非硫化物型锌-铅矿床研究现状及其进展

非硫化物型锌-铅矿床主要由一系列锌、铅"氧化物"组成。非硫化物型锌-铅矿床可以分为表生和深成2种类型。表生非硫化物矿床的形成主要与表生的氧化作用有关,主要含有菱锌矿、异极矿、白铅矿等;根据成矿方式的不同分为直接交代型、围岩交代型、残余-岩溶充填型。深成非硫化物矿床的形成主要与热液流体的有关,主要含有硅锌矿、菱锌矿、白铅矿等;根据形成的不同方式被分为构造控制型矿床与层状矿床。深成矿床显示与表生矿床不同的C-O同位素特点。笔者主要讨论非硫化物型铅锌矿床的特征及成因机制,并介绍中国火烧云锌-铅矿床的研究进展。火烧云铅锌矿已探明锌-铅金属资源量大于1 700万t,已成为中国新的最大铅锌矿。矿床成矿矿物以菱锌矿、白铅矿、方铅矿与闪锌矿为主,最新研究结果表明矿床主要经历2期成矿作用:早期的铅锌碳酸盐阶段(主要)与晚期的铅锌硫化物阶段。其矿床地质特征及稳定同位素特征显示火烧云铅锌矿床为深成层状(喷流)的非硫化物型锌-铅矿床。     

期刊集萃

《经济地质学与经济地质学家协会会刊》(EconomicGeologyandtheBulletinoftheSocietyofEconomicGeologist) 2 0 0 3年 6～ 7月第 98卷第 4期为一非硫化物锌矿床专刊 ,特约编辑为DFSangster,刊载论文 10篇。题目如下 :非硫化物锌矿床 :一个新视角—引言(DFSangster) ;非硫化物锌矿床的分类、成因和勘探指南(MurrayWHitzman等 ) ;欧洲的非硫化物锌矿床 :概观(MariaBoni和DuncanLarge ) ;意大利撒丁西南部的“天然硅酸锌” :表生锌矿化的地质学、矿物学和稳定同位素地球化学 (MariaBoni等 ) ;纳米比亚南部Skorpion表生锌矿床的地质…     

东升庙矿床成因和找矿研究

对内蒙古东升庙矿床的矿床地质、地球化学特征的研究显示,该矿床的富硫和富锌2种矿体在矿体形态、矿石的金属矿物组合、结构构造、围岩蚀变特征及稀土元素地球化学特征方面均显示明显的差异.矿床的成矿作用有2期:第一期为热水喷流-沉积作用,形成了富硫矿体;第二期为发生于区域变质和变形作用之后的低温热液改造成矿作用,形成了富锌矿体.该矿床含矿地层从上到下多层富硫矿体-碎屑岩-白云质大理岩的岩石组合及富硫矿体形成以后的热液活动是形成富锌矿体的必要条件.在该矿床及其外围的狼山-渣尔泰成矿带内,众多块状硫化物矿床原生矿体之下、或多金属沉积层之下,有可能找到改造型富铜、锌、铅矿体.     

紫金山金铜矿床深部成矿作用研究和找矿前景评价的关键

紫金山铜金矿床是典型的高硫化浅成低温热液矿床, 发育巨厚的热液蚀变帽, 多孔状石英和高级泥化蚀变带等标志性特征; 特别是在金矿体之下出现垂直厚度超过1000米的巨大铜矿体, 属于蓝辉铜矿－铜蓝－硫砷铜矿－明矾石矿物组合的高硫化型浅成低温热液铜矿床类型, 铜硫化物的矿物学研究预示着深部可能变为斑岩型铜矿床。     

大地构造环境对世界主要类型银矿的控制作用

不同大地构造环境控制了不同类型的银矿床。火山弧和岛弧控制了浅成低温热液型和黑矿型银矿床。裂谷带的地垒之上产出有浅成低温热液银矿床、中深中温次火山热液银矿床、斑岩型银矿床和矽卡岩型银矿床。裂谷带的地堑之中产出有五元素矿床、碱性火山岩中的块状硫化物型银矿床、沉积岩中的块状硫化物型银矿床、砂岩型铜银矿床。     

Andre Panteleyev博士讲学综述

应地质矿产部矿床地质研究所前所长裴荣富先生的邀请,加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省能源、矿山、石油资源部地质局安德烈·潘特列耶夫(Andre Panteleyev)博士于1985年10月28日来该所讲学。潘特列耶夫博士长期从事加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省的矿床研究工作,主要专长为浅成热液贵金属矿床。这次讲学的主要内容是加拿大科迪勒拉浅成热液金-银矿床模式,并介绍了不列颠哥伦比亚省的地质及矿产概况、块状硫化物矿床和斑岩铜矿。浅成热液金-银矿床在加拿大科迪勒拉又称为“囊矿”、“第三纪型矿床”、“与火山作用伴生的贵金属矿床”或“古热泉型金一银矿床”。潘特列耶夫博士认为该类矿床有以下特征:矿床产于近地表;矿体常为脉状;矿床形成于扩张构造环境;矿化通常出现在火山岩地质体     

非硫化物型锌矿基本地质特征和成因

非硫化物锌矿过去一直被误称为"锌氧化物"矿床,其储量约占世界已知锌储量的10%左右.近年来,随着湿法冶金技术的新进展,该类矿床重又引起人们高度关注.Large(2001)认为其会成为21世纪潜在的主要锌金属来源,2003年,<经济地质>出版了该类矿床的专辑.我们在执行中国地质调查局地质调查项目时,确认并详细研究了粤东麻坑非硫化物型锌矿.本文对全球非硫化物锌矿的分布、分类、基本地质特征、成因和勘查等进行概略性介绍和对比研究.     

论成矿台阶

成矿台阶系指同一成矿区，同一成矿系列的同一类型矿床的主要矿体赋存在相应的标高范围内，湘南－粤北地区，铌钽矿床的成矿台阶为640－980m;石英脉－黑钨矿床600－1400m，石英脉一白钨矿床100－400m，矽卡岩型白钨矿床100－860m;浅源重熔岩浆系列铅锌矿床600－1100m，深源同熔岩浆系列铅锌矿床－200－100m，最深可达－700m;石英脉型锡石矿床650－1400m，锡石－硫化物，蚀变花岗岩型，云英岩型锡矿床450－650m，香花岭，界牌岭锡多金属矿床－200－270m，利用成矿台阶新理念，指导上述矿床的勘查，可以收到事半功倍的探矿效果。     

粤东麻坑非硫化物型锌矿锌的赋存状态及成因讨论

麻坑锌矿位于粤东晚古生代梅州拗陷东北部、近南北向蕉岭向斜的西翼,含矿岩石为强风化浅绿色粘土岩、黑色锰土及黑土角砾岩,未见原生金属硫化物,因此,有关锌的赋存状态及矿床成因一直不明。本文通过系统的岩矿石样品光薄片、砂光片显微镜下鉴定、X射线粉晶衍射物相分析和电子探针成分分析,查明了锌矿物主要以异极矿形式存在,仅含极少量菱锌矿;本矿床氧化作用较为彻底,矿床成因属浅成非硫化物型锌矿的直接交代亚类。上述锌的赋存状态及矿床成因探讨对类似矿床的认识与勘查具重要意义。     

贵州贵定竹林沟锌矿床发现锗超常富集

正1研究目的(Objective)锗(Ge)是一种典型的稀散元素,其地壳丰度为1.5×10~(-6),主要富集在煤和铅锌矿床中。统计结果显示,闪锌矿是铅锌矿床中Ge的主要载体矿物,但不同类型铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量存在差异。除热液脉型和浅成热液型铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的含量较高(可达2500×10~(-6))外,其他主要类型(如喷流沉积型,SEDEX;火山块状硫化物型,VMS;密西西比河谷型,MVT,等)铅锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的平均含量通常300×10~(-6)。本次发现贵州贵定竹林沟锌矿床闪锌矿中Ge的显著超常富集现象,现报道如下。     

The “Calamines” and the “Others”: The great family of supergene nonsulfide zinc ores

“Nonsulfides” is a term, which comprises a series of oxidized Zn(Pb)-ore minerals. It has also been used to define a special deposit type, mainly considered as derived from the weathering of Zn(Pb) sulfide concentrations. However, nonsulfide zinc deposits have been distinguished between supergene and hypogene, according to their mineralogy, geological characteristics and genetic setting. The supergene deposits formed by weathering and oxidation at ambient temperatures, whereas the hypogene ones are considered hydrothermal, or associated with metamorphic processes on primary sulfide ores.In this review paper, a comparison between a number of several nonsulfide deposits has been carried out: typical “Calamines”, peculiar “Calamines” and “Others”. The whole group comprises deposits of typical supergene origin, mixed supergene–hypogene mineralizations, and oxidized concentrations characterized by different metals only locally associated with zinc. The Zn–Pb nonsulfide concentrations hosted in carbonate rocks, which are mainly attributed to “wall-rock replacement” and “direct-replacement” supergene processes, are the typical “Calamines” (Liège district, Belgium; Iglesias district, Italy; Silesia–Cracow district, Poland). Peculiar “Calamine” deposits are those mineralizations that have been generally considered as supergene, but which are instead genetically related, at least partly, to hypogene processes (e.g. Angouran, Iran; Jabali, Yemen), though mineralogically and texturally similar to supergene nonsulfide deposits. The “Others” are prevailingly supergene nonsulfide zinc deposits not hosted in carbonate rocks (Skorpion, Namibia; Yanque, Peru), or characterized by other metals as main commodities, like lead (Magellan, Australia), silver (Sierra Mojada, Mexico; Wonawinta, Australia) or vanadium (Otavi Mountainland, Namibia).Minerals of current economic importance in most “Calamine” deposits are smithsonite, hydrozincite, and cerussite. This mineralogical association is generally simple but, when the “Calamines” are dolomite-hosted, one of the consequences of the “wall-rock replacement” process is the generation of a series of economically useless Zn- and Mg-bearing mixed carbonate phases. Secondary deposits hosted in silicatic (sedimentary or volcanic) rocks mainly contain hemimorphite and/or sauconite. Lead-, Ag- and V-rich nonsulfide ores are characterized by a more complex mineralogical association: mixed Pb-carbonates, Pb-sulfates, Pb-phosphates, Pb-arsenates, various Ag-sulfosalts, and Zn–Pb–Cu-vanadates.Carbon and oxygen stable isotope studies allow distinguishing between supergene and hypogene nonsulfide deposits, evaluating the effects of oxidative heating and even gaining indirect paleoclimatic information. The oxygen-isotope variation of the individual carbonate minerals within a deposit is relatively small, indicating constant formation temperatures and a single, meteoric fluid source. Carbon-isotope values are highly variable, thus suggesting several isotopically distinct carbon sources.Periods of paleoclimatic switch-overs from seasonally humid/arid to hyperarid have been considered as the most favorable conditions for the formation and preservation of supergene nonsulfide deposits. However, while several recent nonsulfide deposits throughout the world are positioned between 15° and 45° N latitude, thus pointing to a warm and humid weathering climate, others have been deposited in sub-Arctic regions.The economic value of the nonsulfide Zn(Pb–Ag–V) ores is highly variable, because more than in the case of metallic sulfide deposits, it resides not only on the geological setting, but also on their mineralogy that can directly influence processing and metallurgy.     

The Hakkari nonsulfide Zn–Pb deposit in the context of other nonsulfide Zn–Pb deposits in the Tethyan Metallogenic Belt of Turkey

The Hakkari nonsulfide zinc deposit is situated close to the southeastern border of Turkey. Here both sulfide and nonsulfide Zn ≫ Pb ores are hosted in carbonate rocks of the Jurassic Cudi Group with features typical of carbonate-hosted supergene nonsulfide zinc mineralization. The regional strike extent of the mineralized district is at least 60 km. The age of the supergene deposit has not been determined, but it is probable that the main weathering happened during Upper Tertiary, possibly between Upper Miocene and Lower Pliocene. The Hakkari mineralization can be compared to other carbonate-hosted Zn–Pb deposits in Turkey, and an interpretation made of its geological setting. The zinc mineral association at Hakkari typically comprises smithsonite and hemimorphite, which apparently replace both sulfide minerals and carbonate host rock. Two generations of smithsonite are present: the first is relatively massive, the second occurs as concretions in cavities as a final filling of remnant porosity. Some zinc is also hosted within Fe–Mn-(hydr)oxides. Lead is present in cerussite, but also as partially oxidized galena. Lead can also occur in Mn-(hydr)oxides (max 30% PbO). The features of the supergene mineralization suggest that the Hakkari deposit belongs both to the “direct replacement” and the “wall-rock replacement” types of nonsulfide ores. Mineralization varies in style from tabular bodies of variable thickness (< 0.5 to 13 m) to cross-cutting breccia zones and disseminated ore minerals in pore spaces and fracture planes. At Hakkari a As–Sb–Tl(≫ Hg) geochemical association has been detected, which may point to primary sulfide mineralization, quite different from typical MVT.     

新疆火烧云超大型非硫化物铅锌矿床:发生表生氧化的密西西比河谷型矿床

火烧云矿床是我国新发现具有超大型规模的非硫化物铅锌矿床,成因倍受关注.矿床主要由菱锌矿和白铅矿组成,形成块状及少量纹层状和角砾状矿石,构成了层状矿体.赋矿围岩为中侏罗统含沉积石膏的台地相碳酸盐岩,为密西西比河谷型矿床的典型赋矿围岩,而非喷流沉积型矿床的赋矿围岩.矿石中普遍出现被白铅矿交代的方铅矿残留,表明原生矿化为硫化物.方铅矿δ34SV-CDT值为-34‰^-18‰,显示还原硫的来源与细菌还原作用作用有关,这在MVT矿床中较为常见,而在与岩浆作用有关的铅锌矿床中少见.同时,矿床也不具有与岩浆有关的热液矿化和蚀变特征,故矿床的原生硫化物矿化应为MVT型.通过菱锌矿和白铅矿的O同位素组成,计算出形成这两种矿物的流体具有低温、低δ18O值的大气降水的特征,结合白铅矿交代方铅矿的这一现象,表明目前观察到的由菱锌矿和白铅矿构成铅锌矿体系是在表生作用下直接交代原生硫化物矿体形成.     

Hypogene Zn carbonate ores in the Angouran deposit,NW Iran

The world-class Angouran nonsulfide Zn–Pb deposit is one of the major Zn producers in Iran, with resources estimated at about 18 Mt at 28% Zn, mainly in the form of the Zn carbonate smithsonite. This study aims to characterize these carbonate ores by means of their mineralogy and geochemistry, which has also been extended to the host rocks of mineralization and other local carbonate rock types, including the prominent travertines in the Angouran district, as well as to the local spring waters. Petrographical, chemical, and stable isotope (O, H, C, Sr) data indicate that the genesis of the Zn carbonate ores at Angouran is fairly distinct from that of other “classical” nonsulfide Zn deposits that formed entirely by supergene processes. Mineralization occurred during two successive stages, with the zinc being derived from a preexisting sulfide ore body. A first, main stage of Zn carbonates (stage I carbonate ore) is associated with both preexisting and subordinate newly formed sulfides, whereas a second stage is characterized by supergene carbonates (Zn and minor Pb) coexisting with oxides and hydroxides (stage II carbonate ore). The coprecipitation of smithsonite with galena, pyrite and arsenopyrite, as well as the absence of Fe- and Mn-oxides/hydroxides and of any discernible oxidation or dissolution of the sphalerite-rich primary sulfide ore, shows that the fluids responsible for the main, stage I carbonate ores were relatively reduced and close to neutral to slightly basic pH with high fCO₂. Smithsonite δ¹⁸O_VSMOW values from stage I carbonate ore range from 18.3 to 23.6‰, while those of stage II carbonate ore show a much smaller range between 24.3 and 24.9‰. The δ¹³C values are fairly constant in smithsonite of stage I carbonate ore (3.2–6.0‰) but show a considerable spread towards lower δ¹³C_VPDB values (4.6 to −11.2‰) in stage II carbonate ore. This suggests a hypogene formation of stage I carbonate ore at Angouran from low-temperature hydrothermal fluids, probably mobilized during the waning stages of Tertiary–Quaternary volcanic activity in an environment characterized by abundant travertine systems throughout the whole region. Conversely, stage II carbonate ore is unambiguously related to supergene weathering, as evidenced by the absence of sulfides, the presence of Fe-Mn-oxides and arsenates, and by high δ¹⁸O values found in smithsonite II. The variable, but still relatively heavy carbon isotope values of supergene smithsonite II, suggests only a very minor contribution by organic soil carbon, as is generally the case in supergene nonsulfide deposits.     

Nonsulfide and sulfide-rich zinc mineralizations in the Vazante, Ambrósia and Fagundes deposits, Minas Gerais, Brazil: Mass balance and stable isotope characteristics of the hydrothermal alterations

The Vazante Group hosts the Vazante nonsulfide zinc deposit, which comprises high-grade zinc silicate ore (ZnSiO₄), and late-diagenetic to epigenetic carbonate-hosted sulfide-rich zinc deposits (e.g. Morro Agudo, Fagundes, and Ambrósia). In the sulfide-rich deposits, hydrothermal alteration involving silicification and dolomitization was related with ground preparation of favorable zones for fluid migration (e.g. Fagundes) or with direct interaction with the metalliferous fluid (e.g. Ambrósia). At Vazante, hydrothermal alteration resulted in silicification and dolomite, siderite, jasper, hematite, and chlorite formation. These processes were accompanied by strong relative gains of SiO₂, Fe₂O_3(T), Rb, Sb, V, U, and La, which are typically associated with the nonsulfide zinc mineralization. All sulfide-rich zinc ores in the district display a similar geochemical signature suggesting a common metal source from the underlying sedimentary sequences.Oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of hydrothermally altered rocks reveal a remarkable alteration halo at the Vazante deposit, which is not a notable feature in the sulfide-rich deposits. This pattern could be attributed to fluid mixing processes involving the metalliferous fluid and channelized meteoric water, which may control the precipitation of the Vazante nonsulfide ore. Sulfide deposition resulted from fluid–rock interaction processes and mixing between the ascending metalliferous fluids and sulfur-rich tectonic brines derived from reduced shale units.     

The Jabali nonsulfide Zn–Pb–Ag deposit,western Yemen

The Jabali Zn–Pb–Ag deposit is located about 110 km east of Sana'a, the capital of Yemen, along the western border of the Marib-Al-Jawf/Sab'atayn basin. The economic mineralization at Jabali is a nonsulfide deposit, consisting of 8.7 million tons at an average grade of 9.2% zinc, derived from the oxidation of primary sulfides. The rock hosting both primary and secondary ores is a strongly dolomitized carbonate platform limestone of the Jurassic Shuqra Formation (Amran Group). The primary sulfides consist of sphalerite, galena and pyrite/marcasite. Smithsonite is the most abundant economic mineral in the secondary deposit, and is associated with minor hydrozincite, hemimorphite, acanthite and greenockite. Smithsonite occurs as two main generations: smithsonite 1, which replaces both host dolomite and sphalerite, and smithsonite 2, occurring as concretions and vein fillings in the host rock. At the boundary between smithsonite 1 and host dolomite, the latter is widely replaced by broad, irregular bands of Zn-bearing dolomite, where Zn has substituted for Mg. The secondary mineralization evolved through different stages: 1) alteration of original sulfides (sphalerite, pyrite and galena), and release of metals in acid solutions; 2) alteration of dolomite host rock and formation of Zn-bearing dolomite; 3) partial dissolution of dolomite by metal-carrying acid fluids and replacement of dolomite and Zn-bearing dolomite by a first smithsonite phase (smithsonite 1). To this stage also belong the direct replacement of sphalerite and galena by secondary minerals (smithsonite and cerussite); 4) precipitation of a later smithsonite phase (smithsonite 2) in veins and cavities, together with Ag- and Cd-sulfides.The δ¹⁸O composition of Jabali smithsonite is generally lower than in other known supergene smithsonites, whereas the carbon isotope composition is in the same range of the negative δ¹³C values recorded in most supergene nonsulfide ores. Considering that the groundwaters and paleo-groundwaters in this area of Yemen have negative δ¹⁸O values, it can be assumed that the Jabali smithsonite precipitated in different stages from a combination of fluids, possibly consisting of local groundwaters variably mixed with low-temperature hydrothermal waters. The carbon isotope composition is interpreted as a result of mixing between carbon from host rock carbonates and soil/atmospheric CO₂.The most favorable setting for the development of the Jabali secondary deposit could be placed in the early Miocene (~ 17 Ma), when supergene weathering was favored by major uplift and exhumation resulting from the main phase of Red Sea extension. Low-temperature hydrothermal fluids may have also circulated at the same time, through the magmatically-induced geothermal activity in the area.     

低空高精度磁测方法在未知区找铁的应用——以柬埔寨罗文真穹隆为例

罗文真穹隆构造区属柬埔寨北部暹粒-上丁成矿带,主要矿种为铁.已发现铁矿床主要有表生残坡积矿和原生矿两种形式,矿体呈层状、似层状、囊状、透镜状,矿物组合为赤铁矿-磁铁矿-褐铁矿.已发现主要铁矿床有格高铁矿、石山铁矿、诺东山铁矿.穹隆内大范围未知区与已知矿床具有类似的成矿地质背景.为快速评价未知区内铁成矿背景,利用动力三角...     

桂西北明山金矿床表生带微生物类群特征及其成矿作用探讨

为探讨微生物在桂西北卡林型金矿氧化矿体形成期间的作用,应用微生物学检验方法和光学显微镜、透射电镜等方法分离、鉴定了桂西北明山卡林型金矿表生带氧化矿石、半氧化矿石、原生矿石样品中的微生物。结果表明,明山金矿表生带不同氧化程度矿石中主要微生物的分布特征不同,本区卡林型金矿表生带的成矿环境中微生物的活动十分活跃,且不同表生亚带具有不同的微生物类群特征;蜡状芽孢杆菌为好氧及兼性厌氧化能异养型细菌中的优势菌     

Isotope geochemistry of the mafic dikes from the Vazante nonsulfide zinc deposit, Brazil

The Vazante Group, located in the northwestern part of Minas Gerais, hosts the most important zinc mine in Brazil, the Vazante Mine, which represents a major known example of a hypogene nonsulfide zinc deposit. The main zinc ore is represented by willemite and differs substantially from other deposits of the Vazante-Paracatu region, which are sulfide-dominated zinc-lead ore. The age of the Vazante Group and the hosted mineralization is disputable. Metamorphosed mafic dikes (metabasites) that cut the metasedimentary sequence and are affected by hydrothermal processes recently were found and may shed light on the geochronology of this important geological unit. Zircon crystals recovered from the metabasites are xenocrystic grains that yield U–Pb conventional ages ranging from 2.1 to 2.4 Ga, so the basement of the Vazante Group is Paleoproterozoic or has metasedimentary rocks whose source area was Paleoproterozoic. Pb isotopes determined for titanite separated from the metabasites have common, nonradiogenic Pb compositions, which prevents determination of their crystallization age. However, the Pb signatures observed for the titanite crystals are in agreement with those determined for galena from the carbonate-hosted Zn–Pb deposits hosted by the Vazante Group, including galena from minor sulfide ore bodies of the Vazante deposit. These similarities suggest that the metalliferous fluids that affected the metabasites may have been those responsible for galena formation, which could imply a similar lead source for both nonsulfide and sulfide zinc deposits in the Vazante–Paracatu district. This common source could be related to deep-seated, basin-derived, metalliferous fluids associated with a long-lived hydrothermal system related to diagenesis and deformation of the Vazante Group during the Neoproterozoic.