寒旱环境盐胁迫条件下两种草本植物的根系力学特性研究

本项研究选取适宜于西宁盆地及其周边地区生长的2种优势草本植物垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans Griseb)和细茎冰草(Agropyron trachycaulum (Linn.) Gaertn.)作为供试种,通过室内种植培育方式,采用浓度梯度分别为50mmol/L、100mmol/L、150mmol/L、200mmol/L的Na₂SO₄溶液对2种植物进行盐胁迫处理。在盐胁迫试验处理后的第15d、30d和45d时,分别测定2种植物单根抗拉力和单根抗拉强度。试验结果表明：相同盐胁迫浓度时,2种植物单根抗拉力随生长期增长呈逐渐增大,单根抗拉强度随生长期增加表现为逐渐降低的变化规律;相同生长期时,2种植物单根抗拉力随着胁迫液浓度由0mmol/L增加至200mmol/L时表现为逐渐减小趋势,单根抗拉强度则随着胁迫液浓度增加呈逐渐增大的变化规律;进一步研究表明,在相同胁迫浓度和相同生长期条件下,细茎冰草单根抗拉力和单根抗拉强度分别较垂穗披碱草高0.008N~0.025N和9.646MPa~72.807MPa;2种草本植物单根抗拉力与根径之间呈指数函数关系;2种草本单根抗拉强度分别随根径的增加而逐渐减小,且均与根径呈幂函数关系。本该研究成果对于进一步探讨寒旱环境盐胁迫条件下,草本植物根系力学强度特征及其变化规律具有重要理论研究价值,同时对于有效防治研究区水土流失、浅层滑坡等地质灾害的发生具有实际指导意义。     

寒旱环境4种草本和灌木植物耐盐性试验研究

选取4种适宜于西宁盆地及其周边地区生长的老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus Linn.)、垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans Griseb.)、柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)、霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylon Maxim.)作为供试种,采用室内种植方式进行0、30、60、90、120 mmol/L 5种浓度的Na_2SO_4溶液胁迫试验。研究4种植物地茎(径)、株高、干重等生长指标及地上和地下部分Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)6种易溶盐离子含量,探讨4种植物的耐盐性特征。结果表明:盐胁迫对4种植物的生长具有一定抑制效应,其地茎(径)、株高、干重均逐渐降低,其中盐胁迫条件下对老芒麦的抑制作用相对较为显著,其次为垂穗披碱草、霸王和柠条锦鸡儿;随着胁迫浓度增加,4种植物地上和地下部分Na~+和SO_4~(2-)含量显著增加,而K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-含量呈逐渐降低;柠条锦鸡儿地上部分K~+/Na~+值相对较高,为0.73~9.70,其次为霸王和垂穗披碱草,为0.46~8.35和0.45~7.57,老芒麦相对较低,为0.25~6.12,表明区内4种植物耐盐性由大至小依次为柠条锦鸡儿、霸王、垂穗披碱草、老芒麦。研究结果对于西宁盆地及其周边地区开展利用植物有效防治土地盐渍化具有理论指导意义。     

黄河源玛沁地区高寒草地植物固土护坡的力学效应

通过对试验区草本植物根系的力学强度试验,研究了黄河源玛沁地区高寒草地植物护坡的力学效应,即通过研究未退化、轻度退化、重度退化的草地的主要优势种植物的单根抗拉力、抗拉强度和根-土复合体的抗剪强度等评价其固土护坡能力与贡献。研究所选取的未退化草地的优势种植物主要有小嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea C.B.Clarke)、紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea Griseb.),轻度退化草地的优势种植物包括矮火绒草(Leontopodium nanum(Hook.f.et Thoms.)Hand.-Mazz.)、二裂委陵菜(Potentilla bifurca L.),重度退化草地的优势种植物为细叶亚菊(Ajania tenuifolia(Jacq.)Tzvel.)、盐地风毛菊(Saussurea salsa(Pall)Spreng)。由单根拉伸试验结果表明,单根抗拉强度平均值由大至小依次为紫花针茅小嵩草矮火绒草二裂委陵菜细叶亚菊盐地风毛菊;室内根-土复合体原状试样直接剪切试验表明,根-土复合体的抗剪强度由大至小依次为小嵩草紫花针茅矮火绒草二裂委陵菜细叶亚菊盐地风毛菊。研究成果对进一步探讨黄河源高寒地区植物固土护坡机理,以及试验区及其与试验区条件相似的其他地区,科学防治坡面水土流失、浅层滑坡等地质灾害的发生具有重要理论指导意义。     

青藏高原东北部观赏地被植物马蔺根系固土护坡效应研究

为了进一步丰富青藏高原东北部地区植被护坡工程植物选择,推动区内植被护坡工程实用性和观赏性兼顾发展。该项研究以青藏高原东北部观赏地被植物马蔺为研究对象,以青海省大通县朔北藏族乡至东峡镇之间区域为研究区,在野外植物分布特征和生长特征调查的基础上,结合单根拉伸试验和重塑根-土复合体三轴压缩试验,定量评价了野生马蔺植株和根系生长特征、单根抗拉特性以及根系对土体抗剪强度的增强效应。试验结果表明：马蔺主要分布在研究区内洪积扇、坡积裙和河漫滩等地貌单元,立地条件包括上述地貌单元内的林下坡地、田间、道旁、湿地、荒地等;通过选取两处试验区开展调查可知,马蔺平均株高、冠幅和植株密度分别为75.22±11.40 cm、106.09±25.62 cm和1.51±0.55 株/m2;马蔺标准株根系分布深度可达50 cm,主要分布在0~30 cm深度范围内,根幅约40~50 cm;马蔺根径为0.20～0.70 mm,单根抗拉力、抗拉强度和延伸率平均值分别为7.94±2.91 N,46.30± 11.06 MPa和54.17%±17.08%,随着根径的增大,单根抗拉力和单根抗拉强度分别呈幂函数增大和幂函数降低关系,单根极限延伸率随着根径的增大呈逐渐增大变化趋势,但二者之间未表现出相对显著性的关系;马蔺根系对土体黏聚力和内摩擦角均有增强作用,可分别显著增强0~30 cm和0~10 cm深度范围内土体黏聚力和内摩擦角,且对土体黏聚力的增强作用较为显著。该项研究成果对于选用观赏地被植物马蔺进行研究区坡面水土流失、浅层滑坡等地质灾害现象的生态防护工作,具有理论研究价值和实际指导意义。     

马蔺根系固土护坡效应研究

研究以青藏高原东北部观赏地被植物马蔺为研究对象,通过野外调查和材料力学、土力学试验,定量评价了野生马蔺植株和根系生长特征、单根抗拉特性以及根系对土体抗剪强度的增强效应。结果表明,马蔺平均株高、冠幅和植株密度分别为(75.22±11.40)cm、(106.09±25.62)cm和(1.51±0.55)株/m²;马蔺标准株根系分布深度可达50 cm,主要分布在0~30 cm深度范围内,根幅约40~50 cm。马蔺根径为0.20～0.70 mm,单根抗拉力、抗拉强度和延伸率平均值分别为(7.94±2.91)N,(46.30±11.06)MPa和54.17%±17.08%。随着根径的增大,单根抗拉力和单根抗拉强度分别呈幂函数增大和幂函数降低趋势,单根极限延伸率随着根径的增大呈逐渐增大变化趋势,但二者之间未表现出相对显著性的关系。马蔺根系对土体黏聚力和内摩擦角均有增强作用,可分别显著增强0~30 cm和0~10 cm深度范围内土体黏聚力和内摩擦角,增长率分别为9.48%~17.40%和7.62%。本文研究成果对马蔺用于坡面水土流失、浅层滑坡等地质灾害现象的生态防护工作,具有实际指导意义。     

西宁盆地黄土区不同草本植物和坡形条件下坡面产流产沙特征

为进一步研究不同草本植物和边坡坡面形态对坡面产流产沙的影响,以西宁盆地毛鸡湾流域长岭绿化区作为试验区,设计了直形和阶梯形2种坡形,选取3种优势草本老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus Linn.)、垂穗披碱草(Ely-mus nutans Griseb.)和细茎冰草(Agropyron trachycaulum L...     

西宁盆地黄土区不同草本植物和坡形条件下坡面产流产沙特征

为进一步研究不同草本植物和边坡坡面形态对坡面产流产沙的影响,本项研究以西宁市毛鸡湾流域长岭绿化区作为试验区,设计了直形和阶梯形2种坡形,选取3种优势草本老芒麦（Elymus sibiricus Linn.）、垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans Griseb.）和细茎冰草(Agropyron trachycaulum Linn. Gaertn.)作为试验供试种,通过人工模拟降雨试验,探讨了种植不同草本和坡形条件下,边坡坡面的产流、产沙和入渗特征。结果表明：在直形边坡中,裸坡坡面的产流时间小于种植草本植物坡面,且垂穗披碱草坡面和老芒麦坡面的形成产流时间相对较长,为4min,与直形边坡相比,垂穗披碱草阶梯形坡面产流时间相对最长,为8min;在直形边坡中,垂穗披碱草坡面和老芒麦坡面累积径流量、累积产沙量和径流系数相对最小,分别为51.42 L/min、160 g、14.98%,51.25 L/min、210 g、14.93%,细茎冰草坡面的累积径流量、累积产沙量和径流系数分别为96.97 L/min,700 g,28.25 %;垂穗披碱草坡面和老芒麦坡面稳定入渗速率相对最大,其值为0.38~0.44 mm/min,细茎冰草坡面的稳定入渗率为0.29~0.36 mm/min。在阶梯形边坡中,垂穗披碱草坡面的累积径流量、累积产沙量和径流系数相对最小,其值分别为5.62 L/min、110 g、1.64 %,且垂穗披碱草坡面入渗速率相对最大,为0.50~0.52 mm/min,这反映出种植草本植物可增大其坡面的入渗率,有效减少坡面径流和土壤侵蚀,其中垂穗披碱草和老芒麦的固土保水作用相对最为显著,且与直形边坡相比,阶梯形边坡能有效延长坡面土壤水分入渗时间,减少坡面地表径流,从而提高边坡坡面土壤的抗侵蚀能力。     

泥石流源区典型草本植物根系抗拉试验

植被对于泥石流源区的生态修复和物源稳定具有重要意义,其中植物根系的抗拉力学特性是影响植物护坡的主要因素之一。为了探究泥石流源区植物根系的抗拉特性,以都江堰市锅圈岩泥石流源区为研究区,在野外调查的基础上,通过重要值计算确定了源区典型草本植物并进行抗拉强度试验。研究表明,锅圈岩泥石流源区主要分布有寒芒、节节草等对恶劣环境适应性强的乡土植物,它们的根系平均分布深度在30 cm以内;根系抗拉力与根径呈幂函数正相关关系,抗拉力随根径的增大而增大。当根径0.50 mm时,抗拉强度与根径也表现出幂函数关系;当根径0.50 mm时,部分植物根系的抗拉强度值波动较大。不同植物根系的平均抗拉强度从大到小依次为铁杆蒿(106.24 MPa)、节节草(非节点处,30.79 MPa)、草地早熟禾(28.69 MPa)、小飞蓬(20.20 MPa)、多头苦荬(18.77 MPa)、寒芒(老根,14.87 MPa)、节节草(节点处,12.67 MPa)、寒芒(新根,8.29 MPa)。泥石流源区草本植物的根系抗拉力学特性良好,对稳固浅层土体和泥石流物源有积极作用。     

盐水处理对沙拐枣气体交换特征、光合色素和可溶性糖含量的影响

通过对室外不同浓度盐水(0、4、12、20、28 g/L粗盐)灌溉的桶栽沙拐枣(Calligonum spp.)气体交换参数、光合色素和可溶性糖含量随时间变化情况的分析结果表明:随着盐处理时间的延续,(1)低盐(4～12 g/L)处理条件下沙拐枣光合作用先逐渐增强,后又因非气孔因素限制而下降;高盐(20～28 g/L)处理条件下植株前期受气孔因素限制,后期受非气孔因素限制,光合作用严重下降.(2)不同盐处理条件下沙拐枣叶绿素a(chla)、叶绿素b(chlb)、总叶绿素(chl)含量均下降,类胡萝卜素(car)、chla/b、car/chl先增加后下降,但低盐处理较高盐处理变化小.(3)低盐处理对沙拐枣可溶性糖含量变化不大,而高盐处理下其极显著增加.因此,短期低盐处理促进沙拐枣光合作用,但长期盐处理亦使植物光合作用下降;高盐处理抑制沙拐枣生长,长期处理将导致植物死亡.     

柴达木盆地大柴旦盐湖区盐生植物根-土复合体力学强度试验研究

以柴达木盆地大柴旦盐湖区作为试验区,分别筛选出5种优势盐生植物,即海韭菜(Triglochin maritimum Linn.)、芦苇(Phragmites australis Trin.)、赖草(Leymus secalinus Tzvel.)、毛穗赖草(Leymus paboanus Claus.)和无脉苔草(Carex enervis C.A.Mey.)作为试验供试种,分别对5种盐生植物根-土复合体试样和不含根系素土试样进行了室内直接剪切试验和三轴压缩试验,对比了不含根系素土试样与根-土复合体试样的抗剪强度指标;在此基础上,评价了5种盐生植物根系增强土体抗剪强度作用。试验结果表明:(1)当含水量和密度值分别为29.01%和1.65 g/cm3时,5种盐生植物根-土复合体试样的抗剪强度指标粘聚力c值为10.38~19.19 k Pa,且显著大于素土试样的粘聚力c值5.95 k Pa,内摩擦角φ值未表现出变化规律;(2)相对于不含根系的素土试样,由直剪试验和三轴试验得到的5种盐生植物根-土复合体试样的粘聚力增长幅度分别为16.8%~108.7%、19.2%~113.6%;(3)由直剪试验与三轴试验结果表明,区内5种盐生植物根-土复合体试样抗剪强度大小变化顺序表现出一致的规律性,即由大至小依次为,芦苇、海韭菜、赖草、毛穗赖草、无脉苔草和素土。该项研究结果为区内进一步开展盐生植物增强土体抗剪强度机理等方面的研究具有理论研究价值和实际指导意义。     

《中国沙漠植物志》禾本科植物名称的订正

通过对中国沙漠地区植物标本鉴定和文献改证,对《中国沙漠植物志》禾本科有1族、1属、13种和1变种名称需要订正。它们是:小麦族、披碱草属、冠芒草、芦苇、小画眉草、獐毛、小花獐毛、小獐毛、新疆獐毛(变种)、甘蒙雀麦、垂穗披碱草、披碱草、圆柱披碱草、莜麦、西北针茅、野古草。     

Evaluation of arid and semi-arid ecotypes of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) for salinity (NaCl) tolerance

The germplasm of 15 guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) ecotypes was collected from different stressed ecozones of Pakistan to study the morphogenetic parameters under various levels of salt stress. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with three repeats and three treatments, i.e. 3, 9 and 15 dS m⁻¹ in 135 pots lined with polythene bags. The results showed that salt stress had considerable effect on plant height, root length, roof fresh and dry weights, shoot fresh and dry weights and seed yield per plant. However, ecotype/accession 281/3 and 239/2 performed better than others at higher salinity levels.     

Root tensile strength relationships and their slope stability implications of three shrub species in the Northern Apennines (Italy)

The role of root strength is important in stabilising steep hillslopes which are seasonally affected by storm-induced shallow landslides. In the Italian Apennines, steep (25–40°) slopes underlain by mudstone are generally stable if they are covered by shrubs whose roots anchor into the soil mantle. To quantify the mechanical reinforcement of roots to soil, the root tensile breaking force and the root tensile strength of three autochthonous shrub species commonly growing on stiff clay soils of the Northern Italian Apennines, Rosa canina (L.), Inula viscosa (L.) and Spartium junceum (L.), were measured by means of field and laboratory tests. For each test approximately 150 root specimens were used. The tensile force increases with increasing root diameter following a second-order polynomial regression curve. The tensile strength decreases with increasing root diameter following a power law curve. The field in situ tensile force required to break a root is always smaller than that obtained from laboratory tests for the same root diameter, although their difference becomes negligible if the root diameter is smaller than 5 mm. The influence of root tensile strength on soil shear strength was verified based on the infinite slope stability model. The root reinforcement was calculated using the number and mean diameter of roots. The factor of safety was calculated for three different soil thickness values (0.1, 0.3, and 0.6 m) and topographic slopes between 10° and 45°. The factor of safety for the combination of 0.6 m soil thickness, slopes smaller than 30°, and vegetation of I. viscosa (L.) or S. junceum (L.) is always larger than 1. If a slope is steeper, the factor of safety may be smaller than 1 for I. viscosa (L.), although it is still larger than 1 for S. junceum (L.). In the stiff clayey areas of the Northern Italian Apennines, I. viscosa (L.) mainly colonizes fan/cone/taluses and stabilises these zones up to a topographic gradient < 30° for a soil 0.6 m thick. S. junceum (L.) colonizes not only fan/cone/taluses but also headwalls and cliffs and, for a 0.6 m thick soil, it stabilises these areas up to 45°. The effectiveness of this reinforcement, however, depends strongly on the frequency of soil and seasonal grass vegetation removal due to shallow landsliding before the entrance of the shrub species.     

Seed germination of five mountain steppe species of Central Asia

This paper presents data on the germination traits of five perennials (Allium polyrrhizum, Agropyron cristatum, Arenaria meyeri, Artemisia frigida and Artemisia santolinifolia) widespread in the mountain steppes of southern Mongolia. Germination and seed viability were assessed at three alternate temperatures (8/4 °C, 20/10 °C, 32/20 °C), three levels of osmotic stress (deionized water; −0.5 MPa, −1 MPa Mannitol solution), and under conditions of alternate light/darkness versus complete darkness. The results of a factorial ANOVA with treatments and species as main effects showed that all five species germinated best at higher temperatures, with only Agropyron cristatum showing some seed mortality. Osmotic stress reduced seed viability and total germination in all five species. Darkness had no influence on viability, but positively affected seed germination of Allium polyrrhizum and Agropyron cristatum. We therefore conclude that, in the field, germination of all five species is mainly controlled by ambient temperatures and water availability, both of which drop towards the end of summer when dispersal takes place and effectively delay seedling recruitment until the next vegetation period.     

Effect of exogenous application of salicylic acid on the drought stress responses of Gardenia jasminoides

The alleviative effects of exogenous salicylic acid(SA) on plants against drought stress were assessed in Gardenia jasminoides seedlings treated with different concentrations of SA.Drought stress was simulated to a moderate level by 15% polyethylene glycol(PEG) 6000 treatment.Seedlings exposed to 15% PEG for 14 days exhibited a decrease in aboveground and underground dry mass,seedling height,root length,relative water content,photosynthetic pigment content,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),transpiration rate(Tr),stomatal conductance(Gs),and water use efficiency.In PEG-stressed plants,the levels of proline,malondialdehyde(MDA),hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2),and electrolyte leakage rose significantly,whereas antioxidative activity,including superoxide,peroxidase,and catalase activities,declined in leaves.However,the presence of SA provided an effective method of mitigating PEG-caused physiological stresses on G.jasminoides seedlings,which depended on SA levels.PEG-treated plants exposed to SA at 0.5–1.0 mmol/L significantly eased PEG-induced growth inhibition.Application of SA,especially at concentrations of 0.5–1.0 mmol/L,considerably improved photosynthetic pigments,photosynthesis,antioxidative activity,relative water content,and proline accumulation,and decreased MDA content,H_2O_2 content,and electrolyte leakage.By contrast,the positive effects were not evident,or even more severe,in PEG+SA4 treatment.Based on these physiological and biochemical data,a suitable concentration of SA,potential growth regulators,could be applied to enhance the drought tolerance of G.jasminoides.     

Selectivity of various types of salt-resistant plants for K over Na

Selectivity by whole plants for K⁺ over Na⁺ in three types (salt excluding, salt secreting and salt diluting) of salt-resistant plants was investigated. An estimating formula of Selective Absorption (SA) capacity of root systems was derived; the Selective Transport (ST n) capacities between K⁺ and Na⁺ by various parts of the three types of plants were compared. The results showed that the SA value of salt-excluding plants were higher than that of salt-secreting and salt-diluting plants, the ST1 (root:stem) value was much higher, indicating that both the capacity of selective absorption and the capacity of selective transport by root systems were strong. In salt-secreting plants, the SA value lay between salt-diluting and salt-excluding plants, while the ST1 value was the lowest, indicating that the majority of Na⁺ uptake by root systems was transported up to their aerial parts and then the surplus salt was secreted in salt glands. In salt-diluting plants, the SA value was the lowest, indicating that the majority of Na⁺ taken up by the root systems entered into plant body perhaps to satisfy the requirements for osmotic adjustment and growth, and the ST1 value lay between salt-secreting and salt-excluding plants. These data strongly indicate that the SA and ST1 values reflect the K⁺ and Na⁺ selectivity characteristics of salt-resistant plants. Therefore, the various types of salt-resistant plants would be classified by using the values of SA and ST1. We suggest that this provides a way for distinguishing various types of salt-resistant plants. Comparing the ST n values of the six species in our paper, we concluded that the selectivity of transporting K⁺ over Na⁺ into the actively photosynthesizing organs and particularly into the developing ears is extremely high. Our conclusion is in accordance with previous results that demonstrate that the capacities of selective transport by different parts of the plant for K⁺ over Na⁺ are best quantified by ST n values. The necessity, feasibility and wide-ranging applicability of the formulas for estimating SA and ST n values have been discussed in detail.     

干旱胁迫下钠复合肥对霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum)根系生长的促进作用

霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum)是荒漠区广为分布的一种多浆旱生植物。采用盆栽育苗的方法,初步评价了干旱胁迫下Na+对霸王根系生长的贡献,探讨了一种新型钠复合肥对霸王根系形态、生理学指标的影响。结果显示,钠复合肥能显著促进霸王根系的生长并提高其抗旱性:(1)正常浇水时,钠复合肥对霸王的促进作用主要体现在株高的增加和侧根的增长上,根系活力显著增强;(2)自然干旱15d后,钠复合肥使得霸王根系活跃吸收面积显著提高24%,促进主根的加粗和伸长以吸收更多的水分和矿质养分;(3)干旱胁迫下,钠复合肥处理使霸王根部Na+浓度保持较高水平,K+浓度下降42%。因此认为,干旱前钠复合肥显著促进了霸王侧根的生长和根系活力的提高,干旱后钠复合肥通过促进根系活跃吸收面积的扩大和主根的生长以提高霸王的抗旱性,其主要原因是根和叶中积累了较多的Na+、而非K+。     

不同电子受体及盐分输入对河口湿地土壤甲烷产生潜力的影响

对闽江河口芦苇(Phragmites australis)湿地土壤甲烷产生潜力及电子受体(硝酸盐,三价铁和硫酸盐)及盐分(氯化钠)输入对其的影响进行了厌氧培养实验及测定。结果表明,芦苇湿地土壤甲烷产生潜力范围是0.0202~0.0871 μg · g^-1 · d^-1,0~10 cm土壤甲烷产生潜力最大;电子受体及盐分的输入对土壤甲烷产生潜力具有抑制作用,3种电子受体对甲烷产生潜力抑制程度从大到小为硝酸盐>三价铁>硫酸盐,不同浓度硝酸盐与三价铁添加后甲烷产生潜力与对照土壤差异显著(P<0.05),而硫酸盐与盐分的添加抑制作用不显著,对于每一种电子受体及盐分其不同浓度处理对甲烷产生潜力的影响差异也不明显(P>0.05)。