InSAR技术和孕灾背景指标相结合的地灾隐患识别

合成孔径雷达干涉测量(interferometric synthetic aperture radar,简称InSAR)是获取地表形变的重要手段,由于InSAR数据获取的限制和数据处理中产生的精度误差等问题,在地灾隐患识别方面的工作还需要联合地质灾害本身进行分析.为此提出了一种基于InSAR技术与研究区孕灾背景指标相结...     

基于SBAS-InSAR技术的成汶高速汶川段滑坡易发区选线研究

西南山区地质构造复杂导致大量的滑坡分布.为了科学有效的指导西南山区道路选线,提前规避地质灾害高风险,滑坡灾害早期识别必不可少.合成孔径雷达干涉测量(interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR)技术因其全天候、多时相等特点被广泛应用于滑坡灾害的早期识别中.收集了87景Sentinel-1A降轨数据,利用差分干涉测量短基线集时序分析(small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar,SBAS-InSAR)技术对成汶高速路汶川段进行形变区的识别与分析,结果显示共识别出10处,经野外复核均为处于持续变形中的滑坡,有较好的一致性.根据早期识别结果,对3个比选方案进行综合对比分析,确定方案B为最优选择.SBAS-InSAR技术能有效识别山区公路潜在滑坡隐患区,为山区公路的准确选线提供科学依据.      

InSAR技术在多年冻土区形变监测的应用

作为大地测量的一种新兴空间技术,合成孔径雷达干涉（synthetic aperture radar interferometry, InSAR）具有全天时、高精度、大范围和速度快的优点,逐渐被应用于多年冻土区地表形变监测中。通过综述多年冻土形变原理及InSAR监测多年冻土形变的应用实例,研究表明：在气候变暖的背景下,多年冻土区地表年际形变以下沉为主,多年冻土上限附近地下冰含量的大小是影响年际形变量的主要因素;活动层内土壤含水量影响着地表季节形变量的大小,不同类型多年冻土区的地表年际形变量和季节形变量存在着较大的差异。研究还表明,不同波长的SAR产品在不同类型多年冻土区的适用性不同,下垫面特征对利用InSAR获取地表形变量有较大影响,L波段的SAR数据在植被覆盖度较好的区域有更好的效果。由于InSAR的失相干问题,加之目前还缺少长时间、多类型、高频率的实测形变结果作为验证和标校数据,获取准确且连续的大范围形变数据较为困难。针对目前寒区研究需求,布设野外长期观测站点,建立适用于不同多年冻土区的地表形变反演算法,构建具有较高精度和较高时空分辨率的地表形变数据集具有重要的实践和科学意义。     

Environmental Investigation and Evaluation of Land Subsidence in the Datong Coalfield Based on InSAR Technology

Heavy mining of Jurassic and Carboniferous horizontal coal seams in the Datong coalfield has seriously affected the local geological environment, which is mainly manifested by such geohazards as soil avalanches, landslides, mudflows, surface subsidence, surface cracks, surface solid waste accumulation and surface deformation. More seriously, coal mining causes groundwater to leak. Overpumping of groundwater has resulted in substantial land subsidence of the urban area in Datong City. Based on the previous geo-environmental investigation in the work area, the authors used radar remote sensing techniques such as InSAR （synthetic aperture radar interferometry） and D-InSAR （differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry）, supplemented by the optical remote sensing method, for geo-environmental investigation to ascertain the geo-environmental background of the Datong Jurassic and Carboniferous-Permian coalfield and evaluate the effects of the geohazards, thus providing a basis for the geo-environmental protection, geohazard control and prevention, land improvement and optimization of the human environment. In this study 8 cog-nominal ERS-1/2 SAR data frames during 1992 to 2003 were used, but the following processing was made： （1） the multitemporal SAR magnitude images were used to interpret the geological structure, vegetation, microgeomorphology and drainage system; （2） the multi-temporal InSAR coherent images were used to make a classification of surface features and evaluate the coherence change due to coal mining; and （3） the multi-temporal cog-nominal SAR images were used to complete D-InSAR processing to remove the information of differential deformation areas （sites）. In the end, a ten-year time series of differential interferograms were obtained using the multi-temporal cog-nominal SAR images. In the tests, 84 deformed areas （sites） were obtained, belonging to those in 1993-1996, 1996-1997, 1997-1998, 1998-2001, 1998-2002 and 2001-2003 respectively. Of the 84 areas, 44 are m     

川藏交通廊道林波段冰川泥石流发育动态演化分析及监测预警方案

川藏交通廊道沿线山高谷深,地层岩性多变,新构造运动活跃,气候恶劣复杂,导致滑坡、崩塌、泥石流、冰湖溃决洪水等灾害极其发育,对铁路施工及运营带来严重影响.林芝-波密段就是典型地质灾害高发区域,常年受到冰川泥石流的影响,是川藏交通廊道重大灾害防治的难点区段.虽然目前在单沟尺度上对冰川泥石流的形成条件、影响因素、物源性质取得了一定的认识,但对于川藏交通廊道沿线不同类型的冰川泥石流诱发因素、区域发展演化规律及灾变指标的研究还较为初步,尚未构建完善的监测预警体系.借助多源长时序遥感影像、气象监测数据,结合野外实地验证和历史数据分析发现:川藏交通廊道周边区域冰川泥石流沟谷共99条,主要分布于恰青冰川-易贡乡、加拉贝垒-南迦巴瓦峰和古乡沟-嘎隆寺冰川一带;过去40年冰川经历了复杂的流动速度变化,表现为较小高海拔悬冰川活动性增强,大型沟谷冰川活动性减弱;自1973年以来,研究区冰川泥石流呈现频率增高、规模增大的特征.此外,从冰川泥石流发育沟道比降来看,发生高陡地形的滑坡、冰-岩崩诱发的泥石流频率增加.未来,冰川持续退缩,促使冰川源区冰瀑消失,发育更大规模的悬冰川,会增加这类冰川泥石流的风险;冰川泥石流形成及演化过程具有明显的灾变指标,如悬冰川裂隙密度增加、冰川速度增强、冰湖面积快速增加等.因此,基于以上认识,建议针对不同类型的冰川泥石流地建立完善的监测预警指标,并提出了融合卫星、航空遥感平台,气象、水文地面监测平台,地震动监测平台的冰川泥石流“空-天-地”立体监测框架,针对不同类型冰川泥石流进行灾变信息监测与预警判识,为川藏交通廊道安全施工运营提供技术参考.      

基于星载GNSS-R获取川藏交通廊道沿线地表土壤湿度

地表土壤湿度影响着陆-气能量交换和水循环,是泥石流、冻土冻融等灾害的重要因子,获取川藏交通廊道沿线地区土壤湿度有助于研究铁路沿线气候变化和冰冻圈灾害风险.基于CYGNSS(cyclone global navigation satellite system)星载GNSS-R(global navigation satellite system reflectometry)信号,结合土地覆盖分类、归一化差分植被指数NDVI(normalized differential vegetation index)和粗糙度等地表土壤湿度影响因子,利用人工神经网络方法建立了地表土壤湿度多参数反演模型,生成了2018—2019年连续两年的川藏交通廊道沿线地区36 km空间分辨率的地表土壤湿度日产品.经土壤水分主被动探测卫星数据检验,生成的地表土壤湿度相关系数R为0.8,均方根误差RMSE(root mean square error)为0.032 cm3/cm3,偏差Bias为0.014 cm3/cm3,可为川藏交通廊道沿线气候变化和地表灾害研究提供高连续性和可靠性的数据.      

西藏然乌地区地质灾害隐患点InSAR识别与监测

西藏藏东南地区地处青藏高原东南部,地势陡峭。多期次板块构造运动、岩体间相互挤压运动导致地质灾害频繁发生且规模大。针对该区域的地质灾害调查与监测研究工作对防灾减灾具有重要意义。文章以藏东南然乌地区为研究区,分别利用升降轨Sentinel-1A卫星数据对该区域隐患灾害点进行识别,并分析了SAR影像几何畸变对地质灾害识别的影响。通过对InSAR监测结果进行分析,文章最终共圈定了区域内的滑坡、冰川隐患灾害点67处。同时,为了更好的分析灾害体的形变特征和规律,选取了然乌区域安目错北岸三处典型冰川灾害体,利用多维小基线子集（MSBAS）技术获取了坡体的二维(水平东西向和垂直向)形变速率和时间序列。通过对吉穷隆冰川、迫弄冰川和瓦巴村冰川三处典型冰川的形变时间序列结果进行分析,发现从2018年1月到2020年10月,三个冰川水平东西方向上的最大累计位移量分别达到了202 mm、283 mm、194 mm,垂直方向上最大累计位移量分别达到了97 mm、?155 mm、?163 mm。水平方向上三处典型冰川表现为加速变形趋势,垂直方向上表现为缓慢蠕滑变形趋势。同时分析了瓦巴村冰川二维形变时间序列与降雨量和温度相关性,结果表明降雨和温度的变化对坡体冰川形变具有一定的影响。研究成果对高山峡谷区地质灾害隐患点的识别具有较好的参考价值。     

三峡工程库区岩溶岸坡岩体劣化及其灾变效应

三峡工程库区175 m试验性蓄水10多年后,峡谷区岩溶岸坡水位变动带岩体劣化强烈,新生或加速形成了大量地质灾害,引起研究人员和政府的广泛关注。文章从微细观到宏观、由点到面,采用野外调查、室内试验分析了三峡库区岩溶岸坡岩体劣化及其灾变效应。野外调查显示,溶蚀岩体劣化集中发育于三峡、大宁河等干支流峡谷区域,其中以巫峡共约10 km长的岸坡最为典型。溶蚀岩体劣化机制包括以机械搬运为主的物理机制、以溶蚀/溶解为主的化学机制和以应力腐蚀断裂为主的力学机制。岩体劣化导致溶蚀岩体结构降级,岸坡局部持续形变。岩体劣化、岩溶水动力作用、岸坡形变相互促进,推动了岸坡灾变的发生。大量案例表明,岩溶岸坡岩体劣化引起灾变效应早期,破坏浅表层、岸坡不断后退。岩体劣化影响下岩溶岸坡破坏模式包括崩塌、滑移和倾倒3种主要类型。库水位长期变动导致的溶蚀岩体劣化带来了前所未有的高陡岸坡灾变威胁,可能将三峡库区地质灾害带入新的发育阶段。本研究将为三峡库区岩溶地质灾害隐患点识别与防灾减灾提供技术支撑。     

川藏交通廊道伯舒拉岭隧道出口斜坡雪崩活动特征及形成机理

伯舒拉岭隧道出口是川藏交通廊道全线在雪崩灾害背景下选址挑战最大的一处工点,开展雪崩活动特征及其形成机理研究对于川藏交通廊道减灾选线以及后续建设、运营都有重大的科学意义.通过精细化野外调查、长时序多源遥感解译、地形计算和空间分析,精细刻画伯舒拉岭隧道出口斜坡雪崩范围的地形地貌特征和历史活动特征,结合孕灾条件、逐日气象数据等,深入研究该斜坡雪崩成因、启动机制及对铁路的影响.结果显示,川藏交通廊道伯舒拉岭隧道出口斜坡发育4处沟槽型雪崩;隧道出口北侧1#雪崩形成区汇雪面积最大,约0.726 km2;4处雪崩的历年活动频率不一,主要发生在每年1月至5月,其中汇雪面积最大的1#雪崩活动最频繁,每年发生2～5次,其崩出距离亦最远,最大崩出距离约1 694 m;雪崩活动与年初几次区域性的高强度降雪活动高度相关,一般发生在高强度降雪期间和高强度降雪后几日的晴天.结果表明地形地貌条件控制了雪崩的空间分布,气象要素的时序变化控制了雪崩的年内尺度时序分布;4处雪崩形成区的面积大小和坡向分异决定了它们活动频率的不一致;雪崩启动模式主要有强降雪启动和气温陡升启动;隧道出口受4处雪崩威胁的可能性较小,风险可控.     

川藏交通廊道典型高位滑坡地质力学模式

川藏交通廊道穿越青藏高原东缘高山峡谷区,大型—巨型高位滑坡多发频发,是铁路、高速公路等交通设施规划建设必须考虑的重要因素。在区域成灾地质背景分析和现场调查的基础上,以地貌特征、斜坡岩体结构、促发条件等为基本要素,总结归纳了川藏交通廊道典型高位滑坡的6类地质力学模式,包括:堆积体滑移型、顺层滑移拉裂型、卸荷剪断型、岩溶贯通拉裂型、崩滑溃散型和构造控制型等。结合典型高位滑坡案例,重点剖析了各类滑坡启动的简化力学机制,并给出了相应的成因解析。综合考虑不同类型高位滑坡的控制因素和易发性分区结果,初步圈定了川藏铁路雅安—林芝段高位滑坡易发靶区,对高位滑坡隐患早期识别、重大工程选址选线和防灾减灾具有重要的指导作用。     

Detection and accuracy of landslide movement by InSAR analysis using PALSAR-2 data

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) analysis is a radar technique for generating large-area maps of ground deformation using differences in the phase of microwaves returning to a satellite. In recent years, high-resolution SAR sensors have been developed that enable small-scale slope deformation to be detected, such as the partial block movement of a landslide. The L-band SAR (PALSAR-2) is mounted on Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2), which was launched on 24 Mar. 2014. Its main improvements compared with ALOS are enhanced resolution of as high as 3 m with a high-frequency recurrence period (14 days). Owing to its high resolution and the use of the L-band, PALSAR-2 can obtain reflective data passing through a tree canopy surface, unlike the other synthetic aperture radars. Therefore, the coherence of InSAR in mountainous forest areas is less likely to decrease, making it advantageous for the extraction of slope movement. In this study, to verify the accuracy of InSAR analysis using PALSAR-2 data, we compared the results of InSAR analysis and the measurement of the displacement in a landslide by global navigation satellite system (GNSS) observation. It was found that the average difference between the displacements obtained by InSAR analysis and the field measurements by GNSS was only 15.1 mm in the slant range direction, indicating the high accuracy of InSAR analysis. Many of the areas detected by InSAR analysis corresponded to the locations of surface changes due to landslide activity. Additionally, in the areas detected by InSAR analysis using multiple datasets, the ground changes due to landslide movement were confirmed by site investigation.     

Accuracy assessment of InSAR derived input maps for landslide susceptibility analysis: a case study from the Swiss Alps

In recent years SAR interferometry has become a widely used technique for measuring altitude and displacement of the surface of the earth. Both these capabilities are highly relevant for landslide susceptibility studies. Although there are many problems that make the use of SAR interferometry less suitable for landslide inventory mapping, it’s use in landslide monitoring and in the generation of input maps for landslide susceptibility assessment looks very promising. The present work attempts to evaluate the usefulness and limitations of this technique based on a case study in the Swiss Alps. Input maps were generated from ERS repeat pass data using SAR interferometry. A land cover map has been generated by image classification of multi-temporal SAR intensity images. An InSAR DEM was generated and a number of maps were derived from it, such as slope-, aspect, altitude- and slope form classes. These maps were used to generate landslide and rockfall susceptibility maps, which give fairly well acceptable results. However, a comparison of the InSAR DEM with the conventional Swisstopo DEM, indicated significant errors in the absolute height and slope angles derived from InSAR, especially along the ridges and in the valleys. These errors are caused by low coherence mostly due to layover and shadow effects. Visual comparison of stereo images created from hillshading maps and corresponding DEMs demonstrate that a considerable amount of topographic details have been lost in the InSAR-derived DEM. It is concluded that InSAR derived input maps are not ideal for landslide susceptibility assessment, but could be used if more accurate data is lacking.     

滑坡灾害InSAR应急排查技术方法研究

研究探索了一条以InSAR变形为主,辅助光学遥感、地貌和地质条件特征,进行活动性滑坡快速排查的技术方法,并以四川省雷波县域为例进行了实验。应用4种SAR数据（PALSAR-1升轨、Sentinel-1 A/B升、降轨和PALSAR-2降轨数据）进行合成孔径雷达干涉（Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar,InSAR）处理,共解译活动性地质灾害163处,并分析了其时空分布规律,获得了几点认识:（1）InSAR技术能够追溯滑坡长期微小变形,从而实现活动性滑坡的有效识别;（2）多时段、多角度和多分辨率SAR数据的综合使用,可以有效克服滑坡观测的阴影叠掩、失相干等问题,提高滑坡（尤其是高位滑坡）识别的效果、效率和时效性;（3）与地面调查结果比较,InSAR识别的滑坡更全面、规模更准确,对高位滑坡和集中分布滑坡识别更有效,可以作为现今地质灾害排查的重要手段之一;（4）雷波县地质灾害主要分布在金沙江及美姑河沿岸,北向坡和30°~40°坡度是地质灾害高发区,除寒武系、奥陶—志留系地层发生地质灾害比例较高,其它各地层总体分布较均一。      

基于GAMMA软件的二轨差分原理及实验数据处理

合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术（SAR）经过10多年的发展,现已广泛的应用于地球学科的各个领域.目前主流的GAMMA解算软件,采用二轨差分的方法,对实验区的SAR数据进行配准、滤波、去平地效应、相位解缠、差分等处理,最后得到垂直形变图,实现了地表形变的监测.本次研究SAR数据为欧空局的ERS-2卫星数据,DEM分辨率为30 m,采用最小费用流法解缠,得到于雷达视线方向上的形变量,再通过计算与转换,生成垂直方向上的形变图.结果表明,研究区城市中及其周边发现明显的沉降中心,在山区地带基本没有沉降.     

The deformation analysis of Wenjiagou giant landslide by the distributed scatterer interferometry technique

After the deadly Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, the Wenjiagou landslide produced steep topography, a narrow gully and abundant loose sediments; these factors have contributed to the high debris flow risk in the Wenjiagou area during subsequent rainy seasons. At least five debris flows have occurred in the Wenjiagou area between September 24, 2008, and September 18, 2010, which resulted in seven casualties and an economic loss of approximately 446 million RMB. To reduce the risk of debris flows and landslides, the Wenjiagou Valley Debris Flow Control Project (WVDFCP), which cost over 2 billion RMB, was carried out and completed in 2011. The control measures of the project effectively reduced the scale and damage of the following debris flows. In this paper, the recent deformation of the giant landslide and its effect on the WVDFCP are evaluated by applying a time-series interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique based on distributed scatterers (DSs) to the Radardat-2 SAR data collected from June 2014 to September 2015. In addition, the experimental results show that most areas of the landslide are stable, with an average deformation rate of less than 5.0 mm/year. The results demonstrate that the control measures of the WVDFCP not only reduced the damage caused by the later debris flows but also contributed to the consolidation of the loose sediments in the Wenjiagou landslide area. The time-series InSAR technique based on the DSs of high-resolution SAR images is an important tool for deformation monitoring of earthquake-induced landslides.     

基于SBAS-InSAR技术的川藏铁路澜沧江段滑坡隐患早期识别

早期识别是实现地质灾害防灾减灾的有效途径之一,然而复杂地形区滑坡的早期识别一直是个难题,尤其是位于高山峡谷区的滑坡隐患点。为了全面准确地获取川藏铁路澜沧江段的滑坡隐患,采用SBAS-InSAR技术,通过Sentinel-1(升轨)和RADARSAT-2(降轨)数据结合互补的方式,对川藏铁路澜沧江段进行滑坡隐患早期识别。解译结果显示2018年8月至2020年2月研究区LOS向的形变速率分别为-58~21 mm/a(升轨)和-42~16 mm/a(降轨),转换后的斜坡向最大平均速率达到-128 mm/a。基于升降轨数据的斜坡向形变结果,识别出川藏铁路澜沧江段的113处滑坡隐患点,其中存在4处滑坡隐患密集区以及13处典型滑坡隐患点,进一步分析了两处重点滑坡隐患的形变特征和滑移机制。本次研究结果对于川藏铁路线路选定以及澜沧江大桥上、下游的防灾减灾具有一定指导作用,不同轨道数据结合互补的方式为川藏铁路沿线的高山峡谷地区的滑坡隐患早期识别提供参考。     

Structural control on the kinematics of the deep-seated La Clapière landslide revealed by L-band InSAR observations

The objective of this work is to document the deformation pattern of the deep-seated La Clapière landslide for the period 2007–2010 from the combination of L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferograms, ground-based total station measurements and identification of the slope geomorphological structures. The interferograms are calculated for pairs of ALOS/PALSAR images at a time interval of 46 days. The displacement field derived from the interferograms reveals a non-uniform displacement gradient from the top (subsidence) to the bottom (accumulation). Vertical velocities are calculated from the unwrapped phase values and are in good agreement with ground-based measurements. The results demonstrate the potential of L-band ALOS/PALSAR imagery for the monitoring of active landslides characterized by complex kinematic patterns and by important changes in the soil surface backscattering in time.