测定地质年代的钾-氩稀释法

随着地质科学工作的发展,要求应用钾-氩稀释法测定年青的新生代岩石矿物年龄越来越迫切。我们的钾-氩稀释法工作,开始于1975年,我们走了一条有别于国外稀释法的路子,从实验结果看,收到了较好的效果,有些地方也还需要进一步完善。     

吉林陨石原始捕获的40Ar/36Ar比值及其地质意义

地球大气圈中⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar的现代比值被公认为295.5,在利用K-Ar法测定地球物质年龄时,它是校正大气氩混染量的重要参数。陨石中原始捕获(trapped)的(⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar)_t比值是否和地球大气圈中氩同位素丰度相一致,这个问题不但在地质年龄测定中具有现实意义,而且对探索太阳系的形成和演化也有重要理论价值。近十几年,随着质谱分析技术的提高以及登月计划的实施,国外出现了一批有关月岩中氩同位素原始组分的资料,但至今对陨石中原始氩同位素丰度的报道很少。笔者采用⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar快中子活化技术和约克方程^[3,4],对吉林陨石雨2号标本进行了原始捕获的(⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar)_t比值进行了测定,并探讨了它的地质意义。     

氩的中子活化分析用于测定矿物、岩石的钾-氩年龄

测定含钾矿物或岩石的钾-氩地质年龄,要求精确分析样品的放射成因Ar^40的含量。目前广泛应用的是体积法和同位素稀释法。前者用麦氏压力计测定自样品析出的氩的总量,然后根据氩的同位素分析数据,扣除混入的非放射成因氩;后者采用稳定同位素稀释     

长白山地区新生代火山岩的钾-氩年龄测定

长白山地区自晚第三纪以来有过多次火山活动,形成了大量的玄武岩和粗面岩,笔者运用钾-氩稀释法测定了这些火山岩的年龄,得到30多个表面年龄和4个等时年龄,年龄区间为19.91±0.20-0.0876±0.015百万年。     

钾-钙法测定锂云母和白云母的地质绝对年龄

地壳中含钾矿物普遍存在。含钾矿物中 K⁴⁰的两种放射衰变形式:（?）提供了两种测定绝对年龄方法的基础。K-Ar 法测定绝对年龄目前已普遍应用。K-Ca 法虽然早在1932年就已提出,但是,由于 Ca 在自然界矿物中分布较广,Ca⁴⁰又是天然 Ca 同位素的主要成分(Ca⁴⁰占97.01％);同时放射成因 Ca⁴⁰在地质时间内累积的速度很慢,甚至在古老的前寒武纪含钾矿物中（K₂O=10％）,Ca⁴⁰的量仅仅是十万分之几,造成分析技术上的困难。     

西藏东部中酸性侵入岩同位素年龄讨论

近两年来为配合地质区调工作及我所部分专题研究,我室承担了西藏东部部分同位素年龄测试工作。积累了一批中酸性岩浆岩钾-氩同位素年龄数据。将这些数据进行初步整理后,对西藏东部出露的大片中酸性岩浆岩的时代及分布作下列简单的讨论。     

封闭温度原理及在大地构造研究中的应用

<正> 同位素地质年代学的研究表明,对某些地质体,用不同的年代学方法测得的年龄常常不一致。如钾氩法和裂变径迹法所测得的结果经常比铷锶法所测得的结果年轻,而用钾氩法对云母所测得的结果又比对角闪石所测得的结果年轻。某些地质学家曾一度怀疑     

用最优分割法处理华北地区前寒武纪变质岩系的同位素年龄数据

前言随着地质工作的不断发展,进一步利用同位素地质年龄资料研究和解决地质问题显得越来越重要。我国同位素地质年代学的研究在迅速的发展过程中积累了大量资料。如何根据数学原理,用电子计算机处理和利用这些资料是当前急待解决的问题。本文企图在这方面做些尝试,探索处理和利用同位素地质年龄资料的新方法。     

天然放射性碳年代测定(二)

本报告公布的系1975年至1976年用乙炔（C₂H₂）气体计数法和1977年底用液体闪烁计数法测定的部分地质样品年代数据。另外,为了验证液体闪烁计数法的可靠性,用液体闪烁计数法又测定了湖南长沙马王堆两个考古样品,在此也再次公布测定结果。     

鉀-氩法測定岩石矿物絕对年龄数據的报导

本文提出了98个K-Ar法绝对年龄测定的新数据,样品是由中国科学院地质研究所和其他兄弟单位提供的。我们的试验条件大致与以往相同,但部分样品采用内加热法熔样。年龄计算常数仍采用:λ_K=5.57×10^-11,λ_β=4.72×10^-10年^-1,K⁴⁰（克/克样品）=1.22×10^-4K％。利用同位素铅法验证了集宁地区伟晶岩中云母以K-Ar 法测定的年龄值,并对同一岩石样品中所含云母、长石斑品及全岩分别进行了试验分析,得出其年龄相对偏差的范围。     

重新厘定“四川运动”与青藏高原初始隆升的时代、背景:黄陵背斜构造形成的启示

迄今为止对华南地区古—中生界褶皱构造变形形成时期的主流认识是晚中生代的燕山期,但是笔者近年通过对黄陵背斜露头剖面的观察、地质图分析和前人认识的资料汇总,认为黄陵背斜经历过早白垩世以前印支—晚燕山运动的构造变形,晚白垩世、古—始新世经历了伸展隆升或变质核杂岩的形成过程,最终的挤压褶皱构造变形发生在渐新世末大约24.6Ma,即新生代的喜山运动中期。通过研究得到两点启示:(1)引起华南地区NNE走向挤压褶皱与推覆构造最后定型的"四川运动"不是发生在早年谭锡畴和李春昱根据当时资料定位的晚白垩世的燕山期,而应该是古近纪渐新世末的喜山期;形成"四川运动"的宏观背景是始新世中期—渐新世太平洋板块运动的转向,即从43～36Ma以前的太平洋板块向NNW俯冲转为向NWW俯冲,以致构成对中国东部包括扬子—华南板块在内的NWW向挤压,形成中国东部从华南到东北以NNE走向为主的挤压褶皱、推覆构造变形及相应的盆-山地貌,和李四光早年提出挽近时期形成的"新华夏系"构造地貌轮廓一致。(2)中新世印度洋中脊快速扩张,引发印—澳板块向NNE俯冲、推挤引起青藏高原的初次隆升,形成NWW向展布的青藏—闽粤初始高原,黄陵背斜是初始高原与"新华夏系"盆-山地貌的构造结点,具有双重构造特征,经历了中—上新世高原隆升剥蚀和夷平,现今山-盆起伏的构造地貌是上新世晚期至早更新世晚期(3.6～0.8Ma)以来快速隆升的产物。     

珠穆朗玛峰北坡冈瓦纳相地层的发现

于1975年我国再次登上珠穆朗玛峰的科学考察活动中,在地质方面获得了地层、古生物、岩石、构造等方面比较珍贵的资料。珠峰科考资料研究的新成果是在反击右倾翻案风斗争取得伟大胜利的大好形势推动下取得的。本刊将发表《珠穆朗玛峰北坡冈瓦纳相地层的发现》等相互联系的一组文章,从地层、沉积、古生物的角度,以较丰富的资料证实了珠峰北坡冈瓦纳相地层的存在,这对于探讨珠穆朗玛峰及喜马拉雅山的隆起和地质发展史具有重要价值。     

西南地区现代构造应力场与地震活动性的实验研究

前言西南地区(指云南、四川西部地区)位于我国南北构造带即南北地震带的南段,是地壳运动剧烈、构造形态复杂、地震活动十分频繁的地区。它西临印度洋板块的俯冲带,东濒古老稳定的四川地台和黔桂古陆,岩层遭到十分强烈的挤压,形成了一系列平行于印度洋板块的巨型褶皱带、深大断裂带及弧形山脉。     

珠穆朗玛峰地区新构造运动

这篇关于珠穆朗玛峰地区新构造运动的简要报导,是中国科学院西藏科学考察队1966-1968年科学考察成果的一部分。常承法、郑锡澜已经阐明了珠穆朗玛峰地区地质构造特征,我们则着重于讨论本区晚第三纪以来的新构造运动。探讨珠穆朗玛峰地区的新构造运动,实际上是对地球上最高大的高原和最年青的山脉近期活动性的研究。     

Estimation of shortening between the Siberian and Indian Plates since the Early Cretaceous

A comparative study of the amount of latitudinal shift of the Siberian Plate, the Lhasa Block, the Himalayan Block and the Indian Plate using palaeomagnetic data shows that the Himalayan Block belongs to the Indian Plate. The Neo-Tethys Ocean, which separated the Himalayan and Lhasa Blocks, opened to its greatest width of 31.9° in latitude in the Early Cretaceous. The extent of shortening of the latitudinal distance between the Siberian and Indian Plates amounts to 58.2° since the Early Cretaceous. It was found that after the determination of the greatest width of Neo-Tethys Ocean, the latitudinal shortening of the crust between the Indian and Siberian Plates reached 26.3°, or about 2760 km. On the basis of the palaeomagnetic data obtained from the Qaidam Block, the latitudinal shortening between the Himalayan and Qaidam Blocks reached 50.2° since the Early Cretaceous. It was concluded that over the past 50 Ma, since the Early Cretaceous, the latitudinal shift of the southern blocks or plates was larger than that of the northern ones, and that shortening between the Qaidam and Himalayan blocks was greater than the shortening between the Qaidam Block and the Siberian Plate. This differential latitudinal movement is the main cause of convergence, resulting in the compression and uplift of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau.     

松辽盆地北部中、新生代构造运动特征及对砂岩型铀矿的控制作用

松辽盆地北部历经燕山、喜山两期重要的构造运动.燕山期构造运动较为强烈,是松辽盆地北部一些含油气构造形成的重要时期,同时也是砂岩型铀矿成矿的主要时期.喜山期构造运动在松辽盆地内部表现相对较弱,但对铀矿的形成仍然具有控制、调整改造作用.研究认为松辽盆地北部找矿层位主要为下白垩统泉头组、上白垩统青山口组、姚家组、嫩江组,其次...     

西藏林周地区红层的天然剩余磁性和印度洋板块的北向移动

举世嘱目的喜马拉雅山系,屹立在我国西藏高原的南部,有关它的形成、演化历史和地质构造特征,很早就引起了人们极大地注意。近十余年来,板块构造学说盛行,不少人也试图用此观点来研究喜马拉雅山系的许多地质问题,认识和解释一些现存的地质现象。1974-1975年,作者参加了西藏高原的科学考察,对林周地区的下第三系--上白垩系林周群红层进行了古地磁学研究。     

中国黄土高原第四纪构造运动

<正> 早在二十多年前,黄汲清教授在《中国新构造运动的几个类型》中首次将中国新构造运动划分为:1、大面积的升降运动;2、升降运动与大断裂伴生;3、翘起及断裂运动;4、拱曲运动;5、拗折、褶皱及冲断五大类型。并在论及第一类型大面积的升降运动时,明确指出,西北地区黄土高原新构造运动的特点是:“显著的幅度很大的,大面积的上升运动,自第三纪晚期以来直到现在,即在中国北方,特别在黄河流域的陕北、陇西等地区不断地进行着”。二十多年来,这些科学的论断,对中国新构造运动的研究及其类型的划分,对了解我国黄土高原地区新构造运动的特点及其表现性质等方面均起着积极的指导作用。     

Break Up of Australia-India-Madagascar Block, Opening of the Indian Ocean and Continental Accretion in Southeast Asia With Special Reference to the Characteristics of the Peri-Indian Collision Zones

Linear belts of Gondwana basins developed in the Indian continent since Late Palaeozoic along favoured sites of Precambrian weak zones like cratonic sutures and reactivated mobile belts. The Tibetan and Sibumasu - West Yunnan continental blocks, that were located adjacent to proto-Himalayan part of the Indian continent, rifted and drifted from the northern margin of the East Gondwanic Indo-Australian continent, during Late Palaeozoic, when the said northern margin was under glacial or cool climatic condition and rift-drift tectonic setting. The Indo-Burma-Andaman (IBA), Sikule, Lolotoi blocks were also rifted and drifted from the same northern margin during Late Jurassic. This was followed by the break-up of the Australia-India-Madagascar continental block during the Cretaceous. The activity was associated with hot spot related volcanism and opening up of the Indian Ocean. The Late Cretaceous and Tertiary phases of opening of the Arabian Sea succeeded the Early Cretaceous phase of opening of the Bay of Bengal, part of the Indian Ocean. The Palaeo- and Neo-Tethyan sutures in Tibet, Yunnan, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam reveal the complex opening and closing history of the Tethys. The IBA block rotated clockwise from its initial E-W orientation because of 90°E and adjacent dextral transcurrent fault movements caused due to faster northward movement of the Indian plate relative to that of Australia. The India-Tibet terminal collision during Early-Middle Eocene initiated Himalayan orogenesis and contemporaneously there was foreland basin development that was accompanied with sporadic but laterally extensive continental-flood-basalt (CFB) type and related volcanism. The Paleogene rocks of the Himalayan foreland basin are involved in tectonism and are mostly concealed under older rocks.

The Mesozoic-Early Eocene ophiolite terrane on IBA does not represent the eastern suture of the Indian plate but occurs as klippe on IBA, caused due to oblique collision between Sibumasu and IBA during Late Oligocene. Post-collisional indentation of Y-shaped Indian continent into the Asian collage produced Himalayan syntaxes, clockwise rotation of the Sibumasu block which was then sutured to the Tibetan and SE Asian blocks, and tectonic extrusion of the Indochina block along the Ailao Shan Red River (ASRR) shear zone. Highly potassic magmatic rocks were emplaced during Late Palaeogene at the oroclinally flexed marginal parts of the South China continental lithosphere. These magmatic bodies were dislocated by the ASRR left lateral shear zone soon afterwards. Petrogenetic and tectonic processes that generated the Eocene CFB volcanics at the Himalayan foreland basin may have also produced Late Palaeogene magmatism from outer parts of the Namche-Barwa Syntaxis. Their site-specific location and time sequence suggest them to be genetically related to the India-Asia collision process and Indian continent's indentation-induced syntaxial buckling. Deep mantle-reaching fractures were apparently produced during India-Asia terminal collision at the strongly flexed leading brittle edge of the Indian continental lithosphere, and possibly later in time at the outer oroclinally bent marginal parts of the rigid South China continental lithosphere, generating typical magma.

The subduction zone that developed along the western margin of IBA due to oblique convergence between the IBA and the Indian plate is still active. The northern end of IBA ultimately collided with the NE prolongation of the Indian continent and was accreted to it during Mio-Pliocene. The Shillong massif was uplifted and overthrust over the Bengal Basin located over its passive margin to the south, whereas, the Eocene distal shelf sediments of IBA were overthrust over the Tertiary shelf of the Indian continent.     

雅鲁藏布中新生代深水沉积盆地形成和演化(Ⅲ)——喜马拉雅被动大陆边缘构造沉降分析

喜马拉雅特提斯中、新生代属印度板块北部被动大陆边缘。对充填这个被动大陆边缘的沉积物用“反剥法”(backstrippiog)进行研究,恢复了从被动大陆边缘到前陆盆地的抓降史。对分离出的盆地构造沉降曲线与McKenzie模式图版进行对比相关性分析,判断认为被动大陆边缘成熟期主要为热耗散沉降,前陆盆地时逆冲推覆动力为主要影响因素。