山东省持续性短时强降水过程物理量特征分析

基于常规气象观测资料和探空资料,对2007—2019年山东省123个国家级地面气象观测站观测到的持续性短时强降水发生特征、环流形势和环境参数进行分析。结论如下:(1)其间共有81个站点在78个降水日内发生144站次持续性短时强降水,鲁东南地区发生次数和发生站点比例均明显高于其他区域;降水集中在6月下旬至8月下旬,又以8月上旬至中旬最多。(2)天气过程主要发生在低层绝对湿度和相对湿度高、抬升凝结高度低、暖云层厚的条件性不稳定环境下。(3)准正压类和低层暖平流强迫类探空温湿廓线近似平行,对流有效位能中等、垂直风切变偏弱,低层暖湿平流是大气层结不稳定建立或维持的主导者;斜压锋生类和高空冷平流强迫类探空温湿廓线呈“V”形,低层偏湿、中层偏干,对流有效位能较弱、垂直风切变中等,冷暖平流对于大气层结不稳定的作用均较显著。     

泥蚶的性腺发育和生殖周期

根据生殖细胞发育的宏观和组织切片观察以及各期生殖细胞在滤泡中所占的比例，泥蚶的生殖腺发育过程分为增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期和休止期五个阶段。按肥满度的变化并结合性腺组织切片确定，泥蚶的性晚发育在青岛海区一年一个周期。繁殖期在７月上旬至８月下旬，繁殖盛期在７月中旬至８月中旬。至少有二次集中排放过程。     

济南市区短时强降水特征分析与天气分型

利用2007—2015年济南市区及历城区自动气象观测站的逐小时降水量资料,以及常规高空、地面观测资料,统计了198次短时强降水过程的范围和强度特征,年际、月际变化特征,按照短时强降水发生时的天气形势和影响系统,分为切变线型、低槽冷锋型、西风槽型、冷涡型、台风外围型及无系统型6类,并分析了不同类型和不同范围短时强降水的关键环境参量。研究表明:短时强降水的强度与范围有较好的相关性,7月中旬—8月中旬出现强降水的次数最多;切变线型短时强降水发生范围与强度分布最广,7、8月的低槽冷锋型过程极易造成大范围高强度降水;地面露点(Td)、850 h Pa假相当位温(θse)、对流有效位能(CAPE)以及暖云层厚度能较好地区分不同范围的短时强降水过程。在天气分型的基础上,结合不同降水范围和不同降水类型环境参量箱线图与阈值表,可为济南市区短时强降水的预报提供有价值的参考。     

佛山短时强降水时空特征及主要影响系统

利用佛山市152个自动气象观测站2012—2020年降水资料,根据强降水范围和性质,研究佛山市短时强降水的时空分布特征,并分析主要影响系统。结果表明：（1）短时强降水发生频次整体呈上升趋势,不同范围、不同性质的短时强降水时空差异性较大。局地性、区域性、突发型短时强降水主要发生在4—9月,全市性、增长型短时强降水主要发生在3—10月,持续型短时强降水5—6月发生频次最高。（2）从日变化来看,局地性、区域性呈单峰特征,全市性呈多峰特征,突发型、增长型呈双峰特征,持续型较平稳,06—09时略高,局地性、全市性和增长型短时强降水中分位值日变化较小,区域性、增长型和持续型短时强降水中分位值的日变化较大。（3）极大值出现的时间段也不相同,最大值的短时强降水是一次增长型的区域性过程。（4）空间分布上,局地性短时强降水在佛山西南部和北部发生的频次较高,全市性短时强降水发生频次的分布与之相反,而区域性短时强降水在西南部发生频次较低,增长型短时强降水发生频次高于突发型短时强降水,持续型短时强降水发生频次最低。（5）影响系统占比最大的分别是局地性、突发型短时强降水为副热带高压边缘,区域性、持续型、增长型短时强降水为热带系统,全市性短时强降水为西风槽,而西南低涡在各类中占比均最小。     

青岛地区暴雨时空分布统计分析

为了对青岛地区暴雨的中长期预报提供参考依据,用45a的资料对青岛地区的暴雨进行了统计分析,发现青岛暴雨日的年际波动较大,最多17d/a,最少1 d/a,平均 8 d/a,近几年有逐渐增多的趋势.暴雨出现时段高度集中,6 月下旬至9月上旬占全年的82.4%,旬分布为双峰型;大暴雨和区域性暴雨多数集中在8月,分布均为单峰型.地形对暴雨日、大暴雨日的分布等有一定影响.青岛7月、8月两月暴雨特征有一定差异:7月多局部性暴雨,8月多区域性暴雨和大暴雨.     

山东雨凇的天气气候特征分析

利用常规观测资料,对1971—2008年山东省雨凇天气的气候概况进行了统计分析,结果表明:空间上,山东省发生雨凇的分布极不均匀,鲁西北西部和鲁西南西部最多,鲁中山区和鲁东南地区次之,半岛东部最少;时间上,山东省雨凇有明显的年代际、年际变化特征,全省雨凇日数总体呈现下降趋势;雨凇发生时日平均气温为-2.0℃,雨凇发生时地面常规观测时次的风向大多为偏北风,最大结冰一般在30mm以下;38a共7次系统性雨凇过程,均为先暖后冷型。     

欧氏六线鱼Hexagrammos otakii Jordan & Starks性腺发育的周年变化研究

根据对青岛附近水域欧氏六线鱼（已达性成熟年龄）性腺周年宏观和组织学观察，性腺发育可分为：①重复发育Ⅱ期；②开始成熟期；③接近成熟期；④临产期或产卵期；⑤产后期。按性腺指数变化并结合性腺组织切片确定，欧氏六线鱼性腺发育在青岛海区一年一个周期，繁殖期在１０月下旬至１２月，繁殖盛期是１１月下旬至１２月中旬。     

2013年吕宋暖涡的生消过程及特征研究

基于 HYCOM（HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model）海洋模式,采用全球到西北太平洋,西北太平洋到南海两层嵌套的数值模拟方法,以 2013 年为例,获得了高精度 （1/25° × 1/25° × cosθ） 的南海海洋动力数据资料。详细刻画了吕宋暖涡的演变过程及三维结构,并对吕宋暖涡演化过程中伴随的能量变化进行了分析。研究发现,2013 年 6 月中旬吕宋暖涡生成于吕宋岛西北侧,该涡先向西移动,8 月底滞留约一个月,随后沿 200 m 等深线向西南移动,最终于 12 月中旬消亡。以 2013 年8 月 4 日为例,吕宋暖涡的影响深度可从海表面到达海底,涡的形状类似于圆柱状,涡中心存在倾斜,从海表面至海底涡的中心可倾斜约 110 km;吕宋暖涡最大流速可达 0.5 m/s。吕宋暖涡所在区域的温度高于周围区域 2~6 ℃,盐度低于周围区域约 0.1~0.3 ‰,最大温度异常值为 6.5℃,盐度异常值可达-1 ‰,都出现在深度 150 m 左右的海域。吕宋暖涡的总能量可达左右,涡势能约是涡动能的 6 倍;正压能量转化与斜压能量转化之和占涡总能量变化的 76%,对涡能量变化起决定性作用。     

济南市重大短时强降水过程特征分析

利用常规天气资料、多普勒雷达资料和区域自动气象站资料,对发生在济南的33次重大短时强降水过程进行总结分析。结果表明,重大短时强降水过程年均发生3. 3次,主要发生在7月上旬——8月中旬,17——23时和02——08时最易发生,南部山区较北部平原地区更易发生,且雨强更大。低槽冷锋型出现最多,水汽和动力条件充足,层结曲线中上层具有喇叭口型结构,对流有效位能呈瘦高状,平均值为1 370 J·kg~(-1),对流由冷锋触发(有时存在暖区对流),强降水范围最广;副热带高压边缘型水汽充沛,对流有效位能呈粗胖状,平均值为2 400 J·kg~(-1),对流由底层的动力系统触发,局地性和突发性强,强降水分布不均匀;低涡切变线型具有夜雨性,水汽较充沛,动力条件一般,对流有效位能平均值为607 J·kg~(-1)。低槽冷锋型和低涡切变线型平均雨强较大,副热带高压边缘型持续时间较长,低槽冷锋型能够产生平均雨强异常大或持续时间较长的过程,因此易出现极端降水事件。带状回波出现最多,主要由低槽冷锋型产生,块状回波主要由副热带高压边缘型产生,分布零散,絮状回波主要由低涡切变线型产生,强度较弱。强回波主要集中在中低层,回波整体质心偏低,呈现热带降水型特征。10次形成列车效应的过程中有7次由带状回波或短带回波的后向传播形成,另外3次由尺度较大的絮状回波形成,其持续时间和平均降水量是其余过程的两倍。     

山东夏季高温天气特征分析

选取1951—2008年山东121个站日最高气温观测资料和高空、地面常规观测资料做统计分析。结果表明:山东的高温具有明显的时空分布特征。山东≥35℃炎热日年际变化总趋势是两多一少,1951—1971年为第一多值阶段,1991—2005年为第二多值年1972—1990年为少值阶段。山东≥40℃酷热日出现在5月下旬—7月中旬,主要集中在6月和7月上、中旬,其中6月中旬最多;山东各地≥35℃炎热日以鲁西北西部、鲁西南西部和鲁中北部出现较多,其中淄博最多;山东日最高气温≥40℃的酷热日主要出现在鲁西北西部、荷泽和鲁中北部,最多出现在聊城的夏津,山东酷热天气虽多出现在内陆,但1980年以后山东半岛沿海部分站点也出现了酷热天气。山东的高温天气分为干热型和湿热型两类。干热型高温的天气形势为:850h Pa图上有≥20℃的暖区控制山东,地面图上山东处在东高西低的气压场内;当850h Pa在河套存在中心温度≥24℃的暖中心,24℃等温线延伸到济南东部,20℃等温线穿过山东半岛,山东就会出现酷热天气。湿热型高温的天气形势为:山东从低空到高空都受副高控制,且850h Pa≥20℃的暖区控制山东内陆地区。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,