南黄海叶绿素a与初级生产力之间的相关分析

本文依据南黄海海域的调查资料,探讨了叶绿素ａ与初级生产力和真光层内叶绿素ａ积分值之间的相关关系。并对表层叶绿素ａ是否可以作为海洋中浮游植物蕴藏量的指标加以验证。验证的具体方法是分析表层叶绿素ａ（ＳＣ）;真光层内叶绿素ａ积分值（ＩＣ）和初级生产力（ＰＰ）三者之间的相关关系。分析表明：在叶绿素ａ含量高且变化梯度大的高生产力海域,ＳＣ、ＩＣ和ＰＰ之间存在着非常显著的相关性,ＳＣ可以作为某海域浮游植物现存量及其生产力的指标;而在叶绿素ａ和初级生产力低且分布均匀的海域,ＳＣ、ＩＣ和ＰＰ之间不相关。故指出利用ＳＣ作为某海域浮游植物蕴藏量和初级生产力指标时应慎重。     

南黄海叶绿素a与初级生产力之间的相关分析

本文根据南黄海海域的调查资料,探讨了叶绿素ａ与初级生产力和真光层内叶绿素ａ积分值之间的相关关系。并对表层叶绿素ａ是否可以作为海洋中浮游植物蕴藏量的指标加以验证。验证的具体方法是分析表层叶绿素ａ（ＳＣ）;真光层内叶绿素ａ积分值（ＩＣ）和初级生产力（ＰＰ）三者之间的相关关系。分析表明：在叶绿素ａ含量高且变化梯度大的高生产力海域,ＳＣ、ＩＣ和ＰＰ之间存在着非常显著的相关性,ＳＣ可以作为某海域浮游植物现存     

1999年夏季南海北部和北部湾海域粒度分级叶绿素a和初级生产力的分布特征

南海是一个半封闭的边缘海，与中国和东南亚大陆相毗连。以往对南海海域物理海洋学的研究较多，对浮游植物生物量和生产力的研究较少，且大多研究均集中于西沙和南沙群岛(杨嘉东，1993；陈兴群等，1989)，对南海北部海域的研究较少(黄良民，1992)。目前，尚未见有关南海北部海域粒度分级的研究报道。 南海北部湾是中国的第四大渔场，除1994年对北部湾全海域进行过生物资源调查外(刘子琳等，1998)，其他仅见小范围的调查，如在菜州湾邻近海区(昌瑞华等，1995)，但未见其他有关浮游植物现存量和初级生产力的研究报道。 海洋光能自养浮游植物作为海洋食物网结构中的基础环节，在海洋生态系的物质循环和能量转化过程中起着重要作用。叶绿素a(Chl a)浓度是表征光能自养生物量和反映海水肥瘠程度的重要指标；初级生产力(PP)反映海域自养浮游生物生产有机碳的能力，是海洋生态系研究的重要内容，也是海域生物资源评估的重要依据。 本文报道了南海北部海域和北部湾海域粒度分级叶绿素a和初级生产力的分布特征，可为渔业资源评估和海区环境质量评价提供科学依据。而且调查中对叶绿素a和初级生产力分三级(Net级份，>20μm；Nano级份，2~20μm；Pico级份，<2μm)进行粒度分析测定，从更深层次上来研究该海区浮游植物群落生物量和生产力的粒度结构及其环境调控。     

大鹏湾叶绿素与生态因子灰关联分析

海水中叶绿素含量和浮游植物(藻类)的个体密度都是海域中初级生产者现存量的指标,这些初级生产者数量的多寡与该海区初级生产力的大小密切相关,其生产力直接或间接地影响水域中其他生物的生产力.     

2009年冬季南海北部浮游植物粒度分级生物量和初级生产力

2009年2月在南海北部海域现场观测粒度分级叶绿素a质量浓度和初级生产力(PP)的分布。结果表明,调查海域水柱平均叶绿素a质量浓度的变化范围为0.11～8.37 mg/m³,平均为(1.28±2.23) mg/m³,高值区出现在珠江口及近岸海域;初级生产力的范围为344.8～1 222.5 mgC/(m²·d),平均为(784.2±351.4) mgC/(m²·d),高值区位于近岸及陆架海域。浮游植物粒度分级测定结果表明,在生物量较高的近岸海域,叶绿素a的粒级结构以小型浮游植物占优势,其贡献率为40.9%,微型和微微型浮游植物对总叶绿素a的贡献率分别为34.6%和24.5%;而在生物量较低的陆坡和开阔海域,各粒级浮游植物对叶绿素a的贡献率由大到小依次为微微型浮游植物(78.9%),微型浮游植物(17.2%)和小型浮游植物(3.9%)。相关性分析结果表明,调查海域分级叶绿素a的区域化分布特征与洋流运动下营养盐的分布密切相关,同时叶绿素a又高度影响着此区域PP的分布。此外,我们将调查海域实测所得浮游植物最佳光合作用速率与采用垂向归一化初级生产力模型估算的数据进行对比,发现后者明显低于前者,这说明通过水温估算最佳光合作用速率的算法在冬季南海北部可能存在低估。     

东海、南黄海浮游植物粒级结构及环境影响因素分析

对粒径分级叶绿素a含量进行分析,探讨了南黄海和东海海域2000年秋季表层浮游植物的粒级结构特征及其环境影响因素.在整个调查海域范围内,叶绿素a平均含量为0.72 mg*m-3,各粒级浮游植物叶绿素a含量对叶绿素a总量的贡献有显著差异,小型(Microplankton,>20 μm)、微型(Nanoplankton,3～20 μm)和微微型(Picoplankton,0.45～3 μm)浮游植物的贡献率分别为31.2%,49.0%和19.8%.小型浮游植物主要分布在江苏沿岸和长江口附近;微型浮游植物在整个海域的分布较均匀,以浙江沿岸和南黄海东部为高值区;微微型浮游植物主要分布在南黄海中部和东海东南部.通过浮游植物粒径分级叶绿素a和环境因子的相关性分析,发现在调查海域营养盐与浮游植物叶绿素a的相关系数随着浮游植物粒径的增大而从负逐渐变正,说明高的营养盐含量区域较大粒径的浮游植物占有较大优势.依据浮游植物粒径分级叶绿素a和环境因子对调查站位进行的聚类分析结果和海域水团的分布以及卫星遥感图显示的水色差异之间有密切联系,聚类分析方法是研究浮游植物分布和环境因子之间关系的一种有效方法.     

长江口邻域叶绿素a和初级生产力的分布

海水中的叶绿素a浓度是浮游植物现存量的重要指标,其分布反映出了水体中浮游植物的丰度及其变化规律.初级生产力反映了水域初级生产者通过光合作用生产有机碳的能力,是海洋生物链的第一个环节,是海洋生态系统研究的重要内容,也是海域生物资源评估的重要依据.河口及其邻近海域是人类活动较为频繁的海域,也是生物海洋学研究过程的重要区域.长江口是陆源物质输入东海的主要场所,径流把大量的悬浮泥沙和丰富的溶解营养盐带入海洋,造成了长江口邻近海域独特的生态环境特征,成为了诸多研究的焦点.     

莱州湾及潍河口夏季浮游植物生物量和初级生产力的分布

于1998年6月黄河断流期在潍河口及其邻近海域进行了水文、化学和生物等专业综合外业调查.对此海区浮游植物叶绿素a浓度、脱镁色素浓度和初级生产力的变化进行了分析.研究结果表明,叶绿素a浓度介于0.089～5.444mg/m3之间,平均值为1.331mg/m3;脱镁色素浓度介于0.176～3.402mg/m3之间,平均值为0.905mg/m3.叶绿素a和脱镁色素浓度高密度区分布在小清河口附近、潍河口内及潍河口以外临近海域.初级生产力介于13.58～301.54mg/(d·m2)之间,平均值为62.49mg/(d·m2).水柱初级生产力高值区分布在小清河口和37.30°N,119.47°E附近.对水文、化学和浮游动物等环境因子与浮游植物生物量和初级生产力的相关性分析表明,整个调查区,浮游植物生物量和初级生产力与海区潮汐、光照、磷酸盐、硅酸盐和微型浮游动物等环境因子密切相关,同氨盐、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的作用不明显,其中潍河口内浮游植物的生物量分布同潮汐的关系最为密切.夏季此海域浮游植物生长主要受磷酸盐和硅酸盐的限制.调查海域浮游植物生物量及生产力水平较历史同期有所增加.     

冬季东海及南海北部海域初级生产力和新生产力的初步研究

采用14C与15 N核素示踪方法,于2008年12月—2009年1月对东海和南海北部海域的初级生产力和新生产力的分布进行了研究,并对其环境制约机制进行了初步探讨。结果表明:调查海域叶绿素a质量浓度在空间分布上呈近岸高、外海低,表层高、真光层底部低的分布趋势。东海海域的积分初级生产力(IPP)和积分新生产力(INP)均低于南海北部海域,f比值为东海海域>南海北部海域,东海海域新生产力(NP)对初级生产力(PP)的贡献大于南海北部海域。浮游植物对氨盐的吸收速率(ρNH4)显著大于对硝酸盐的吸收速率(ρNO3)(P<0.05)。水柱平均新生产力与环境参数的相关性分析结果表明,营养盐是影响冬季调查海域新生产力的主要因素,温度和盐度为次要因素。     

渤海水域初级生产力10年间的变化

根据 1982～1983 年和 1992～1993 年对渤海水域生产力调查资料的分析对比,探讨了渤海水域浮游植物现存量(叶绿素 a)及其初级生产力 10a 间的变化, 发现叶绿素 a 由105m g／m 3 减少到 061m g／m 3 ,初级生产力由 312m g／m 2d 下降到 216m g／m 2d,下降的幅度大约为(30～40)×10－ 2 ．但叶绿素 a 与初级生产力的空间分布与季节变化特征基本一致。     

Spring phytoplankton bloom in the fronts of the East China Sea

Frontal areas between warm and saline waters of the Kuroshio currents and colder and diluted waters of the East China Sea (ECS) influenced by the Changjiang River were identified from the satellite thermal imagery and hydrological data obtained from the Coastal Ocean Process Experiment (COPEX) cruise during the period between March 1^st and 10^th, 1997. High chlorophyll concentrations appeared in the fronts of the East China Seas with the highest chlorophyll-a concentration in the southwestern area of Jeju Island (~2.9 mg/m³) and the eastern area of the Changjiang River Mouth (~2.8 mg/m³). Vertical structures of temperature, salinity and density were similar, showing the fronts between ECS and Kuroshio waters. The water column was well mixed in the shelf waters and was stratified around the fronts. It is inferred that the optimal condition for light utilization and nutrients induced both from the coastal and deep waters enhances the high phytoplankton productivity in the fronts of the ECS. In addition, the high chlorophyll-a in the fronts seems to have been associated with the water column stability as well.     

吕宋海峡夏季叶绿素a荧光的拖拽剖面测量

叶绿素a是海洋初级生产力估算中的一个重要基础参数。以2008年8月—9月走航式船载多参数拖曳式剖面测量系统为平台,搭载叶绿素荧光计进行剖面测量所获取的现场实测数据为依据,分析了南海吕宋海峡附近A、B、C三个海域叶绿素a的空间分布状况,并探讨了叶绿素a与其他环境参数之间的关系。结果表明:叶绿素a垂直分布在水深100 m范围内呈现单峰型和双峰型两种现象,其峰值主要出现在水深50~90 m;叶绿素a与温、盐分别呈负相关与正相关关系;溶解氧垂直分布最大值出现在叶绿素a垂直分布最大值的上方,此种分布现象与浮游植物的光合作用密切相关。整个研究海区叶绿素a存在西高东低的特征,该分布特征与研究海域受西太平洋水和流场的影响有较大关系。     

由东海、黄海沉积物中有机碳含量及稳定同位素组成重建200a以来初级生产力历史记录

从20世纪80年代以来古生产力的重建研究一直是国内外海洋生态学研究的热点,但已有的大多数研究是在深海区;而陆架区的特点是来自陆源物质的影响往往比较明显,因此,研究难度远较深海区大。利用现代沉积物中的有机碳稳定同位素组成来估算海源碳的含量,在此基础上,结合调查区域表层沉积物中的几个初级生产力的代表性指标(浮游植物总量、叶绿素a浓度以及硅藻含量)的调查资料,寻求岩心中海源碳与古生产力指标的相关关系,再由南黄海冷涡沉积区3个典型柱状沉积物中海源碳重建了200a以来高分辨率的古生产力记录,这对陆架海生态环境演变规律的研究有重要意义。对重建所得到的南黄海近代初级生产演化因素的初步探讨表明,近200a来初级生产力波动升高与海水表层温度的升高趋势是一致的,但其最主要的控制因素还是营养盐的供应,其中陆源营养物质和污染物质的影响起到了重要的作用。     

Improved Chlorophyll-a Algorithm for the Satellite Ocean Color Data in the Northern Bering Sea and Southern Chukchi Sea

The Bering and Chukchi seas are an important conduit to the Arctic Ocean and are reported to be one of the most productive regions in the world’s oceans in terms of high primary productivity that sustains large numbers of fishes, marine mammals, and sea birds as well as benthic animals. Climate-induced changes in primary production and production at higher trophic levels also have been observed in the northern Bering and Chukchi seas. Satellite ocean color observations could enable the monitoring of relatively long term patterns in chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations that would serve as an indicator of phytoplankton biomass. The performance of existing global and regional Chl-a algorithms for satellite ocean color data was investigated in the northeastern Bering Sea and southern Chukchi Sea using in situ optical measurements from the Healy 2007 cruise. The model-derived Chl-a data using the previous Chl-a algorithms present striking uncertainties regarding Chl-a concentrations – for example, overestimation in lower Chl-a concentrations or systematic overestimation in the northeastern Bering Sea and southern Chukchi Sea. Accordingly, a simple two band ratio (R_rs(443)/R_rs(555)) algorithm of Chl-a for the satellite ocean color data was devised for the northeastern Bering Sea and southern Chukchi Sea. The MODIS-derived Chl-a data from July 2002 to December 2014 were produced using the new Chl-a algorithm to investigate the seasonal and interannual variations of Chl-a in the northern Bering Sea and the southern Chukchi Sea. The seasonal distribution of Chl-a shows that the highest (spring bloom) Chl-a concentrations are in May and the lowest are in July in the overall area. Chl-a concentrations relatively decreased in June, particularly in the open ocean waters of the Bering Sea. The Chl-a concentrations start to increase again in August and become quite high in September. In October, Chl-a concentrations decreased in the western area of the Study area and the Alaskan coastal waters. Strong interannual variations are shown in Chl-a concentrations in all areas. There is a slightly increasing trend in Chl-a concentrations in the northern Bering Strait (SECS). This increasing trend may be related to recent increases in the extent and duration of open waters due to the early break up of sea ice and the late formation of sea ice in the Chukchi Sea.     

Meridional asymmetric distribution of the primary production in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean in the austral spring and summer

The spatial distribution of the phytoplankton productivity was investigated in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean in the austral summer of 2009?C2010 and the spring of 2010 on the basis of field measurements. In October?CNovember, the average integrated primary production and the concentration of surface and integrated (photosynthetic layer) chlorophyll ??a?? in the Subantarctic waters of the Drake Passage exceeded the similar values along the Greenwich meridian by 3, 2, and 1.5 times, respectively. Similar primary production was observed in December?CJanuary for the water column in the eastern and western sectors of the studied area. The chlorophyll ??a?? concentration in the surface water layer was higher by 1.7 times for the Greenwich meridian area compared to the deep layers, but the concentrations of this pigment in the deeper layers did not differ. During the spring, the average primary production in the water column (the chlorophyll ??a?? concentration in the surface and in the photosynthetic layer) differed in the Drake Passage and along the Greenwich meridian by 2.3, 1.6, and 1.7 times, respectively. The opposite pattern was observed during the summer period, when the parameters listed above were higher for the Greenwich meridian area by 1.9, 2.5, and 1.7 times, respectively. Therefore, the western Antarctic areas in the spring are characterized by higher production than the eastern ones, and an opposite pattern is observed in the summer. The possible reasons for the meridional zonation of the chlorophyll ??a?? and the primary production are discussed in regard to different seasons.     

基于O2/Ar比值估算海洋混合层群落净生产力的研究进展

群落净生产力(NCP)是海洋混合层中光合作用和群落呼吸作用的差值,代表了从表层海水向深层海洋输送的最大有机质量,是衡量生物活动对上层海洋碳循环影响的有效指标。海洋混合层的溶解氧浓度主要受物理过程和生物过程控制,而惰性气体氩(Ar)的分布主要受物理过程以及温度和盐度对溶解度的影响,由于O2和Ar具有相似的物理特性,因此氧氩比值(O2/Ar)消除了物理过程对海水中溶解氧的影响,其偏离平衡值的量(ΔO 2/Ar)可表征生物过饱和氧,并可据此估算群落净生产力。随着质谱技术的发展,连续走航测定O2/Ar比值技术得到广泛应用并可以获得高时空分辨率NCP分布,因此成为估算海洋混合层NCP的重要方法。本文介绍了基于O2/Ar比值法估算群落净生产力的原理,综述了用O2/Ar比值法估算海洋混合层中群落净生产力的研究进展,探讨了估算模型中存在的不足及解决办法,并对其未来发展方向做了展望。     

Primary production in the eastern tropical Pacific: A review

The eastern tropical Pacific includes 28 million km² of ocean between 23.5°N and S and Central/South America and 140°W, and contains the eastern and equatorial branches of the north and South Pacific subtropical gyres plus two equatorial and two coastal countercurrents. Spatial patterns of primary production are in general determined by supply of macronutrients (nitrate, phosphate) from below the thermocline. Where the thermocline is shallow and intersects the lighted euphotic zone, biological production is enhanced. In the eastern tropical Pacific thermocline depth is controlled by three interrelated processes: a basin-scale east/west thermocline tilt, a basin-scale thermocline shoaling at the gyre margins, and local wind-driven upwelling. These processes regulate supply of nutrient-rich subsurface waters to the euphotic zone, and on their basis we have divided the eastern tropical Pacific into seven main regions. Primary production and its physical and chemical controls are described for each.Enhanced rates of macronutrient supply maintains levels of primary production in the eastern tropical Pacific above those of the oligotrophic subtropical gyres to the north and south. On the other hand lack of the micronutrient iron limits phytoplankton growth (and nitrogen fixation) over large portions of the open-ocean eastern tropical Pacific, depressing rates of primary production and resulting in the so-called high nitrate-low chlorophyll condition. Very high rates of primary production can occur in those coastal areas where both macronutrients and iron are supplied in abundance to surface waters. In these eutrophic coastal areas large phytoplankton cells dominate; conversely, in the open-ocean small cells are dominant. In a ‘shadow zone’ between the subtropical gyres with limited subsurface ventilation, enough production sinks and decays to produce anoxic and denitrified waters which spread beneath very large parts of the eastern tropical Pacific.Seasonal cycles are weak over much of the open-ocean eastern tropical Pacific, although several eutrophic coastal areas do exhibit substantial seasonality. The ENSO fluctuation, however, is an exceedingly important source of interannual variability in this region. El Niño in general results in a depressed thermocline and thus reduced rates of macronutrient supply and primary production. The multi-decadal PDO is likely also an important source of variability, with the ‘El Viejo’ phase of the PDO resulting in warmer and lower nutrient and productivity conditions similar to El Niño.On average the eastern tropical Pacific is moderately productive and, relative to Pacific and global means, its productivity and area are roughly equivalent. For example, it occupies about 18% of the Pacific Ocean by area and accounts for 22–23% of its productivity. Similarly, it occupies about 9% of the global ocean and accounts for 10% of its productivity. While representative, these average values obscure very substantial spatial and temporal variability that characterizes the dynamics of this tropical ocean.     

珠江口淇澳岛红树林区海水中营养盐和叶绿素a研究初探

2004年4月对珠江口淇澳岛红树林区进行现场调查,分析该区域营养盐和叶绿 素a浓度分布特征,并对两者之间的相关性进行探讨,研究结果表明该区域营养盐及 叶绿素a浓度均较高;而且靠近岛屿、红树植物分布较多的区域,溶解无机氮(DIN) 含量要低于距离岛屿较远、红树植物较少的区域;相关性分析表明叶绿素a与无机氮 化合物之间相关性较好,与磷(PO4-P)、硅(SiO3-Si)之间却无明显相关,说明无机氮 化合物与浮游植物和初级生产力之间关系密切,氮元素及其循环对红树林生态系统 可能起着重要的作用．     

海陵湾水环境要素特征

在分析2001年冬季和2002年夏季海陵湾附近海域涨、落潮表底层水体中水温、盐度、pH、溶解氧、化学耗氧量、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、铵盐、活性磷酸盐和叶绿素a的时空分布特征的基础上,应用营养状态质量指数(INQ)的方法评价该海域的水体富营养化状况,用多元线性回归的方法分析叶绿素a与水环境要素的相互关系。结果表明,该海域水体污染尚轻,各环境因子在涨、落潮时无明显变化,水域的初级生产力从过去由N控制转变为现在由P控制,水体营养状况介于贫营养至中营养水平,叶绿素a与水环境要素相关性良好(相关系数r>0.81)。