Climate Change in China from 1880 to 1998 and its Impact on the Environmental Condition

The global mean surface air temperature (SAT) or the Northern Hemisphere mean SAT has increased since the late nineteenth century, but the mean precipitation around the world has not formed a definite tendency to increase. A lot of studies showed that different climate and environmental changes during the past 100 years over various regions in the world were experienced. The climate change in China over the past 100 years and its impact on China's environmental conditions needs to be investigated in more detail.Data sets of surface air temperature and atmospheric precipitation over China since 1880 up to the present are now available. In this paper, a drought index has been formulated corresponding to both the temperature and precipitation. Based on three series of temperature, precipitation, and drought index, interdecadal changes in all 7 regions of China and temperature differences among individual regions are analyzed. Some interesting facts are revealed using the wavelet transform method. In Northeast China, the aridification trend has become more serious since 1970s. Drought index in North China has also reached a high value during 1990s, which seems similar to that period 1920s–1940s. In NorthwestChina, the highest temperature appeared over the period 1930s–1940s. Along the Yangtze River valley in central eastern China and Southwest China, interdecadal high temperature occurred from 1920s to 1940s and in 1990s, but the drought climate mainly appeared from 1920s to early 1940s. In South China, temperature remained at a high value over the period 1910s–1940s,but the smaller-scale variation of drought index was remarkable from 1880 to 1998. Consequently, the quasi-20-year oscillation (smaller-scale variation) and the quasi-70-year oscillation (secular variation) obviously exist in temperature and precipitation series in different regions over China.Climate change and intensified human activity in China have induced certain environmental evolutions, such as the frequency change of dust-storm event in northern China, no-flow in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the runoff variation in Northwest China. On the other hand, frequent floods along the Yangtze River and high frequency of drought disaster have resulted in tremendous economic losses in the last decade in China. The primary reason for these happenings may be attributed to the evolution of the monsoon system in East Asian.     

Drought reconstruction in the Qilian Mountains over the last two centuries and its implications for large-scale moisture patterns

We present a composite tree-ring chronology from two sites of Qilian Juniper(Sabina przewalskii)in the northwestern Qilian Mountains(QM),Northwestern China.Precipitation in June was found to be the main limiting factor for tree-growth.The tree rings are also significantly and positively correlated with June precipitation over large areas of the northern Tibetan Plateau(TP).The authors thus consider that the tree- ring based drought reconstruction from 1803–2006 is representative of a large area drought hist...     

Demarcating the worldwide monsoon

Summary The monsoon is a global climate phenomenon. This paper addresses the seasonal reversal of atmospheric circulation and the transition of dry/wet spells in the monsoon regions worldwide. The NCEP/NCAR 850 hPa wind reanalysis data for 1950–1999 and the upper-tropospheric water vapour (UTWV) band brightness temperature (BT) data observed by NOAA polar orbiting satellites for 1980–1995 are used. In the tropics, there are three large wet-UTWV centres. The summer monsoon in the subtropics can be defined as the expansion of these centres associated with the influence of cross-equatorial flows. Specifically, the dry/wet spell transition is determined by the BT values that are smaller than 244 K. The regions of the South and North African monsoons, the Asian-northwest Pacific and Australian-Southwest Pacific monsoons, and the North and South American monsoons are examined with a focus on the dry/wet spell transition and stream field features. Findings suggest that the summer monsoons over many subtropical regions can be defined by both cross-equatorial flows and dry/wet spell transitions. In the mid- and low-latitudes, there exist six major dry/wet spell transition regions with a dry or wet period lasting more than one month. The region of most significant change is located over the subtropical North Africa–Asia–northwest Pacific. The others appear over subtropical South Africa, Indonesia–Australia, southwest Pacific, the Mexico-Caribbean Sea, and subtropical South America. In addition, three regions exist where only one of the two indicators (cross-equatorial flow and dry/wet transition) is satisfied. The first is near the Equator where the directions of cross-equatorial flows alternate but a dry/wet spell transition is never experienced. The second is over North Africa where only the dry/wet spell transition can be found but not the cross-equatorial flows. The third is over the mid-latitude regions in North China, South Africa, and northern North America. These regions are influenced by cross-equatorial flows but the upper-tropospheric water vapour content is not as high as that in tropical regions. Received June 29, 2000 Revised May 15, 2001     

太平洋年代际振荡与中国气候变率的联系

利用 195 1～ 1998年的太平洋年代际振荡 (PDO)指数、全球海洋和大气分析资料及中国降水和气温站点观测资料 ,分析了太平洋年代际振荡在海洋中的特征及其与东亚大气环流和中国气候变率的联系。结果表明 ,PDO与东亚大气环流及中国气候年代际变化关系密切。对应于PDO暖位相期 (即中纬度北太平洋异常冷、热带中东太平洋异常暖 ) ,冬季 ,阿留申低压增强 ,蒙古高压也增强 (但东西伯利亚高压减弱 ) ,中国东北、华北、江淮以及长江流域大部分地区降水偏少 ,东北、华北和西北地区气温异常显著偏高 ,而西南和华南地区气温偏低 ;夏季 ,海平面气压在北太平洋的负异常较弱 ,而在东亚大陆的正异常较强 ,东亚夏季风偏弱 ,西太平洋副热带高压偏南 ,热带太平洋信风减弱 ,赤道西风增强 ,此时华北地区降水异常偏少而长江中下游、华南南部、东北和西北地区降水异常偏多 ,东北、华北及华南地区气温异常偏高 ,而西北、西南和长江中下游地区气温异常偏低。对应于PDO冷位相期 ,上述形势相反。结果还表明 ,处于不同阶段的ENSO事件对中国夏季气候异常的影响明显受到PDO的调制。在PDO冷位相期 ,当ENSO事件处于发展阶段 ,华南地区夏季降水偏少 ,东北地区夏季多低温 ,在其衰减阶段 ,华北地区和长江流域降水偏多 ,淮河地区降水偏少 ;     

Dry/Wet Changes and Their Standing Characteristics in China During the Past 531 Years

Time series of the dryness-wetness(DW) index of 531 yr(AD 1470-2000) at 42 stations in regions A(most of North China and the east of Northwest China) and B(the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley) in China are applied to investigating the historical DW characteristics over various periods of the series with a relatively stationary average value using Bernaola-Galvan(BG) algorithm.The results indicate that region A/B underwent three drought-intensive periods(DIP;1471-1560,1571-1640,and 1920-2000/1501-1540,1631-1690,and 1911-1960) in the last 531 years.In the DIP of the last 130 years,the frequency of DW transition has increased in region A,but not obviously changed in region B in comparison with the other two historical DIPs.The dry period started in about 1920 in region A with severe drought events occurring from the late 1970s to the early 1980s.It lasted for about 50-70 yr in this century,and then a DW shift took place.The wet period in region B might maintain for the coming several decades.The variations of DW in region A are positively correlated with changes in temperature,but in region B,the correlation with temperature is weaker.It is found that the number of DW indices of various categories within a running window is an exponential function of the running window length.The dryness scale factor(DSF) is defined as the reciprocal of the characteristic value of the exponential distribution,and it has a band-like fluctuation distribution that is good for the detection of extreme drought(flood) clustering events.The results show that frequencies of the severe large-scale drought events that concurrently occurred in regions A and B were high in the late 12th century,the early 13th century,the early 17th century,and the late 20th century.This provides evidence for the existence of the time-clustering phenomena of droughts(floods).     

近百年气候变化与变率的诊断研究

总结了近百年来气候变化与变率的诊断研究结果，包括全球平均气温及降水量、中国平均气温及降水量，以及ＥＮＳＯ及ＱＢＯ。指出全球有变暖趋势，１９８０年代是最暖的１０年。但中国的情况有所不同，１９２０年代及１９４０年代最暖，而１９８０年代接近常年。全球降水量有增加趋势，但气温与降水的１０年尺度变化并不完全一致。１９５０年代及１９７０年代为多雨期，１９８０年代降水反而减少。中国夏季降水变化的主要特征是冷湿、暖干。１９２０年代及１９４０年代是近百年最干的时期。１８７１—１９９３年共发生厄尼诺事件２８次，拉尼娜２１次。气候变暖时厄尼诺强，气候较冷时拉尼娜频率高。１９５１—１９９３年赤道平流层纬向风准两年振荡的平均长度为２８．７个月，比１９５０年代末的估计（２６．３个月）要长。１９５１年以前的周期长度可能在２９个月左右。未发现ＱＢＯ与气候变化有明显关系。     

Interdecadal Variability of East Asian Summer Monsoon Precipitation over 220 Years （1777-1997）

In this study, long-term (1777–1997) precipitation data for Seoul, Korea, wetness indices from eastern China, and modern observations are used to identify the interdecadal variability in East Asian summer monsoon precipitation over the last 220 years. In the East Asian monsoon region, two long-term timescales of dry–wet transitions for the interdecadal variability and quasi-40-and quasi-60-year timescales are dominant in the 220-year precipitation data of Seoul, as well as in the wetness indices over China....     

Droughts near the northern fringe of the East Asian summer monsoon in China during 1470–2003

Historical annual dry–wet index for 1470–2003 combined with instrumental precipitation since 1951 were used to identify extremely dry years and events near the northern fringe of the East Asian summer monsoon in China—the Great Bend of the Yellow River (GBYR) region. In total, 49 drought years, of which 26 were severe, were identified. Composites of the dry–wet index under the drought years show an opposite wet pattern over the Southeast China. The longest drought event lasted for 6?years (1528–1533), the second longest one 4?years (1637–1640). The most severe 2-year-long drought occurred in 1928–1929, and the two driest single years were 1900 and 1965. These persistent and extreme drought events caused severe famines and huge losses of human lives. Wavelet transform applied to the dry–wet index indicates that the severe drought years are nested in several significant dry–wet variations across multiple timescales, i.e., the 65–85?year timescale during 1600– 1800, 40–55?year timescale before 1640 and 20–35?year timescale mainly from 1550 to 1640. These timescales of dry–wet variations are discussed in relation to those forcing such as cycles of solar radiation, oscillation in the thermohaline circulation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Comparing 850?hPa winds in Asia in extremely dry and wet years, it was concluded that dry–wet variability in the GBYR region strongly depends upon whether the southerly monsoon flow can reach northern China.     

超强厄尔尼诺事件对中国东部春夏季极端降水频率的影响

利用中国国家气象信息中心提供的中国地面逐日降水0.5°×0.5°格点数据集,研究了超强厄尔尼诺事件衰减年春、夏季中国东部极端降水发生概率的变化,并通过诊断超强厄尔尼诺自身及其衍生模态各自的水汽输送和垂直运动特征,探讨了超强厄尔尼诺事件对中国东部极端降水的影响机制。结果表明,超强厄尔尼诺事件衰减年春季,整个中国东部尤其是江淮以北地区,极端降水事件发生概率显著增大。同年夏季,长江流域极端降水发生概率比常规年份高出近1倍,而在华南和华北地区则相对减小。诊断分析显示,春季超强厄尔尼诺自身及其与热带太平洋地区年循环相互作用衍生出的组合模态（C-mode）均对降水的环流背景影响显著,热带太平洋西北部低空存在强盛的反气旋性异常环流,导致大量水汽在中国东部汇聚并上升,有利于该地区极端降水事件的发生。夏季,厄尔尼诺事件已经消亡,但与C-mode影响相关联的西北太平洋异常反气旋环流仍然存在,长江流域维持极端降水事件发生的有利条件。此外,研究也显示,超强厄尔尼诺事件衰减年春、夏季中国东部对流层中上层持续有异常经向风活动,频繁的南北冷暖气流交汇可能导致强对流事件发生次数增多,这也为该区域极端降水的频发提供了支持。      

中国近80年来气候变化特征及其形成机制

自 2 0世纪 2 0年代以来 ,中国地区 4 0和 90年代出现了 2个暖期及 5 0～ 6 0年代相对冷期。最近的 90年代的最暖年 (1998年 )或 5a滑动平均气温几乎已达或略高于 4 0年代的最暖年 (194 6年 )或 5a滑动平均气温。变暖最明显是北方地区 (黑龙江和新疆北部 ) ,而 35°N以南和 10 0°E以东地区自 5 0年代以来存在一个以四川盆地为中心的变冷带 ,虽然 90年代有变暖趋势 ,但基本达到 4 0年代暖期气温。中国降水则以 2 0年代为最少 (192 9年最少 ) ,5 0年代为多水年代 ,以后缓慢减少 ,70年代以后变化不大 ,但多雨带在 80年代及以后由华北南移到长江中下游。195 1～ 1990年 ,大部分地区气温和降水呈负相关 ,在东北和长江—黄河间存在 2个负相关中心 ,表明北方是变暖变旱 ,江淮间是变冷变湿。这些气候变化特征和全球气候变化相比较 ,除北方外 ,变暖期明显的滞后于全球变暖 ,并且出现变冷带等明显差异。文中还综述了用诊断和数值模拟方法对影响中国变化的气候自然变化和人类活动影响 (热岛效应和气溶胶影响 )的研究结果。我们认为 ,以上提出的 3种人类活动对中国气候变化有明显影响 ,特别是工农业发展造成的气溶胶增加是四川盆地气温变冷的主要原因。     

索马里急流和澳洲越赤道气流年际变异不同配置及其影响

使用NCEP/NCAR大气再分析资料、Hadley中心海表温度分析资料和中国160站降水观测资料,分析了夏季索马里急流与澳洲越赤道气流年际变异之间的关系及相关联的海表温度、大气环流和中国降水异常分布特征。结果表明:夏季索马里急流和澳洲越赤道气流的年际变异存在两类关系,即多数的反位相和少数的同位相关系。当夏季索马里急流和澳洲越赤道气流呈前者减弱、而后者增强的反位相变化时,热带印度洋—太平洋海气异常表现为处于发展阶段的经典的东部El Nio型,造成东亚夏季风显著减弱,中国降水呈南方偏多、北方偏少的偶极型分布;当夏季索马里急流和澳洲越赤道气流同位相增强时,海气异常表现为处于成熟阶段的中太平洋El Nio型,东亚夏季风增强,中国降水呈长江流域降水偏少、而华北和华南沿海降水显著偏多的三极型分布。     

热带太平洋次表层海温异常年代际变率及其对中国气候异常的影响

利用近50年月平均的SODA海洋同化资料和NCEP大气再分析资料,研究了热带太平洋次表层海温异常(SOTA)年代际变率主要分布型以及与之相关的亚洲-北太平洋-北美地区上空异常大气环流场,并揭示了类ENSO模态与中国气候异常之间的联系.得到主要结果:(1)热带太平洋SOTA年代际变率有两种类ENSO模态.第一模为类ENSO事件成熟期热带太平洋年代际SOTA状态；第二模为类ENSO过渡期热带太平洋年代际SOTA状态.二者组合构成类ENSO事件40年左右及其背景下13年左右的周期振荡.(2)类ENSO事件对亚洲-北太平洋-北美上空中高纬和副热带大气系统年代际变化具有重要影响.类El Ni(n)o成熟期间冬季,中高纬地区大气环流经向型发展,贝加尔湖高压脊加强,西太平洋副高偏强、位置偏西,蒙古高原为较强的异常反气旋环流.类El Ni(n)o衰退期(类La Ni(n)a发展期)夏季,贝加尔湖低压槽加深,乌拉尔山高压脊加强,西太平洋副高偏弱,新疆-河套地区为较强的异常反气旋环流距平.类La Ni(n)a事件时相反.(3)热带太平洋类ENSO事件通过影响中高纬和副热带大气系统,造成中国北部地区上空南风距平的年代际变化,进而导致东亚季风和中国气候异常.类El Ni(n)o事件成熟期,中国北部地区上空多异常偏北风,东亚季风弱,华北少雨,长江中、下游多雨；类El Ni(n)o衰退(类La Ni(n)a发展)期,中国北部地区上空亦为异常偏北气流,东亚季风较弱,华北少雨.中国气候异常型主要取决于类ENSO第一模态,而第二模态主要视位相异同来加强或减弱第一模态.两个类ENSO模态的共同作用导致1978年前后中国气候跃变和华北地区持续20余年的干旱.近期类ENSO模的振荡从1998年左右开始转为类La Ni(n)a模态,大致在2018年左右结束.在此期间,华北降水有望增加,长江中、下游降水可能减少.     

20世纪上半叶塔里木河流域夏季干湿的演变特征

利用CRU(Climatic Research Unit)的月Palmer干湿指数资料，研究了1901～1950年塔里木河流域夏季干湿的时空演变特征，结果表明：流域干湿的空间分布为正常或轻微干旱，从西南至东北呈“-+”分布；流域干湿变化的线性趋势从西至东呈“+-+-”分布，整个流域50年变干旱趋势显著，但大部分地区的趋势不显著；变率空间分布为东部正变率和西部负变率；干湿指数在1910之前为正，年际变化较为小，之后，则相反；年代干湿指数值呈年代周期性变化，但干湿等级都为正常。在20世纪0年代后期、10年代中期、30年代初期和40年代初期，流域干湿的年代值与50年均值差异显著。年代线性趋势在20世纪10年代中期至30年代初期，正趋势较多，其余两段时期都为负趋势，年代线性趋势在10年代末期正趋势显著，0年代后期至10年代中期、30年代末期和40年代初负趋势显著。流域变率值在20世纪0年代后期至20年代中期，30年代初期和后期与40年代初期达到显著水平。流域干湿的突变点分别出现在1910年、1919年、1927年和1938年。3.5年和7年是此序列显著周期。本文与之前研究得出的流域干湿总体变化特征相似，而由于数据来源、研究区和研究方法存在不同，两者在具体结果方面存在差异；流域干湿变化与海温变化和大气涛动在不同时期存在显著相关关系。     

2014年夏季长江流域降水季节内振荡的环流分析

基于台站降水观测数据和MERRA-2再分析资料,分析了2014年夏季我国长江流域降水的季节内振荡特征,并从位涡角度重点研究了与之相关的环流演变。结果表明:2014年夏季长江流域降水季节内变率以10~20d的准双周振荡为主。在降水准双周振荡的极端湿位相,受对流层高层随中纬度波列东传的正异常位涡和南亚高压东侧西南向传播的正异常位涡的共同影响,南亚高压呈“马鞍型”分布,在长江流域形成高空辐散环流;在对流层中低层,当中纬度波列的异常气旋向东南传播至长江流域以北时,西太平洋异常反气旋延伸至中国东南沿海,二者共同导致长江流域低空水汽辐合加强;在高、低层环流的共同作用下,长江流域持续性降水显著偏多,形成准双周振荡的极端湿位相;同时,长江以北高空位涡正异常导致其下方冷空气下沉,触发长江流域异常上升运动和南海地区异常下沉运动,该经向垂直环流圈的形成有利于长江流域正异常降水的维持。反之则形成极端干相位。      

论1982—1983年冬季东亚气候距平的分布及其形成原因

1982—1983年冬季东亚气候距平的主要特征是有三个距平带和热干、冷湿两种距平状态。作者发现，在厄尼诺现象盛行时，副高明显加强，这是15°N 以南出现热干气候的直接原因。我国新疆地区偏暖，华南、西南地区偏冷也同厄尼诺有一定的遥相关关系。15°—30°N 的强大降水正距平则同东亚南支急流加强和南移有密切关系，南支急流加强则是其南侧的副高加强和其北侧青藏高原气温的强大负距平与雪盖扩大的结果。从降水带与高空急流的关系看，该冬季15°—30°N 地带的降水增多是一种季风雨的加强，同夏季梅雨加强的环流特点是相同的。     

近57a夏季西太平洋副高面积的年代际振荡及其与中国降水的联系

利用1951—2007年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及中国国家气候中心160站降水和环流特征指数,研究了近57 a来夏季平均的西太平洋副热带高压面积指数的气候变化特征及其对同期中国降水的影响。结果表明,在全球变暖的气候背景下,夏季副热带高压面积也表现出增大趋势,其中20世纪60年代中期和20世纪末显著增强,并呈现出准20 a的年代际周期变化特征。各周期中,中国同期降水及流场均出现较大调整：随着西太平洋副热带高压面积长期趋于增大,东亚夏季风异常偏弱,降水分布由＂北多南少＂转为＂北少南多＂,而降水线性增长的区域则呈现出较上一周期明显北移的特征。     

A reconstructed dynamic Indian monsoon index extended back to 1880

The authors present a reconstruction of summer (June–July–August) mean dynamic Indian monsoon index (DIMI) back to 1880 based on a large number of historical surface observation data as well as information from the upper air data. The reconstruction shows a satisfying skill in terms of both the value of reduction of error and an evaluation against other independent monsoon indices. The skill of reconstruction increases over time with more predictor data (in particular upper-level data) becoming available. A comparison with the observed all Indian summer monsoon rainfall index (AIRI) shows a high consistence in both inter-decadal and inter-annual variability. The reconstruction shows stronger than normal monsoon during the 1880s, 1915–1925 (around 1920) and 1930–1945 (around 1940) as the AIRI. The El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO)—monsoon relationship is reasonably captured in the reconstruction. Powers concentrating within quasi-biennial band stand out in the reconstruction as well as in the AIRI. A comparison of the reconstruction against an atmospheric general circulation model simulation with specified SST and external forcing agents spanning 1901–1999 indicates a slightly higher reproducibility of monsoon circulation than monsoon rainfall in terms of interannual variability. The relationship between the Asian continent warming and the ENSO–monsoon connection is also discussed by using the new dynamic index.     

Intra- to multi-decadal terrestrial precipitation regimes at the end of the 20th century

Intra- to multi-decadal (IMD) variation in terrestrial precipitation during 1901–98 was evaluated here by sampling annual precipitation rankings over 6–30 year moving time windows and converting those rankings to Mann-Whitney U statistics. Those U statistics were then used to identify the most significant concentrations of wet and dry years relative to a null hypothesis that assumes stationary climate variability. This time series analysis approach served as the basis of a climate survey method used to identify IMD precipitation regimes over continental areas, and was also used to evaluate IMD variation in time series of annual precipitation spatially averaged over those areas. These methods showed a highly significant incidence of wet years over North America during 1972–98, with 8 of the 10 wettest years of 1901–98 occurring during that 27-year period. A comparably significant incidence of late century wetness was also found over a northern Europe grid region, with 7 of the 10 wettest years occurring during 1978–98. Although significant wet and dry regimes were also found over other land areas in the last decades of the 20th century, the late century North American and northern European wet periods stood out as the most statistically significant found here during 1901–98. It is suggested that these recent wet periods are actually terrestrial evidence of a single multi-decadal precipitation mode extending across the North Atlantic, and the most observable evidence of an even broader pattern of recent North Atlantic climate change.     

Precipitation variability during the past 400?years in the Xiaolong Mountain (central China) inferred from tree rings

We developed the first tree-ring chronology, based on 73 cores from 29 Pinus tabulaeformis trees, for the Xiaolong Mountain area of central China, a region at the boundary of the Asian summer monsoon. This chronology exhibits significant (at 0.01 level) positive correlations with precipitation in May and June, and negative correlations with temperature in May, June and July. Highest linear correlation is observed between tree growth and the seasonalized (April–July) precipitation, suggesting that tree rings tend to integrate the monthly precipitation signals. Accordingly, the April–July total precipitation was reconstructed back to 1629 using these tree rings, explaining 44.7?% of the instrumental variance. A severe drought occurred in the area during the 1630s–1640s, which may be related to the weakened Asian summer monsoon caused by a low land-sea thermal gradient. The dry epoch during the 1920s–1930s and since the late 1970s may be explained by the strengthened Hadley circulation in a warmer climate. The dry (wet) epochs of the 1920s–1930s (the 1750s and 1950s) occurred during the warm (cold) phases of the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation that are often associated with weakened (strengthened) East Asian summer monsoon. These relationships indicate significant teleconnections operating over the past centuries in central China related to large-scale synoptic features.     

青藏高原异常雪盖和ENSO在1998年长江流域洪涝中的作用

1997/1998年冬季青藏高原大部地区积雪异常偏多，出现了历史上罕见的严重雪灾。作者在回顾关于青藏高原雪盖与中国季风雨关系的基础上，分析了1998年夏季各月中国东部降水分布和主要雨带移动的特点，并与青藏高原多雪年夏季我国主要雨带活动的统计特征进行对比分析，探讨了1998年夏季长江流域洪涝的成因。结果表明，1998年夏季降水的一些重要特征:如6月强降雨出现在湖南、江西、浙江一线，7月二度梅发生在湖南北部、湖北南部、江西北部一带，8月长江上游、汉水流域和黄淮地区降水频繁，以及夏季我国主要雨带北移明显推迟，都与多雪年的情况非常相似。突出地反映了1998年夏季长江流域洪涝的发生，前期冬季青藏高原出现的积雪异常起着重要的作用。多雪年夏季西太平洋副热带高压北移也明显偏迟，致使中国主要雨带持续偏南，造成长江流域降水异常偏多。另外，分析表明，它还与1997年强厄尔尼诺的共同作用有密切关系。