顾功叙

某车站,一队人员正在等待SEG(美国勘探地球物理工作者协会)的往返列车前往美国的阿纳海姆会谈中心。该队人员包括由中国学生组成的3名代表,1名展览人员,名义会员顾功叙以及他的夫人,另外还有1名SEG的职员。除此外,这里呈现的完全是普通公交车站的情形。开始的时候,大家好像达成     

2008年度日本防灾对策的重点

为实现防灾、减灾的社会,在进一步促进平日防灾对策的同时,从推进具体的战略、根据灾害特性采取各种对策的观点,中央防灾会议2007年6月21日决定,2008年度实施以以下8个项目为重点的防灾对策。1树立减轻大规模灾害的战略思路(1)首都直下型地震以及大规模地震的不断准备。(2)推动大规模水灾对策。为了把任何时间任何地方发生的大地震所造成的灾害控制在最低限度,在正确抓住地震防灾战略进展情况的同时,要加强实现以减灾为目标的各种对策。其中,为确保国家中枢机能的连续性,特别是需要对首都直下型地震采取对策,要推进中央省厅、企业等制定业务…     

霍尔果斯泥火山活动与新疆地区中强以上地震活动关系的初步研究

基于1991-2006年间对新疆霍尔果斯泥火山的系统观测,初步发现了泥火山活动与新疆地区中强以上地震的活动具有较好的对应关系,且对预测未来地震的发震时间及震级都有一定的指导意义,如能对泥火山的动态进行长期监测,会得到更加有研究意义的资料; 并认为泥火山具有一定的映震性能的原因可能与该泥火山处于中强以上地震活动的近震源区、构造上处于霍尔果斯背斜轴部及泥火山物质来自地层相对深处等有关.     

武汉月湖水生植被重建过程中浮游植物的动态变化

2004年12月-2005年5月武汉市月湖水生植被重建过程中,对浮游植物进行逐月调查.结果表明,在营养盐浓度较高的条件下,浮游植物仍保持较低的生物量和密度,浮游植物的生长与温度保持一定的相关性,但与湖水营养盐浓度并不存在相关关系.菹草和伊乐藻能使水体的透明度保持较高的状态.浮游植物主要由隐藻和硅藻组成,能形成水华的一些常见种类并未随温度升高而出现,可能与这两种沉水植物的存在改变了浮游植物的群落结构有关.因此,在水温较低的冬季和春季进行水生植被重建是富营养化湖泊治理的有效途径.     

两种方法所定震源深度的对比分析

选取山西数字地震台网2002年至2006年间4个及其以上台记录的80个震相清晰的地震事件,对利用石川交切法与HYP081盖格法所定震源深度进行了对比,得出二者结果基本吻合,数字HYP081盖格法所定震源深度是准确可信的结论.这一结论对于用该值进行如发生震群、大震的迁移等反映震源点深部信息的相关方面的研究有重要的作用.     

南京玄武湖底泥重金属形态与环境意义

通过对玄武湖12个底泥样品采用连续提取的方法,分别获得湖中6种金属的总量和形态分布数据,并用因子分析的方法对金属总量进行统计分析.金属总量结果表明,部分样点的Ni和大部分样点的Cr、Pb、Zn超过背景值,显示有轻度污染,这与玄武湖周围的地理环境和人类活动对底泥重金属的影响有关.对金属形态分析的结果表明,在所测金属中残渣态是主要的存在形式,其次比例较高的是有机物和硫化物结合态,而Pb、Zn有潜在的生物危害性.     

铜绿微囊藻在竞争生长条件下对氧化还原电位降低的响应

在室内研究了有、无伊乐藻存在条件下,不同水平的氮及氮磷比(N/P)对实验体系中附着藻类和浮游藻类生长的影响,结果表明:1)在有沉水植物的体系中,当氮浓度较高时(5 mg/L),浮游藻类对N/P的变化比附着藻类更为敏感;而当氮浓度较低时(2 mg/L),浮游藻类与附着藻类对N/P的响应则没有显著的差异;2)在有沉水植物的体系中,当N/P为15时,随水体中氮浓度的升高,附着藻类的生物量显著增加,但浮游藻类的变化不显著.当N/P为25时,随水体中氮浓度的升高,浮游藻类及附着藻类的生物量均显著升高;3)附着藻类的生物量在无沉水植物(伊乐藻)存在的情况下要比有沉水植物(伊乐藻)存在时高得多,且随氮浓度升高,其生物量的增加量也远高于后者.而对浮游藻类而言,情况则完全相反.     

亚特兰蒂斯的沉落

(一)手记:玛雅预言里,曾经有过这样一段记载,说人类生存的世界,共有五次毁灭和重生周期,每一个周期即所谓太阳纪,并认为在每一纪结束时,都会演一出惊心动魄的毁灭悲剧。而今天我们要讲述的是第四个太阳纪——亚特兰蒂斯,又称光的文明,传说中是来自猎户座的殖民者,拥有光的能力。当然,神话里故事是变幻莫测的,不管它有没有光的能力,而真实的历史记载中,确实有这样一段史实。古希腊哲学家柏拉     

大凉山地区新生代地壳缩短及其构造意义

大凉山地区位于青藏高原的东南边缘,具体指鲜水河-小江断裂带中段安宁河断裂带和则木河断裂带以东的菱形地区.新生代以来大凉山地区的新构造运动不仅表现为沿区内大凉山断裂带的左旋走滑和逆冲2种分量的断层运动,还表现为轴向近SN的褶皱缩短.利用平衡剖面方法结合误差分析得出研究区的地壳平均缩短量为 (10.9±1.6)km,缩短率为 (17.8±2.2)%.研究区发生缩短变形的时间段主要集中在中新世和上新世(12～3.4Ma BP),结合地壳缩短量计算出的研究区地壳缩短速率为 (1.3±0.2)mm/a.对比沿大凉山断裂带的左旋滑动量,可以看出这种褶皱形式的地壳缩短在沿鲜水河-小江断裂带向SE方向传递左旋位移的过程中起着重要的作用.     

路段的地震破坏评估方法研究

路段作为交通系统的主要部分,它的破坏将会严重影响交通流量,甚至会使整个交通中断.本文讨论了路段的震害现象、原因和影响因素等,简单介绍了公路的地震破坏评估方法.根据唐山和海城地震中铁路震害的统计资料,采用最小二乘法建立了铁路在各烈度下的震害评估模型,并分析了其评估结果的合理性.     

变化环境下近60年西江流域径流时空演变特征

气候变化叠加人类活动的双重影响下,西江流域的河川径流发生了不同程度的改变,重新认识和掌握变化环境下的径流时空演变规律对流域的科学管理具有重要意义。基于西江流域干支流7个控制性水文站近60年的日径流资料,综合极点对称模态分解法(ESMD)、Mann-Kendall检验、R/S分析、小波分析等方法,从年代、年、季和年内多个时间尺度对径流的时空演变特征进行分析,研究结果表明:年代尺度下,西江流域径流丰枯交替、变化悬殊,1970s与1990s径流丰沛,2010s径流偏枯,降雨影响着径流的丰枯变化,流域上、中游更易发生干旱与洪涝灾害;春、夏、秋、冬季径流振荡周期依次为2～7、15～20、28～29 a,3～5、7～10、20 a,2～3、6～8、12～15 a和3～8、12～15、20 a,均呈现年际与年代的双重周期特征,IMF1的年际振荡在径流变化中占主导地位;受降雨与水库调蓄作用的影响,年、夏、秋季径流呈下降趋势,预测下降变化具有持续性,春、冬季径流整体呈上升趋势。空间内上游的变化趋势更显著;年和季尺度径流在1980年后突变增多,尤其集中于2000—2010年间,人类活动与气候变化是造成西江...     

Progress on shelf and slope circulation in the northern South China Sea

Influenced by the seasonally reversed monsoons, water exchange through straits, and topography, the shelf and slope circulation in the northern South China Sea (NSCS) is complex and changeable. The typical current system in the NSCS consists of the slope current, South China Sea warm current (SCSWC), coastal current, and associated upwelling (in summer) and downwelling (in winter). This paper reviews recent advances in the study of NSCS shelf and slope circulation since the 1990s, and summarizes the roles of Kuroshio intrusion, the monsoons, topography, and the buoyancy effect of the Pearl River plume in the shelf and slope current system of the NSCS. We also point out some potential scientific issues that require further study, such as the dynamic connection between the internal basin and shelf areas of the NSCS, the persistence of the SCSWC in winter, the temporo-spatial characteristics of downwelling during winter in the NSCS, and its material and energy transport.     

2018年云南通海2次5.0级地震人员受伤情况分析

收集整理了2018年云南省通海县2次5.0级地震造成的31名受伤人员详细资料,对受伤人员空间分布、年龄分布、性别分布、伤情特征进行分析,得出通海地震受伤人员具有震感较强区域和人口稠密区受伤人数多、女性和老年人受伤率较高、骨折和软组织损伤居多等特征;同时,从致伤直接原因、地震强度、发震时间、人口密度、余震序列等方面对本次地震受伤原因进行分析。结果表明:震害叠加、震区人口密度高、发震时间在深夜、灾区群众对地震反应较为敏感等因素是造成此次地震人员受伤较多的重要原因。     

饱和砂岩滞弹性弛豫衰减机理的探索

本文采用从法国引进的Metravib热机械分析仪用正弦波加载方式,首次对四种不同孔隙度的饱和砂岩的衰减进行了实验研究,在5~400 Hz的频率,-50 ℃~100 ℃的温度范围获得衰减的热弛豫规律,由此求得它们的激活能和原子振动频率,其激活能和弛豫时间是处在原子和电子的激活能和弛豫时间之间.可见,在饱和岩石的晶粒间界缺陷处参与扩散的是原子、电子.并得出随孔隙度增大,衰减强度和激活能增大,原子的振动速率加快,弛豫时间缩短.在交变应力作用下,由多种矿物晶体胶结而成的饱和砂岩是一种多晶、多相的固体,由于内部结构复杂,损伤、缺陷广布,弛豫衰减是普遍存在的.饱和砂岩中存在的晶界、相界等许多缺陷,以及缺陷间的相互作用,比如饱和岩石中的饱和液体与岩石骨架之间的作用等等都可以产生弛豫衰减峰,弛豫过程还受晶界上原子扩散所控制.由于饱和岩石中的种种缺陷、相界等等导致上述矿物颗粒或晶界之间的多重弛豫,才使弛豫衰减峰变宽,分布宽度增大.用饱和砂岩中特有的饱和液体及砂岩内部结构的复杂性解释了饱和砂岩的衰减机理,很自然地将其宏观衰减特征与微细观结构紧紧联在一起.衰减及其机理的研究既具有科学意义,对地球物理勘探又具有实用价值.     

Mechanical problems in geodynamics and work done in China

The subject of geodynamics concerns the dynamics of the global motion of the earth, of the motion in the earth's interior and its interaction with surface features, together with mechanical processes in the deformation and rupture of geological structures. A brief historical review is given from Sir I. Newton, Maclauwin, Jacobi, Poincaré, Poisson, Lamé, Darwin, Rayleigh, and Love, who dealt with the homogeneous sphere, to Leibenson, Takeuchi, and Meinesz, concentrating on layered spheres, and after the advent of plate tectonics, on the use of numerical simulation, to the analyses of tectonic features, earthquake mechanism, the application of nonlinear dynamics. By discussing the forward and inverse mechanical problems, and the questions facing the inverse problems of searching for the structural parameters, driving forces, etc. are raised in more detail. Thereafter, some works accomplished in China on the global and regional stress fields analyses; tectonic features' analyses, mantle flow studies; experimental studies of rocks and their constitutive relations are presented. Finally, the interdisciplinary nature of the subject is emphasized, and the main mechanical problems that need special attention are then proposed.     

C and N stable isotope analysis of human and animal bones at the Beiqian site

The Beiqian site, located in Jimo city, Qingdao, went through three archaeological excavations, and a large number of human and animal bones in the Dawenkou culture and the Zhou Dynasty period were unearthed. By carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis, the diet of ancestors is expected to be recovered, and the domesticated plants and animals will be discussed. The investigated results showed that the food structure of ancestors in both periods included food crops, mainly C4 foods, and meat, mainly marine shellfish and livestock. For domestic pigs, they mainly eat C3 plants, and were affected by the lifestyle of ancestors. This study also showed that the diet of ancestors is the shellfish rather than marine fish despite the Beiqian site is located near the shoreline. We can conclude that the diet of ancestors in Dawenkou culture period included millet crops (C4 plants), shellfish, marine food, and livestock, representing the lifestyle of farming, domestication, and fishing, supplemented by hunting. In the Zhou dynasty period the meat resource was enriched by domesticated animals and marine fisheries, and the living conditions were significantly improved.     

场地黄土扰动前后的湿陷性与其物性指标的关系

黄土物性指标可以近似但较为简便快速地评价其湿陷性。原状黄土在不同荷载和浸水的扰动下,随着其物性指标的改变,湿陷性也随之变化,故为了更好地评价这类扰动性黄土的湿陷性,在兰州东岗某场地上进行的两次相隔四十多年室内试验的基础上,采用相关分析的方法,研究扰动前后湿陷性系数与干密度、含水率、孔隙比、饱和度和塑性指数之间的关系。结果表明:(1)扰动前后湿陷性系数和干密度、含水率、饱和度和塑性均呈负相关,和孔隙比呈正相关,且扰动后湿陷性系数整体上低于扰动前,各指标对湿陷性系数的影响减弱。(2)以干密度、含水率、孔隙比、饱和度和塑性指数作为反映扰动前后黄土湿陷性的因子进行多元线性回归和因子权重分析,得出用以评价扰动前后黄土湿陷性的回归公式和影响湿陷性的因子排序。研究结果对于研判扰动黄土的湿陷性并选择合适的地基处理方法具有一定参考价值。     

太湖流域水文连通性:现状、研究进展与未来挑战

水文连通性作为连接河湖水体间物质、能量及信息传递与交换的关键纽带,对水环境、水生态和生境状况具有联动与触发反馈作用,已成为水文学、水利学和生态学等诸多领域的研究热点.太湖流域作为全国典型的流域性密集平原河网区,在快速城镇化背景下,河湖水文连通关系变化剧烈并引起了一系列生态环境效应.本文以水文连通性概念与内涵为背景,对太湖流域水文连通性研究进行了综述.太湖流域水文连通性评价方法以图论法、景观格局指数及水文连通性函数等方法联合使用为主,且聚焦于区域尺度研究;演变过程按人类活动影响强度大致划分为自然水系形成阶段、古代人类活动影响阶段和现代人类活动影响阶段;气候变化和人类活动共同影响着太湖流域水文连通性变化,近百年来水利工程建设和城市化进程等人类活动的影响尤为剧烈;良好的水文连通性有利于汛期减轻流域洪涝灾害及非汛期保障水资源供给,但水文连通性的提高对水环境和水生态的效应由于涉及因素众多尚存在争议.针对当前研究现状和存在问题,提出(1)平原河网区水文连通性的定量表征与评估是水文连通性研究的前提;(2)定量解析流域水文连通性的驱动机制是水文连通性研究的重点;(3)深入跟踪大型引水调水工程对流域水文连通影响及其效应是一项长期任务;(4)兼顾环境生态效应的水利工程生态化改造研究,开展工程控制背景下的流域水文连通多目标优化调控,是实现太湖流域洪水调蓄、水资源供给、水环境净化、生物多样性维持等生态系统服务协同提升的重要途径.     

“Exploring petroleum inside source kitchen”: Shale oil and gas in Sichuan Basin

The Sichuan Basin is rich in shale oil and gas resources, with favorable geological conditions that the other shale reservoirs in China cannot match. Thus, the basin is an ideal option for fully "exploring petroleum inside source kitchen" with respect to onshore shale oil and gas in China. This paper analyzes the characteristics of shale oil and gas resources in the United States and China, and points out that maturity plays an important role in controlling shale oil and gas composition. US shale oil and gas exhibit high proportions of light hydrocarbon and wet gas, whereas Chinese marine and transitional shale gas is mainly dry gas and continental shale oil is generally heavy. A comprehensive geological study of shale oil and gas in the Sichuan Basin reveals findings with respect to the following three aspects. First, there are multiple sets of organic-rich shale reservoirs of three types in the basin, such as the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation and Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation marine shale, Permian Longtan Formation transitional shale, Triassic Xujiahe Formation lake-swamp shale, and Jurassic lacustrine shale. Marine shale gas enrichment is mainly controlled by four elements: Deep-water shelf facies, moderate thermal evolution, calcium-rich and silicon-rich rock association, and closed roof/floor. Second, the "sweet section" is generally characterized by high total organic carbon, high gas content, large porosity, high brittle minerals content, high formation pressure,and the presence of lamellation/bedding and natural microfractures. Moreover, the "sweet area" is generally characterized by very thick organic-rich shale, moderate thermal evolution, good preservation conditions, and shallow burial depth, which are exemplified by the shale oil and gas in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation, Longtan Formation, and Daanzhai Member of the Ziliujing Formation. Third, the marine, transitional, and continental shale oil and gas resources in the Sichuan Basin account for 50%, 25%, and 30% of the respective types of shale oil and gas geological resources in China, with great potential to become the cradle of the shale oil and gas industrial revolution in China. Following the "Conventional Daqing-Oil"(i.e., the Daqing oilfield in the Songliao Basin) and the "Western Daqing-Oil Gas"(i.e., the Changqing oilfield in the Ordos Basin), the Southwest oil and gas field in the Sichuan Basin is expected to be built into a "Sichuan-Chongqing Daqing-Gas" in China.     

The Upper Devonian orbital cyclostratigraphy and numerical dating conodont zones from Guangxi,South China

The hierarchically organized laminae, bundles, bundlesets and superbundlesets which correspond to a sub-Milankovitch, obliquity or precession, eccentricity and long eccentricity cyclothems, respectively, have been distinguished from the Upper Devonian Fras-nian-Famennian (F-F) transitional carbonate successions deposited in the carbonate-basin and slope facies of Guangxi, South China. The durations of cyclothems are 8000-10000a, 16667a or 33333a, 100000a and 400000a, respectively. The ratio of eccentricity to precession, eccentricity to obliquity, and long eccentricity to eccentricity is 1 : 6, 1 : 3 and 1 : 4 in the Devonian, respectively. Orbital cyclostratigraphical studies show that the durations of the conodont falsio-valis Zone, transitans Zone, punctate Zone, Lower hassi Zone, Upper hassi Zone, jamieae Zone, Lower rhenana Zone, Upper rhenana Zone, linguiformis Zone, Lower triangularis Zone, Middle triangularis Zone and Upper triangularis Zone are 0.4, 0.4, 0.4, 0.3, 0.4, 0.2, 0.8, 0.6, 0.8, 0.3, 0