冷涡背景下河北雷暴大风环境条件与对流风暴演变个例分析

2017年7月9日河北中南部出现一次区域性雷暴大风天气过程,该过程属于典型的高空冷平流强迫型强对流天气,对流云团先后影响河北中南部的南(Ⅰ)、北(Ⅱ)两个区域。利用常规地面高空观测资料以及卫星云图、多普勒天气雷达、区域自动站与NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,分析了此过程发生的环境条件以及对流风暴的演变特征。结果表明:(1)本次过程发生在蒙古冷涡天气背景下,冷涡后部冷空气与低层暖湿空气在河北南部形成"上干冷下暖湿"的不稳定层结以及较强垂直风切变,区域Ⅰ对流由地形抬升触发,并在高空西北气流作用下向东南方向移动,而区域Ⅱ对流由冷锋直接触发,在平流和传播的共同作用下向东偏北方向移动。(2)造成区域Ⅰ大风的对流系统有飑线、与中气旋伴随的超级单体,飑线成熟阶段后侧入流急流在1 km以下超过31 m·s~(-1),地面大风出现在大风速核前沿、雷暴高压移向的前方和小时正变压中心附近;造成区域Ⅱ大风的对流系统有多种形态,如超级单体、块状回波和飑线,飑线大风出现在阵风锋后侧到小时正变压中心之间。飑线回波强度减弱后冷池密度流、动量下传和变压风共同作用仍可造成地面大风。(3)雷达低仰角径向速度图超过30m·s~(-1)的大风速核配合地面5 hPa以上的小时正变压,风廓线雷达5 km以下的7～10 m·s~(-1)下沉速度伴随1 km以下强的西北风,可作为地面8级以上雷暴大风0～2 h临近预警的参考指标。     

冷涡背景下飑线过程统计分析

文章首先给出冷涡的定义,根据其定义,利用2008-2013年4-9月的天气图识别出73个冷涡,然后根据飑线的标准筛选出符合条件的飑线过程。利用多普勒雷达资料和1°×1°6 h的NCEP FNL资料,对飑线的时空分布、移动特征、形成、消散方式以及飑线和冷涡的关系等方面进行详细分析。结果表明:(1)2008-2013年6年共识别出73个冷涡、17条飑线,飑线主要形成于我国江淮流域、华北地区和东北地区。(2)飑线的发生有明显的月变化和日变化,约58.8%的飑线发生在7月,52.9%的飑线发生在午后到傍晚。(3)飑线主要形成在冷涡的南部,在冷涡的不同时期飑线形成的位置有所不同。(4)飑线一部分受西风带系统影响自西向东偏南方向移动,另一部分由西北向东南方向移动,具体移动方向具有不一致性。冷涡背景下的飑线移速较快。(5)本文统计的冷涡背景下飑线过程大都伴随短时强降水,主要形成方式为嵌套区线型(EA型),主要消散方式为颠倒破碎面型(RBA型),EA型飑线多产生于高潮湿环境中。     

一次罕见强飑线10级大风的雷达回波特征分析

利用宜春、南昌、景德镇等地多普勒天气雷达资料以及常规观测与加密自动站等资料,分析2018年3月4日江西罕见强飑线过程及其伴随的区域性10级以上雷暴大风的成因与雷达回波特征。结果表明:(1)该过程飑线系统发生在槽前暖区,低层强西南暖湿平流、中层干冷空气、强中低空垂直风切变维持为飑线系统提供了有利的环境条件。(2)飑线后侧入流急流的动量下传和干空气卷入风暴的蒸发作用共同导致强烈下沉气流造成快速移动的冷池并引起地面大风。(3)区域性10级雷暴大风的雷达回波特征突出:弓形回波尺度大(200～450 km)、中心强度强(55～60 dBz)、移速快(100～120 km·h~(-1));低层径向速度异常大并出现速度模糊;边界层内大风速核前侧径向辐合强,低层最大径向速度切变大;强回波中心、径向风大风速核和径向辐合带均存在前倾特征。(4)低仰角径向速度图上31 m·s~(-1)以上大风速核和30 m·s~(-1)·(10km)~(-1)以上径向速度切变,反射率因子图上移速大于100 km·h~(-1)的弓形回波,以及风廓线(VWP)图上20 m·s~(-1)大风速核高度下降,都可作为10级大风临近预警的参考指标。     

陕西2005-05-30飑线过程的成因分析

应用高空和地面气象观测资料、NCEP的FNL格点资料、FY-2C卫星监测以及西安新一代多普勒天气雷达等实测资料,对2005-05-30发生在陕西省境内的强对流天气进行分析。结果表明:这次强对流天气过程是由蒙古冷涡旋转,从后部甩下冷空气与西风槽前暖湿气流汇合,形成了中β尺度对流系统(MβCSs),进而发展形成飑线造成的;动力结构上,陕西飑线较美国O gura研究的中纬度飑线的入流和出流速度偏小,飑线后部形成的最大上升和下沉运动的速度偏小,高度偏低;雷达观测资料上,强的基本发射率与速度的大值区长时间相伴,并有“逆风区”的存在和发展。     

豫东地区一次强飑线天气过程的综合分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°逐6 h再分析资料和常规观测资料、地面加密自动站观测资料以及卫星云图和多普勒雷达资料,对2009年6月3日河南东部地区一次强飑线天气过程的环流形势、影响系统与形成条件进行综合分析.结果表明:在东北冷涡维持的有利环流形势下,冷涡后部横槽引导冷空气南下,以及地面中尺度辐合线为豫东飑线发生提供了触发机...     

一次强飑线过程的卫星云图及天气雷达回波特征分析

利用常规天气观测资料、自动气象站气象观测资料、卫星云图以及天气雷达观测资料,对2005年5月30日发生在陕西省境内的飑线过程进行了探讨和分析,结果表明:地面到500 hPa各层影响系统的前倾结构,使前倾结构控制区内地区的不稳定度迅速加强,加之蒙古冷涡旋转分裂冷空气触发形成中β尺度对流系统(MβCSs),为飑线形成提供了前期动力和热力条件;地面流场和能量场的分析明显反映出了飑线在地面切变线后部,风向、风速辐合区前部。雷达产品分析表明飑线回波具有线状分布和发展快的特点,而且最大反射率与径向速度的最大值在飑线发生的时段内长时间相伴。当飑线回波上的单体进入“逆风区”时,发展更旺盛,不仅造成了灾害性的大风和冰雹,还造成了影响范围内的短时强降水。     

2006年4月28日山东强飑线过程中尺度结构和动力机制分析

利用探空、地面自动气象站、多普勒天气雷达和NCEP/NCAR再分析等资料,对2006年4月28日影响山东大部的强飑线过程的中尺度结构进行了诊断分析。此次强飑线是由东北冷涡横槽沿西北气流下滑激发对流发展形成的,冷涡横槽底部为后倾的干冷下沉气流区,干空气侵入有利于位势不稳定能量的储存。冷涡横槽在300 hPa最为强盛,并连接横槽前后南北两支急流,对流层顶折叠特征明显;高空横槽区的地转调整运动引发中尺度重力波,促进了高空急流动量向对流层中下部的传输,加剧了地面大风灾害。风暴发生区具有明显的等熵面倾斜、对流不稳定和垂直风切变,具有倾斜涡度剧烈发展的条件。风暴发生区中低层散度场、垂直速度场和地面风压扰动场均具有典型中尺度重力波的结构特征,风暴和中尺度重力波相互耦合促进,是强飑线发展维持的重要动力机制。     

2017年秋季河北一次飑线引发的雷暴大风过程分析

利用常规地面高空观测资料、地面自动站资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、卫星云图、多普勒天气雷达资料等,对2017年秋季发生在河北省中部的一次由飑线引发的雷暴大风天气进行分析。结果表明：本次雷暴大风过程发生在高空冷涡底部,槽后冷空气与低层暖平流叠加配合地面冷锋的有利天气背景下,由飑线回波直接造成。环境条件中水汽和热力达到了中国华北地区产生强雷暴大风的平均值,大气温度直减率和垂直风切变比夏季更适宜,但能量不如夏季充足。飑线的强度、形态与夏季产生雷暴大风的雷达回波特征无异,但依据低层径向速度大值区预警秋季飑线大风需提高阈值。秋季飑线过程中地面同样伴随风场辐合、雷暴高压等中尺度系统,冷池密度流作用有利于地面大风产生。     

山西秋季一次飑线过程的云图特征及维持机制

利用Himawari-8卫星红外、水汽云图和FY-2E卫星可见光云图资料,以及多普勒天气雷达拼图和常规气象站、自动气象站、高空观测资料,对2017年9月21日发生在山西境内的一次飑线天气过程进行云图特征及维持机制分析。结果表明:(1)蒙古冷涡是本次飑线过程的大尺度天气影响系统,地面冷锋东移至不稳定潜势区触发了飑线云系的生成;高低空系统配置结构的转变及地面中尺度高压外流冷空气与环境风场形成的中尺度气旋和辐合线,是飑线发展和维持的机制;对流云团在地面冷锋与850 hPa切变线之间合并发展,地面中尺度高压与低压的发展促使气压梯度增大,导致飑线增强,是飑线过境时地面大风形成的原因。(2)初生阶段,飑线形成于云顶亮温低值区后侧梯度大值区、云顶纹理粗糙区、干湿边界偏湿区一侧,冷云盖略超前于飑线;发展阶段,飑线回波在云顶亮温低值区加强,并沿着亮温低值中心移动的方向移动;成熟阶段,飑线雷达回波与云顶亮温低值区重合。(3)弧状云线、上冲云顶和对流云带一侧的暗影是对流云团加强发展的前期征兆。     

源于飑线前期和强降雨带后期的弓形回波雷达产品特征及预警

利用多普勒天气雷达探测资料,结合环境物理量和地面中尺度站监测实况,对4次弓形回波的形成与特征及所致灾害性天气现象进行了综合分析,其中这4次弓形回波包含2次产生于飑线发展的前期,2次产生于强降雨带减弱阶段。结果表明,源于飑线发展前期的弓形回波所致大风明显大于源于强降雨带减弱阶段的弓形回波所致大风,前者可致10级甚至以上大风,后者可致9级大风。风暴后部中低层径向速度"异动"现象,即径向速度绝对值迅速增大,预示着风暴后部倾斜下沉气流迅速加强,导致低层反射率因子上出现明显后部入流缺口,从而产生弓形回波。飑线发展前期阶段,其后部中层出现绝对值≥27 m·s~(-1)的径向速度时,比弓形回波形成时问提前18~30 min;强雨带减弱阶段,其后部中低层出现绝对值≥25 m·s~(-1)的径向速度时,比弓形回波形成时间提前6~12 min。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.