2006年夏季北黄海海域磷的形态和分布

通过对2006年夏季对北黄海的现场调查,对该海域磷的形态和分布特征进行了探讨.结果表明: 夏季北黄海海域总磷(TP)浓度的变化范围是0.00～1.63 μmol/L,其中溶解无机磷(DIP)是最主要的存在形式,占TP的44%,溶解有机磷(DOP)略低,颗粒磷(PP)最少,总磷的分布呈现由南向北逐渐增高的趋势.北黄海海域水体中各种形态磷(除DOP外)均是表层低于底层,表底层PP的含量相差不大, 表层以DOP为主要存在形态,而底层则以DIP为主,大部分DIP浓度高的区域恰好是DOP浓度的低值区,一定程度上存在着负相关关系(r=-0.34).这样的分布趋势除了受生物活动的影响外,在底部海域还与黄海冷水团密切相关.     

渤海有色溶解有机物的三维荧光光谱特征

本文采用三维荧光光谱(FEEMs)技术, 结合FEEMs特定光谱区荧光区域积分(FRI)法, 测定了2010年9月中旬渤海23个站位不同层次的有色溶解有机物(CDOM)样品, 以探讨渤海CDOM组分的水平和垂直分布特征以及控制因素。FEEMs的总累计积分和各荧光团的荧光区域积分比例可作为表征海域CDOM分布特征的一个良好指标, 且优于常规的单点荧光法。结果表明, 渤海CDOM中含有类腐殖质荧光团A、B、C, 类色氨酸荧光团M, 以及类酪氨酸荧光团N。从沿海至外海, CDOM总累计积分值不断减小。其中紫外区类腐殖质A的荧光区域积分比例无显著变化; 可见区陆源类腐殖质B的荧光区域积分比例也不断减小, 表明陆源输入为沿海区域CDOM的主要来源; 而可见区海源类腐殖质C、类蛋白质荧光团M、N的荧光区域积分比例和叶绿素浓度不断升高, 显示了生物活动的贡献。从层次来看, 沿海CDOM的总累计积分为: 表层>底层>中层; 而外海CDOM的总累计积分呈相反趋势。其中, 紫外区类腐殖质A的荧光区域积分比例在整个海域最小, 垂直分布无明显变化; 可见区陆源类腐殖质B的荧光区域积分比例与沿海CDOM总累计积分相一致; 可见区海源类腐殖质C、类蛋白质M和N的荧光区域积分比例与外海CDOM总累计积分相一致, 这反映了CDOM的垂直分布是由光化学反应、生物作用和沉积物再悬浮共同控制的特性。     

2013年夏季黄、渤海颗粒有机碳分布及来源分析

本文根据2013年夏季黄、渤海海域航次获得的颗粒有机碳(particulate organic carbon, POC)、叶绿素a(chlorophyll a, Chl a)和总悬浮颗粒物(total suspended particles, TSP)数据,结合同步获得的水文环境参数,综合探讨该区夏季POC时空分布特征,以及在不同温盐深水团中POC的主要影响因素。结果表明:在整个研究区POC的浓度范围为102.3～1850.0 μg/L,平均值为(383.7±269.6) μg/L,分布呈现出近岸高、远海低、表层低、底层高的特征。苏北外浅滩海域和北黄海东北区域的10 m层和底层为POC高值区,苏北外海域受到陆源输入、沿岸流混合作用和浮游植物光合作用的影响,POC上下混合均匀且浓度高;南黄海中部因受黄海环流的影响,水体中浮游植物生产力水平低,POC浓度较低。在垂直分布上,近岸海域受陆源输入和再悬浮影响POC浓度高,上下混合均匀;在南黄海和北黄海中部受到黄海环流和黄海冷水团的控制,浮游植物生产力水平低,POC浓度低。对不同温盐水团中POC的影响因素分析发现,在高温低盐水团中,POC受浮游植物初级生产和陆源输入的共同影响;在温盐适中区真光层海水中,浮游植物的初级生产是POC的主要来源;底层的冷水团区,POC主要来源为上层海水中颗粒物的沉降和底层再悬浮作用。     

DOC遥感研究进展——基于全球大河DOC与CDOM保守性特征

目前,溶解有机碳(DOC)遥感反演研究主要集中在河口及陆源影响较大的边缘海区,大多数是利用DOC与有色溶解有机物(CDOM)或DOC与盐度的经验关系获取。为了较好的理解DOC的遥感反演机理,收集了全球主要大河(流量排名前25中16条)及边缘海DOC与CDOM浓度与保守性分布状况,发现大多数河口CDOM呈现保守性分布,DOC呈现非保守性分布。基于DOC与CDOM保守性行为的主要影响因素分析以及研究海区的生物地球化学特征,论述了DOC遥感反演算法的研究进展,提出了DOC遥感反演需要考虑DOC受不同主要控制因素(如保守混合与生物作用等)的影响,并对这些控制因素进行量化。     

DOC遥感研究进展——基于全球大河DOC与CDOM保守性特征

目前,溶解有机碳(DOC)遥感反演研究主要集中在河口及陆源影响较大的边缘海区,大多数是利用DOC与有色溶解有机物(CDOM)或DOC与盐度的经验关系获取。为了较好的理解DOC的遥感反演机理,收集了全球主要大河(流量排名前25中16条)及边缘海DOC与CDOM浓度与保守性分布状况,发现大多数河口CDOM呈现保守性分布,DOC呈现非保守性分布。基于DOC与CDOM保守性行为的主要影响因素分析以及研究海区的生物地球化学特征,论述了DOC遥感反演算法的研究进展,提出了DOC遥感反演需要考虑DOC受不同主要控制因素(如保守混合与生物作用等)的影响,并对这些控制因素进行量化。     

夏季北黄海水体浊度分布特征的初步研究

应用2007月7月国家908专项北黄海区块水体调查获取的浊度资料,与同步获得的悬浮物质量浓度进行拟合分析,结果表明,中底层水的相关系数在0.94以上,表层相关度较差.根据调查海域浊度的水平大面分布及选取的6个典型断面的垂直分布,初步阐述了夏季北黄海水体浊度的分布特征——近岸高和底层高,山东半岛北部沿岸、成山角海域和老铁山水道以及庄河河口附近海域为高浊度区.夏季北黄海冷水团对水体浊度分布具有控制性影响:调查海域水体垂向层结稳定,北黄海冷水团海域中下层表现为高盐、低温、高密特征,水体浊度小,且浊度锋面的分布与温度较为相近.同时,夏季北黄海冷水团对悬浮物的分布起到了屏障作用——在山东半岛北部沿岸和辽东半岛南部沿岸阻止了近岸悬浮物的经向输送,而在山东半岛东部沿岸则阻止了近岸悬浮物的纬向输送.     

厦门湾有色溶解有机物的光吸收特性研究

研究了厦门湾九龙江河口区、西海域、同安湾及东侧水道海水中有色溶解有机物(CDOM)的光吸收特性,分析了CDOM的河口行为,并讨论了CDOM光吸收特性与其荧光性质之间的关系。结果表明,厦门湾表层海水CDOM光吸收系数a(355)的水平分布表现为河口区最高、东侧水道最低、西海域和同安湾介于两者之间,底层水a(355)的分布与表层基本相似,表明陆源河流输入是厦门湾CDOM的主要来源;a(355)的垂直分布为表层高于底层,主要受水文和生物因素控制。厦门湾表层水CDOM光谱斜率S的平均值介于0.014—0.018nm-1,但河口低盐度区S值较小,反映陆源腐殖质的影响。a(355)在河口混合中呈保守行为,表明CDOM具有良好的保守性质。CDOM的吸收系数a(355)与其荧光强度之间表现为较好的相关关系,指示可以用灵敏度更高的荧光方法来研究CDOM的分布和行为。     

南黄海溶解有机碳的生物地球化学特征分析

依据1997-2003年每年1次的南黄海调查得到的溶解有机碳(DOC)数据,重点分析了2002年秋末冬初季节南黄海DOC的分布特征及其生物地球化学控制机制。结果表明,2002年秋末冬初南黄海表层海水DOC质量浓度为1.62~2.42 mg/L,平均值为2.02 mg/L,高于大洋的平均值,具有典型近海特征;南黄海DOC分布呈现北部高,南部低,在量值上,A断面>B断面>C断面,且有显著近岸高、远离海岸中部海区低的特点。近岸高值区主要受陆源输入影响,包括径流输入和人类活动两个方面,陆源输入相对生物生产过程更为重要;中部低值区主要受控于来自东海低DOC海流的冲淡作用。垂直方向上DOC质量浓度变化不大,这明显与南黄海海水混合较好有关。7 a中南黄海DOC质量浓度总体上呈略微下降趋势,北部海域表现尤为明显,南黄海生物生产量的下降及近年来南黄海整体环境质量的提高是引起DOC下降的主要原因。     

夏季南黄海颗粒氮同位素分布特征及影响因素研究

黄海是人类活动影响显著的半封闭陆架边缘海，在夏季存在特征鲜明的冷水团结构。为研究南黄海颗粒态氮的循环转化过程，本文通过分析2016年夏季南黄海水体颗粒物和表层沉积物的碳、氮含量及同位素，探讨南黄海近岸海域和冷水团海域颗粒物和表层沉积物氮含量、同位素的分布差异和影响因素。近岸海域颗粒氮(Particulate Nitrogen，PN)呈现出含量较高、氮同位素值(δ15N_PN)垂向差异较小、沉积物总氮(Total Nitrogen，TN)含量较低且氮同位素值(δ15N_TN)偏负的分布特征；冷水团海域PN呈现出含量低、δ15N_PN垂向差异显著、沉积物TN含量高且δ15N_TN偏正的分布特征。通过海底边界剪切应力模拟、环境因子分析并结合颗粒物与沉积物δ15N示踪分析，发现南黄海海域颗粒态氮及同位素分布主要受到水体/底边界动力过程影响，陆源输入和矿化过程亦共同参与调控。     

2022年6月珠江流域洪水对下游溶解有机物浓度和组成的影响

当前极端气候事件频发,引起了人们广泛的关注。然而,气候变化对中国典型河流溶解有机物(DOM)的影响尚且未得到充分的认识。2021年11月至2022年10月,每月于珠江下游广州段采集河水样品,并分析其中溶解有机碳(DOC)、发色溶解有机物(CDOM)和荧光溶解有机物(FDOM)的浓度和组成。采样期间, 2022年6月珠江流域遭遇百年一遇的洪水。结果显示,洪水大幅度降低了河水中的DOC和CDOM浓度,并提高了DOM的芳香化程度。尽管洪水对DOM浓度产生了明显的稀释效应,但通过分析FDOM组成,进一步发现FDOM中不同组分对洪水的响应存在较大差异。FDOM短激发波长(230～235nm)处的类蛋白质组分峰值在洪水期间出现高值;与此同时,长激发波长(280～285nm)的类蛋白质组分和激发波长在345nm处的类腐殖质组分峰值在洪水期间出现最低值。此外,与长江下游相比,珠江下游水体中往往具有较高的DOC和CDOM浓度、DOM芳香化程度以及CDOM分子量。研究将有助于进一步了解珠江等世界大河DOM浓度和组成的变化规律和控制机制,以及揭示极端洪水对大河DOM动态变化产生的影响。     

春季东海北部近岸水体中的溶解无机碳和有机碳的分布特征及其影响因素

根据2010年4月在东海北部近岸的调查,分析了研究海域溶解无机碳（DIC）和溶解有机碳（DOC）的含量及其分布状况,并分别对DIC、DOC与温度、盐度、表观耗氧量等要素的关系进行了初步探讨。结果表明,春季研究海域表、底层DIC平均含量分别为24．54mg／L和25．03mg／L,平面分布趋势均为近岸高于远岸,象山口附近...     

Chemical properties of colored dissolved organic matter in the sea-surface microlayer and subsurface water of Jiaozhou Bay, China in autumn and winter

The distribution and chemical properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the Jiaozhou Bay, China were examined during four cruises in 2010-2011. The influence of freshwater and industrial and municipal sewage along the eastern coast of the bay was clearly evident as CDOM levels (defined as a 305 ), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were well correlated with salinity during all the cruises. Moreover, DOC concentrations were significantly correlated with chlorophyll a concentrations in the surface microlayer as well as in the subsurface water. The concentrations of DOC and CDOM displayed a gradually decreasing trend from the northwestern and eastern coast to the central bay, and the values and gradients of their concentrations on the eastern coast were generally higher than those on the western coast. In addition, CDOM and DOC levels were generally higher in the surface microlayer than in the subsurface water. In comparison with DOC, CDOM exhibited a greater extent of enrichment in the microlayer in each cruise, with average enrichment factor (E F ) values of 1.38 and 1.84, respectively. Four fluorescent components were identified from the surface microlayer and subsurface water samples and could be distinguished as peak A, peak T, peak B and peak M. For all the cruises, peak A levels were higher in the surface microlayer than in the subsurface water. This pattern of variation might be attributed to the terrestrial input.     

Relationship between the optical properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter and total concentration of dissolved organic carbon in the southern Baltic Sea region

Absorption and fluorescence of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) measurements were performed during three oceanographic surveys in 1994 in the southern Baltic Sea (Polish area of the Baltic Proper). DOC was measured both by high-temperature catalytic oxidation (HTCO) and low-temperature oxidation (LTO) conventional persulphate methods. CDOM fluorescence was shown to be highly correlated with absorption, with the same regression parameters, despite the seasonal change in different hydrographic conditions and the fluorescence quantum yield variations (1.23 ± 0.07 in April and 0.97 ± 0.12 in September). The results show a good correlation between the optical parameters and DOC although ˜ 70% of the DOC does not display significant absorption in the UV-visible range (350–750 nm). The non-absorbing DOC measured with HTCO method appears unaffected by seasonal changes. Consequently, total DOC can be predicted by optical methods using remote sensing techniques. The non-absorbing DOC measured by LTO method varies from 62% (April) to 76% (September), which implies that there is requirement for estimates on a seasonal basis.     

Photoreactivity of chromophoric dissolved organic matter transported by the Mackenzie River to the Beaufort Sea

The photoreactivity of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) transported to Arctic shelf environments by rivers has only recently been studied and its quantitative role in Arctic shelf biogeochemistry has received little attention. Sunlight exposure experiments were performed on CDOM collected over a three year period (2002 to 2004) from river, estuary, shelf, and gulf regions of the Western Canadian Arctic. Decreases in CDOM absorption, synchronous fluorescence (SF), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration were followed after 3 days of exposure, and in two experiments, six optical cutoff filters were used to incrementally remove ultraviolet radiation incident on the samples. Apparent quantum yields for CDOM photobleaching (AQY_ble) and for DOC photomineralization (AQY_min) were computed, as were two AQY spectra (_ble and _min) for the Mackenzie River and a sample from the Mackenzie Shelf. The photoreactivity of Mackenzie River CDOM was highest after break-up and peak discharge and lowest in late summer. The half-lives of CDOM and DOC were estimated at 3.7 days and 4.8 days, respectively, when Mackenzie River water was exposed to full sunlight. Photobleaching of Mackenzie River CDOM fluorescence after most UV-B wavelengths were removed increased the correlation between the river and offshore waters in the Beaufort Sea. When light attenuation from particle- and CDOM-rich river water was considered for the Mackenzie Shelf, our photodegradation models estimated around 10% loss of absorption and < 1% DOC loss, suggesting that sunlight exposure does not substantially degrade CDOM on Arctic shelves.     

南海北部海水中氨基酸的分布及其对溶解有机物降解行为的指示研究

于2015年6月对南海北部海区5个断面共26个站位海水中溶解态氨基酸（THAA）、溶解有机碳（DOC）和叶绿素a（Chl a）的浓度进行了科学调查。结果表明:夏季南海北部海水中THAA的浓度范围为0.40~1.95 μmol/L,平均值为（0.80±0.40） μmol/L,THAA的水平分布总体上体现出近岸高、远海低的特点,表明陆源输入对南海北部海域表层THAA分布有重要影响。THAA在断面上的垂直分布呈现出由近岸至远岸、由表层至底层逐渐降低的趋势。THAA浓度与两种D型氨基酸（D-谷氨酸:D-Glu和D-丙氨酸:D-Ala）含量之间存在显著负相关性,与天门冬氨酸/β-丙氨酸（Asp/β-Ala）和谷氨酸/γ-氨基丁酸（Glu/γ-Aba）比值之间存在显著正相关性,表明细菌的消耗是影响南海海水中THAA浓度的重要因素。D-Ala作为细菌肽聚糖中相对稳定的氨基酸,根据其占DOC的含量估算南海海水中的细菌源有机碳对DOC的贡献率为（29.32±14.32）%,其水平分布显示出近岸低、远岸高的特点;而其垂直分布则呈现出从表层至底层逐渐增加的趋势。THAA占DOC百分比（THAA-C%）的变化范围为1.02%~5.49%,平均值为（2.97±1.38）%。THAA-C%、活性因子和降解因子的高值均出现在珠江口外围区域。随着海水深度增加3种降解因子的数值均显著降低,这表明底层海水中有机物比表层海水中的有机物降解程度更大。     

The satellite reversion of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) based on the analysis of the mixing behavior of DOC and colored dissolved organic matter: the East China Sea as an example

The retrieval of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) distribution by remote sensing is mainly based on the empirical relationship of DOC concentration and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) concentration in many literatures. To investigate the nature of this relationship, the distributions and mixing behaviors of DOC and CDOM are reviewed in the world’s major estuaries and bays. It is found that, generally, the CDOM concentration is well correlated with the salinity in most estuaries, while DOC usually shows a nonconservative behavior which leads to a weak correlation between the DOC concentration and the CDOM concentration. To establish a good satellite reversion of the DOC concentration, the East China Sea(ECS) was taken as an example, and the mixing behavior of DOC and CDOM as well as the influence of biogeochemical processes were analyzed except for the physical mixing process with the data from late autumn (November, 2010) and winter (December, 2009) cruises. In the two ECS cruises, the CDOM concentration was found to be tightly correlated with the salinity, influenced little by the photochemical or biological processes. The data from the winter cruise show that DOC followed a conservative mixing along the salinity gradient, while in the late autumn cruise it was significantly affected by the biological activities, resulting in a poor correlation between the DOC and the CDOM. Accordingly, an improved DOC algorithm (CSDM) was proposed: when the biological influence was significant (Chl a greater than 0.8 μg/dm3 ), DOC was retrieved by the conservative and biological model, and if the conservative mixing was dominant (Chl a less than 0.8 μg/dm3 ), the direct DOC concentration and CDOM concentration relationship was used. Based on the proposed algorithm, a reasonable DOC distribution for the ECS from satellite was obtained in this study, and the proposed method can be applied to the other large river-dominant marginal sea.     

Seasonal dynamics of light absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the NW Mediterranean Sea (BOUSSOLE site)

We analyze a two-year time-series of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) light absorption measurements in the upper 400 m of the water column at the BOUSSOLE site in the NW Mediterranean Sea. The seasonal dynamics of the CDOM light absorption coefficients at 440 nm (a_cdom(440)) is essentially characterized by (i) subsurface maxima forming in spring and progressively reinforcing throughout summer, (ii) impoverishment in the surface layer throughout summer and (iii) vertical homogeneity in winter. Seasonal variations of the spectral dependence of CDOM absorption, as described by the exponential slope value (S_cdom), are characterized by highest values in summer and autumn at the surface and low values at the depths of a_cdom(440) subsurface maxima or just below them. Variations of a_cdom(440) are likely controlled by microbial digestion of phytoplankton cells, which leads to CDOM production, and by photochemical destruction (photobleaching), which leads to CDOM degradation. Photobleaching is also the main driver of S_cdom variations. Consistently with previous observations, a_cdom(440) for a given chlorophyll a concentration is higher than expected from Case I waters bio-optical models. The total non-water light absorption budget shows that surface waters at the BOUSSOLE site are largely dominated by CDOM during all seasons but the algal bloom in March and April. These results improve the knowledge of CDOM absorption dynamics in the Mediterranean Sea, which is scarcely documented. In addition, they open the way to improved algorithms for the retrieval of CDOM absorption from field or satellite radiometric measurements.     

Tracing water mass mixing in the Baltic–North Sea transition zone using the optical properties of coloured dissolved organic matter

The distribution and characteristics of coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the Baltic – North Sea transition zone were studied. The aim was to assess the validity of predicting CDOM absorption in the region on the basis of water mass mixing alone and demonstrate the utility of CDOM as an indicator of water mass mixing in coastal seas. A three-end-member mixing model representing the three major allochthonous CDOM sources was sufficient to describe the patterns in CDOM absorption distribution observed. The three-end-member water masses were the: Baltic outflow, German Bight and the central North Sea. Previously, it was thought that water from the German Bight transported northwards in the Jutland coastal current only sporadically influenced mixing between the Baltic and North Sea. The results from this study show that water from the German Bight is detectable at salinities down to 12 in the Kattegat and Belt Sea. On average, 23% of the CDOM in bottom waters of the Kattegat, Great Belt, Belt Sea, Arkona Sea and the Sound originated from the German Bight. Using this conservative mixing model approach, local CDOM inputs were detectable but found to be limited, representing only 0.25% of CDOM in the surface waters of the Kattegat and Belt Sea. The conservative mixing of CDOM makes it possible to predict its distribution and characteristics and offers a powerful tool for tracing water mass mixing in the region. The results also emphasize the need to include the Jutland Coastal current in hydrodynamic models for the region.     

长江口溶解有机物光漂白和光矿化表观量子产率

溶解有机物(DOM)经太阳光照射导致其吸光度(光漂白)和溶解有机碳(光矿化)损失,从而影响水体生态系统光学特性及碳循环。本文通过测定冬季长江口及其邻近海域DOM光降解表观量子产率(AQY),初步探讨了DOM光反应活性在河口及陆架海的变化特征。DOM光降解AQY由口内至口外逐渐递减,且有色溶解有机物(CDOM)光漂白速率是溶解有机碳(DOC)光矿化速率的10倍。Φ_ble(CDOM光漂白表观量子产率)和Φ_min(DOC光矿化平均量子产率)在最大浑浊带以东海域与盐度和SUVA₂₅₄分别呈显著的线性负相关与正相关,表明DOM光反应活性在长江口外受物理混合影响为主,且陆源DOM光反应活性比海源高。此外,最大浑浊带下游DOM光降解AQY显著低于上游。DOM光降解速率随波长的变化呈现非高斯分布,且峰值出现在330 nm,积分结果表明UVA是DOM光降解的主要贡献者。本研究结果将为完善我国东海碳通量模型提供帮助。