method has the problems of short detection distances and low angular resolution for broad-beam HF radar. To solve these problems, we turn to the first-order Bragg spectrum power and propose a space recursion method to map surface wind. One month of radar and buoy data are processed to build a wind spreading function model and a first-order spectrum power model describing the relationship between the maximum of first-order spectrum power and wind speed in different sea states. Based on the theoretical propagation attenuation model, the propagation attenuation is calculated approximately by the wind speed in the previous range cell to compensate for the first-order spectrum in the current range-azimuth cell. By using the compensated first-order spectrum, the final wind speed is extracted in each cell. The first-order spectrum and wind spreading function models are tested using one month of buoy data, which illustrates the applicability of the two models. The final wind vector map demonstrates the potential of the method.     

台风海面风场动力诊断模式的建立与模拟计算

本文总结和归纳了已有的台风海面风场模式，按照风场模式物理背景的不同进行了分类．在此基础上，本文选择并建立了一种新的台风海面风场动力诊断模式．首先，利用台风影响范围内某条具有代表性的闭合等压线的拟合方程表示出台风海面气压场，并利用改进的气压场模式和修正的梯度风方程求得台风系统风场，同时还利用宫崎正卫的热带气旋合成风假设建立移行台风风场．然后将两者作权重订正后进行迭加，即得到台风模型风场．该模式考虑了包括台风气压场的非对称性、边界层摩擦效用、气压梯度的切向变化及台风中心移动的影响等多种因素．经过对0519号“龙王”台风的模拟，结果表明本文所建立的台风风场模式可以比较准确的模拟出非圆对称的台风海面气压场和海面风场，较为真实地反映实际台风风场的特征．     

HY-2B卫星散射计海面风场产品质量分析 *

星载微波散射计是获取全球海面风场信息的主要手段, HY-2B卫星散射计的成功发射为全球海面风场数据获取的持续性提供了重要保障。本文利用欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF)再分析风场数据、热带大气海洋观测计划(Tropical Atmosphere Ocean Array, TAO)和美国国家数据浮标中心(National Data Buoy Center, NDBC)浮标获取的海面风矢量实测数据, 对HY-2B散射计海面风场数据产品的质量进行统计分析。分析表明, HY-2B风场与ECMWF再分析风场对比, 在4~24m·s^-1风速区间内, 风速和风向均方根误差(root mean square error, RMSE)分别为1.58m·s^-1和15.34°; 与位于开阔海域的TAO浮标数据对比, 风速、风向RMSE分别为1.03m·s^-1和14.98°, 可见HY-2B风场能较好地满足业务化应用的精度要求(风速优于2m·s^-1, 风向优于20°)。与主要位于近海海域的NDBC浮标对比, HY-2B风场的风速、风向RMSE分别为1.60m·s^-1和19.14°, 说明HY-2B散射计同时具备了对近海海域风场的良好观测能力。本文还发现HY-2B风场质量会随风速、地面交轨位置等变化, 为用户更好地使用HY-2B风场产品提供参考。     

海面风应力偏离风向的观测与分析

针对海气界面风应力方向与风向不一致的现象,2015年2月4日至3月12日在南海博贺观测平台开展了综合观测,利用涡动相关法计算了海气界面风应力,并在3类大气稳定度条件下分析了风应力矢量偏离风矢量的角度变化,进一步讨论了大气层结稳定时两者角度之差与风速的参数化关系。结果表明:在大气层结稳定条件下,风应力矢量偏向风矢量左侧,且偏离角度随逆波龄和风速增大而减小;当大气层结不稳定时,风应力矢量一般偏向风矢量右侧。海气界面风应力矢量受海表面风、波浪以及大气层结的共同调制。     

Assessment of the initial sea surface temperature product of the scanning microwave radiometer aboard on HY-2 satellite

HY-2 satellite is the first satellite for dynamic environmental parameters measurement of China,which was launched on 16th August 2011.A scanning microwave radiometer（RM） is carried for sea surface temperature（SST）,sea surface wind speed,columnar water vapor and columnar cloud liquid water detection.In this paper,the initial SST product of RM was validated with in-situ data of National Data of Buoy Center（NDBC） mooring and Argo buoy.The validation results indicate the accuracy of RM SST is better than 1.7 C.The comparison of RM SST and WindSat SST shows the former is warmer than the latter at high sea surface wind speed and the difference between these SSTs is depend on the sea surface wind speed.Then,the relationship between the errors of RM SST and sea surface wind speed was analyzed using NDBC mooring measurements.Based on the results of assessment and errors analysis,the suggestions of taking account of the affection of sea surface wind speed and using sea surface wind speed and direction derived from the microwave scatteromter aboard on HY-2 for SST product calibration were given for retrieval algorithm improvement.     

南海QuikSCAT海面风场变化特征分析

基于QuikSCAT海面风场产品,对海面风场资料进行了EOF分析和随机动态分析,以此分析南海海面风场的变化特征。研究发现:海面原始风场风速季节变化最为明显,其变化占总变化方差的59.1%,黑潮的季节变化通过海气相互作用对南海局地风场有较明显的影响;原始风场第三模态及异常风场第二模态时间变化函数与SOI和PDO弱相关,且异常风场第二模态时间变化函数谱分析结果主要呈现5年的周期变化,南海海面风场变化与年际振荡有关;南海大部分海区风速呈现增长的趋势,但增长速率较小;风速增大最快的区域是台湾海峡以南海域和北部湾,增长速度达到0.05 ms-1a-1。