基于雷达三维组网数据的对流性地面大风自动识别

应用雷达三维组网数据和地面加密自动站风场资料,统计分析了对流性地面大风的6个主要雷达识别指标：风暴最大反射率因子、风暴最大垂直积分液态水含量、垂直积分液态水含量随时间变率、风暴最大反射率因子下降高度、风暴体移动速度和垂直积分液态水含量密度等参数。根据雷达识别指标和地面大风的相关程度,给出了识别指标的隶属函数和权重系数;采用不等权重法,建立了具有模糊逻辑的对流性地面大风识别方法。并将对流性地面大风的出现概率分为3级：当识别风暴单体的判据小于0.3时,出现对流性地面大风的概率小;当判据在0.3—0.5时,产生对流性地面大风的概率较大;当判据大于0.5时,出现对流性地面大风的概率很大。通过对河北省2012年6月21日线状风暴和2009年7月23日孤立单体风暴引发的灾害大风典型个例的识别效果检验,证明这种方法识别到的风暴单体跟踪效果良好,识别出的大风范围与实况风场基本吻合,命中率、虚警率和临界成功指数分别达81.8%、25.0%和64.3%,利用模糊逻辑原理建立对流性大风的识别算法是切实可行的。     

A note on the occurrence of wind direction differences below 1 km during episodes of extreme vertical Windshear for Berlin,Germany and Centreville,Alabama, U.S.A.

Summary Windshear is critical to aeronautical activities such as aircraft takeoffs and landings and the ascending and descending phase phases of missile launch. The probability of extreme vertical windshear below 1 km at Centreville, Alabama (U.S.A.) and Berlin, Germany has been studied. Windshear (total vector difference) was derived from radiosonde ascents using both windspeed and wind direction differences between two altitudes. The wind direction differences are used to compute the angular shear magnitude.The wind direction differences between the surface and specified altitude as well as the contribution of the angular shear magnitude to the total vector difference during episodes of extreme vertical windshear were quantified. For example, wind direction changes of 60 degrees or more for cases of extreme windshear (windshear > 15m/s per 900m) in the layer surface to 900m occurred with a relative frequency of only 8% at Berlin in contrast to 34% at Centreville. The ratio of the angular shear magnitude to the total vector difference squared (times 100%) exceeded 40% five times more often at Centreville as compared with Berlin for this layer. Analysis using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test confirmed that these differences (between the two locations) in wind direction change during episodes of extreme windshear are statistically significant. Backing vs. veering winds in the boundary-layer and the 500 mb wind directions are discussed in order to relate the occurrence of extreme vertical windshear to characteristics of two contrasting geographic locations, one in the transition region between sub-tropics and mid-latitudes (Centreville), and the other well-entrenched in the westerlies (Berlin).There were considerable day-night differences in the occurrence of extreme shears at Centreville. For example, windshear > 10m/s per 600 m in the layer surface to 600 m were more than three times as frequent at 1200 UTC (morning) than at 0000 UTC (evening). This is due to larger wind direction differences in the boundary-layer in addition to the nocturnal rise in windspeed at 300 m (low-level jet).It should also be noted that extreme windshear near the surface was not always associated with strong surface winds. Vertical windshear below 1 km was found to increase with increasing surface windspeed up until 98% probability. Above 98% probability this relationship breaks down, as the second largest maximum windshear in the layer surface to 900 m was observed for a surface wind of 3 m/s at Berlin.The seasonal variation of vertical windshear below 1 km was also illustrated, indicating winter to be the season of maximum shears, summer the season of minimum shears. An exception was that above 99% probability the shear in the spring usually exceeded the winter shear.With 14 Figures     

基于CART决策树的河北省低能见度分类研究

基于2016—2019年河北省142个国家气象站逐小时观测数据, 通过EOF时空正交分解和CART决策树分类回归等方法, 针对低能见度高发区域构建能见度预报模型, 并进行拟合检验。结果表明: 河北省雾日时空分布特征显示除张家口、承德及秦皇岛三市外, 40°N以南地区为雾日高发区域, 多年平均雾日数最高值可达50 d。相对湿度、地表温度、风速等气象要素与能见度显著相关, 将显著相关因子作为输入变量建立能见度预报模型并调参, 经检验该模型对于冬季的预报效果较好, 有较高的准确率; 夏季误报率较低; 日夜差别在夏季并不明显, 三个指数差别不大, 冬季夜晚的准确率与误报率明显优于白天, 漏报率略高。石家庄站2019年12月7—10日的三次大雾过程拟合结果较好, 有雾时次无漏报。     

四川雷暴大风的预报因子筛选及预报效果

利用ECMWF历史预报资料,从动力、热力、水汽、不稳定条件四个方面选取影响雷暴大风发生的因子,构建多因变量数组,并利用主成分分析确定配料系数及其阈值,在此基础上进行配料,研发了四川省雷暴大风概率预报产品投入应用。2018年汛期应用表明:雷暴大风产品对预报概率超过65%的区域有指示意义,且优于ECMWF数值预报的100 m高度风,在检验的个例中,有效命中率达25%以上。      

Low level wind maxima and temperature inversions over the northern great plains

Discriminant analysis is employed with kite sounding data from Drexel, Nebraska in an attempt to clarify the interaction between the wind shear and temperature inversions in the planetary boundary layer. The mean height of the inversion layer and a measure of the vertical wind shear either above or below the wind maximum combine in a statistically significant function to discriminate between cases when the level of the wind maximum is coincident either with the top or with the base of the inversion near sunrise.     

联合概率方法在北京灾害天气预报中的应用研究

基于ECMWF模式的集合预报数据,利用联合概率方法,针对北京地区冬季影响最大的寒潮和夏季强对流两类灾害性天气,建立了适用于本地区的两种集合预报业务产品。选取2 m温度和10 m平均风速制作寒潮预警信号联合概率预报产品,选取对流有效位能和0-6 km垂直风切变制作强对流潜势联合概率预报产品。通过对北京地区近年寒潮和强对流天气的预报检验表明：寒潮预警信号联合概率方法,当预报概率达到10%及以上时,实况就有可能达寒潮蓝色预警信号的级别;此方法对北京西北部的预报性能较好,其次为北京的东南部地区;对达到蓝色预警信号标准的区域具有较高的预报命中率,但对达黄色预警信号级别的区域,漏报率较高。强对流潜势联合概率方法的空报率较高,当预报概率达90%-100%时,实况才有可能出现强对流;与局地强对流相比,全市性强对流天气的高概率预报区域较为集中。     

一种适用于延伸期过程事件预报的检验方法

基于延伸期过程性天气气候事件预报评估的特点,结合实际科研和业务工作的需求,提出了一种适用于延伸期过程预报的检验方法 (简称PPS方法)。该方法参考了常用的预报评分方法准则,借鉴了命中率、假警报率、欧式距离和动态时间弯曲距离等评估检验方法。利用命中率、假警报率和该方法对实际预报中可能出现的有漏报没有空报和既有漏报也有空报这两类情况的多个实例进行对比分析,表明该方法既能考虑大气随着时间的延长预报效果急剧降低的特性,也考虑了相似时间序列度量不精确匹配和形变的问题。利用该方法对1999—2010年冬季冷空气过程业务预报进行检验,结果表明:该方法能清晰表征延伸期预报时段内冷空气过程预报的准确程度,真实反映了目前延伸期预报准确率较低的现状,有较好的适用性。同时,该方法也适用于其他延伸期过程事件预报的评分,具有较好的应用前景。     

<Emphasis>A</Emphasis> probability index for surface zonda wind occurrence at Mendoza city through vertical sounding principal components analysis

The aim of this work is to obtain an index for predicting the probability of occurrence of zonda event at surface level from sounding data at Mendoza city, Argentine. To accomplish this goal, surface zonda wind events were previously found with an objective classification method (OCM) only considering the surface station values. Once obtained the dates and the onset time of each event, the prior closest sounding for each event was taken to realize a principal component analysis (PCA) that is used to identify the leading patterns of the vertical structure of the atmosphere previously to a zonda wind event. These components were used to construct the index model. For the PCA an entry matrix of temperature (T) and dew point temperature (Td) anomalies for the standard levels between 850 and 300 hPa was build. The analysis yielded six significant components with a 94 % of the variance explained and the leading patterns of favorable weather conditions for the development of the phenomenon were obtained. A zonda/non-zonda indicator c can be estimated by a logistic multiple regressions depending on the PCA component loadings, determining a zonda probability index \( \widehat{c} \) calculable from T and Td profiles and it depends on the climatological features of the region. The index showed 74.7 % efficiency. The same analysis was performed by adding surface values of T and Td from Mendoza Aero station increasing the index efficiency to 87.8 %. The results revealed four significantly correlated PCs with a major improvement in differentiating zonda cases and a reducing of the uncertainty interval.     

2017 年乌鲁木齐区域数值预报业务系统预报性能检验和评估

基于乌鲁木齐区域数值预报业务系统,运用MET检验工具,对2017年各季节DOGRAFSv1.0预报性能进行客观检验。结果表明：（1）2m温度日间预报温度整体偏低,夜间多数站点预报温度偏高;冬季预报温度偏高,其他三个季节温度预报整体偏低。10m风速冬季模拟性能最差,春季次之;所有季节风速预报均偏大。（2）夏季、秋季高空温度预报误差小,在3.0℃以内,冬季误差最大,温度预报整体呈冷偏差;不同季节高空位势高度随高度增加误差增大,误差约在6.5～12.0gpm,预报高度比实际高度偏低;不同季节高空U、V风随高度增加误差先增大后减小,均方根误差分别为2.4～6.2m/s和1.8～5.2m/s,U风预报整体比实况偏小,V风预报整体比实况偏大。（3）冬季大阈值降水漏报率较高,12.1mm阈值降水Bias评分仅为0.2,秋季大阈值降水空报率较高,12.1mm阈值降水Bias评分在2.0以上,夏季空、漏报率较低;在新疆地区,四个时段中14～20 BJT 、20～次日02 BJT空报站点数多于漏报,14～20 BJT空报率最高,02～08 BJT漏报率最高,08～14BJT晴雨预报以漏报为主;日间Ts评分高于夜间。     

A simulation of Asian dust events in March 2010 by using the ADAM2 model

Asian dust events occurred in Asia during March 2010 were simulated using the Asian Dust Aerosol Model 2 (ADAM2). The performance of the model for simulations of surface dust concentrations and dust event occurrences was tested at several monitoring sites located in the dust source region and the downstream region of Korea. The observed and modeled dust event occurrences at each monitoring site were defined with the hourly observed and modeled dust concentrations that were used to evaluate the performance of the model by constructing a contingency table for the dust event occurrence. It was found that the model simulated quite well the starting and ending times of dust events with their peak dust concentrations for most dust events occurred both in the dust source region and the downstream region of Korea. However, the model failed to simulate a few dust events observed in both regions mainly due to the inaccurate simulations of the meteorological fields. Inaccurate simulations of wind speeds have caused for the model to simulate dust events poorly in the dust source region whereas poor simulations of precipitation of the fifth-generation mesoscale model (MM5) model have led to miss dust events in the downstream region of Korea. The contingency table made with the hourly data for the dust event occurrence made it possible to evaluate the ADAM2 model for the simulation of the dust event occurrence. It was found that the model has the probabilistic simulation capability for dust events of about 78% with the hit rate of more than 83% and the false alarm rate of about 27% for the dust events occurred during March in 2010. The probabilistic capability of the model could be much improved by improving the meteorological model (MM5 model).     

事件概率回归估计与降水等级预报

该文对比分析概率回归降水等级预报和回归降水等级预报的差异, 2007年秋季至2008年夏季全国平均检验结果表明:概率回归降水等级预报效果好于回归降水等级预报, 尤其是小雨预报, TS评分明显高于回归降水等级预报, 同预报偏差过大情况也有很大改善。进一步分析表明:回归降水等级预报方法在建立小雨预报方程的样本中, 少数较大降水量的样本方差占总方差的百分比过大, 导致预报方程中反映的预报量与预报因子的关系以少数大降水量样本为主, 是造成小雨预报空报过大的原因。与模式降水预报的对比分析表明:概率回归降水等级预报效果好于模式直接降水预报, 模式降水空报较大情况得到改善。     

Large-scale environmental controls on the seasonal statistics of rapidly intensifying North Atlantic tropical cyclones

This study is concerned with the connections between the large-scale environment and the seasonal occurrence of rapid intensification (RI) of North Atlantic tropical cyclones. Physically-motivated statistical analysis using observations and reanalysis products suggests that for tropical cyclones over the open tropical North Atlantic, the interannual variability of the probability of storms undergoing RI is influenced by seasonal large-scale atmospheric and oceanic variables, but not so for storms over the Gulf of Mexico and western Caribbean Sea. We suggest that this differentiated response is due to the former region exhibiting a strong negative correlation between the seasonal anomalies of vertical wind shear and potential intensity. Differences in the mean climatology and subseasonal variations of the large-scale environment in these regions appear to play an insignificant role in the distinctive seasonal environmental controls on RI. We suggest that the interannual correlation of vertical wind shear and potential intensity is an indicator of seasonal predictability of tropical cyclone activity (including RI) across the tropics .     

淮北夏半年大风预报方法的建立及检验

利用T639业务数值模式预报场和大风观测资料,分别采用I_W雷暴大风指数和多个对流指数方法,计算相对应的指标值,建立淮北市夏半年大风预报方法,得到淮北市大风的短期预报结果,并对2011年的预报应用情况进行检验。结果表明：基于T639业务数值模式的I_W大风指数与多指标的叠加,实现夏半年定量和定性的大风预报。将多种不稳定指标与T639数值模式相结合的叠加预报,当4个指标中有3个满足条件时预报淮北有大风出现,否则没有大风;I_W大风指数的风速预报与实际极大风速较为接近。两种预报方法对淮北市的大风预报具有较好的指导作用,多数大风天气能够预报准确,但是容易空报,不太容易漏报。     

基于支持向量机的雷暴大风识别方法

基于北京市观象台雷达基数据和加密自动气象站数据,利用支持向量机算法建立了雷暴大风天气的有效识别模型。首先确立了9个用于识别雷暴大风的预报因子:回波顶高、最大反射率因子、最大反射率因子所在高度、垂直积分液态水含量、垂直积分液态水含量随时间变率、垂直积分液态水含量密度、雷暴大风发生前最大反射率因子下降高度、风暴移动速度、速度谱宽。通过计算各预报因子在大风和非大风样本中的概率分布,得到对应的各项预报因子雷暴大风的隶属度,利用得到的隶属度函数对样本进行归一化处理。确立核函数和模型参数,利用支持向量机建立雷暴大风天气的提前识别和临近预警模型。通过对北京2017年7月7日飑线和2012年5月19日块状回波引起的灾害大风典型个例的识别效果检验,得到两个个例预测的命中率、误判率和临界成功指数分别为92.0%,22.1%,73.0%和99.1%,40.5%,59.2%,对于提高雷暴大风预警预报的准确率有一定帮助。     

基于模糊逻辑的飞机积冰预测指数

使用北京人工影响天气办公室提供的2014-2017年京津冀地区飞行记录积冰个例样本与机载观测数据,2016年全国空中报告积冰、非积冰个例样本和欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）第5代全球气候大气再分析数据（ERA5）,基于模糊逻辑隶属度函数,定义了以气温和相对湿度为判别基础并考虑垂直速度和云量影响的积冰指数I_p（icing potential index）,用于判断飞机在空中发生积冰事件的可能性。检验结果表明:该指数对积冰事件的判别准确率为80.2%,与目前国内常用的经典积冰指数（I_c）相比,其判别准确率有明显提升,且漏报率和虚警率均显著降低（分别为9.4%和10.4%）,结合数值预报产品可对飞机在空中特定位置发生积冰事件的可能性进行预测。     

A STUDY OF NEAR SURFACE WIND PROFILES IN THE HEBEI COASTAL AREA BASED ON OBSERVATIONAL EXPERIMENTS

In order to provide wind profiles for the microscale numerical simulation of wind farm with complex terrain,using the 100 m tower atmospheric turbulence observation experiment data in 2010 in Hebei Province offered by National Climate Center, the variation characteristics of wind profile under the different atmospheric stability conditions are analyzed, and the wind profile expression based on the local similarity theory is established. The results show that:(1) In spring, the occurrence probability of unstable stratification in the Hebei coastal area is as high as 28%, and the probability of stable stratification is more than 43% while, in summer, the probability of occurrence of unstable stratification is as high as 80% with a lower probability for stable stratification; and(2) for stable stratification, the characteristics of atmosphere change is dramatic in terms of the vertical direction, which need to be treated layer by layer.According to the atmospheric turbulence observation experiment data above, under stable stratification, the relationship between the dimensionless velocity gradient and the stability ζ can be expressed as 1 +βmζ, with βm changing with the height: βm takes 4.1-4.3 under 30 m, βm takes 4.6-4.7 between 30-50 m, and βm takes 6.3-6.7 over 50 m.     

辽宁省夏季多模式降水预报检验及晴雨预报技术研究

利用辽宁省291个国家气象观测站的降水资料,对2019年夏季（6-9月）8种模式降水预报及中央气象台格点降水预报进行了检验评估和比较,并采用消空方法进行晴雨预报技术研究。结果表明：2019年,EC模式具有最优的暴雨预报性能,而日本模式暴雨TS评分最高;中尺度模式对于局地性暴雨和短时强降水具有较好的预报潜力,性能较好的是GRAPES_MESO模式和睿图东北3 km模式;全球模式对24 h暴雨的预报频率比实况偏低30%,3 h强降水则偏低60%,中尺度模式对24 h暴雨的预报频率比实况偏高30%,3 h强降水则偏低20%。由于对小量级降水存在较多空报,各模式原始预报的晴雨预报大多呈现空报偏多的情况;使用小量级降水剔除的消空策略能够明显提高晴雨准确率,消空之后EC模式具有最优的晴雨预报性能。分别使用24 h和3 h累计降水量优化消空策略,发现分别取1.0 mm和0.8 mm的阈值进行消空可以使24 h晴雨准确率提高15.58%,3 h晴雨准确率提高10%-30%。     

不同类型华南暖区暴雨过程的环流特征

在对34年华南暖区暴雨的筛选和客观分类研究的基础上,继续深入研究不同类型暖区暴雨的环流特征与对流发生环境变量特征的异同。主要结果如下:大部分切变线型、低涡型和回流型暖区暴雨个例的环境场斜压性较强,其中回流型暖区暴雨在关键区斜压性最强,而南风型暖区暴雨个例的环境场斜压性相对较弱;所有类型暖区暴雨发生时对流层中高层的中纬度基本为平直西风气流控制,降水区主要位于西风带短波槽槽前,低层均有低空急流的影响。各类暖区暴雨的主要差异在于高层南亚高压、中层短波槽和副热带高压的位置和强度差异以及低层低空急流的位置、强度、风向和水汽输送条件的不同。切变线型暖区暴雨发生时0～3 km垂直风切变最强,低涡型暖区暴雨对流有效位能最大,两类南风型暖区暴雨的动力和热力强迫都较弱,对其发生发展机理需要开展更深入研究。     

对强台风“纳沙”（1117）登陆海南岛前后降水非对称性的分析

利用NCEP 1 °×1 °再分析资料和卫星资料,以2011年强台风“纳沙”为例,分析了“纳沙”登陆海南岛前后的降水特征,并分析了“纳沙”周围TBB、湿度、水平风速和垂直速度在其路径两侧分布的不对称性,并从空间结构的分布上讨论了降水分布的可能成因。结果表明:登陆海南岛前后,“纳沙”的降水在其路径两侧的分布呈显著的不对称性,强降水主要集中在其路径左侧。“纳沙”除温度距平的分布较对称外,其它物理量在台风周围的空间结构均表现为显著的不对称性:（1）TBB,在路径左侧的强对流云系的强度和范围均比右侧大;（2）湿度,路径左侧的湿区范围比路径右侧大;（3）水平风速,台风位于海上和登陆时,路径右侧的最大风速比左侧强,台风登陆时其左右两侧最大风速相差20 m/s;在登陆前和登陆后路径右侧的相等大风速区范围比左侧大;（4）垂直速度,路径左侧的上升运动比右侧强,尤其在台风登陆时左侧的垂直上升速度比右侧大-2.4 Pa/s。通过对比上述物理量的非对称分布与降水分布可知,湿度可能是台风降水非对称分布的原因之一,而垂直速度可能是造成“纳沙”非对称降水的主要原因。另外,从垂直风切变作用进一步探究台风降水非对称性的形成机制,结果发现“纳沙”登陆前后的强降水均集中在顺切变方向及其左侧。垂直风切变可较好地解释路径左侧的强垂直上升运动和强降水区。此外海南岛的地形条件也导致“纳沙”在登陆期间海南岛西部的降水显著增加。      

激光测风雷达PPI扫描监测风切变的数值模拟

低空风切变严重威胁飞机起降安全,而激光测风雷达在晴空风切变监测方面具有显著优势,但其监测性能受到风场特点和监测算法的影响。由于无法对局地空间风场进行时空同步精细化探测,且风场具有阵性,导致风切变监测会出现虚警率、漏报等现象,只能通过数值模拟仿真的方式,对不同风场的监测性能进行分析评估。本文首先仿真构建了四种具有代表性的风场类型,然后模拟激光测风雷达平面—位置显示（Plane Position Indication,PPI）扫描方式获取不同仿真风场下的径向风速数据,最后利用八邻域系统算法对径向风速数据进行风切变监测,验证不同类型风场下激光测风雷达PPI扫描方式监测风切变算法的有效性。结果表明,激光测风雷达PPI扫描结果能够真实地反映风场情况;八邻域系统算法能够有效识别风切变;在进行风切变检测时,应尽可能地考虑到多个方位上的切变值,避免漏报。