元数据技术在海洋观测数据集成中的应用研究

文章分析、研究了元数据技术及其发展情况和元数据在数据管理、交换中的应用,并对国际上几种海洋元数据的特点进行了归纳、分析和比较。并在此基础上针对海洋环境观测数据的多源性、多态性、多样性以及其分散性等特点,依托重大项目"赤潮监测与预警系统集成与示范"对数据通信与集成的需求,分析了元数据在海洋环境观测数据集成中的应用,以实现对海洋观测数据有效的、合理的集成管理及共享。     

基于边缘计算的海洋观测要素自匹配方法

在对海洋观测数据进行大规模集成时,需要对现有数据源的观测要素与集成系统的观测要素之间建立匹配映射关系,由于海洋观测数据源存储结构复杂,数据转换计算量大,造成海洋观测要素匹配耗时长、错误率高等问题,阻碍了异构海洋观测系统的大规模集成。文中提出了一种新的海洋观测要素自匹配方法,采用边缘计算降低网络传输数据量;采用分组快速搜索算法和ω-KNN算法提高要素匹配准确性和效率。利用实际的海洋观测数据集搭建原型系统,对海洋观测要素自匹配方法进行验证,结果表明该方法执行效率提高2.67倍,准确率达到96%,在保证海洋观测要素匹配准确性的同时,进一步提高了要素匹配效率。     

基于XML的实时海洋数据传输网络系统

近年来,在海洋灾害预测、预报等海洋信息产品的开发中,对准确、大量、连续、实时的海洋要素监测数据的依赖性日趋增强。同时,由于海洋数据的复杂性,数据来源的多源性,数据平台异构,数据格式不规范等原因,增大了数据集成的难度,降低了数据使用的效率。文章提出了用XML作为传输媒介,结合Socket网络通信技术,建立实时海洋数据传输网络系统,实现了海洋数据集成与交换格式的统一,屏蔽了影响海洋数据集成和使用效率的因素。文章对XML在海洋信息产品开发中的应用做出了有益的探索和尝试,旨在促进XML在我国海洋信息领域的应用。     

虚拟海洋场景构建与技术研究

随着传统GIS应用向三维立体方向发展,三维虚拟场景在信息认知、空间规划管理、时空挖掘与分析等方面的应用逐渐成为研究热点。本文基于Skyline平台集成遥感影像数据、地形数据、纹理特征数据、倾斜摄影测量数据、三维全景数据和三维模型数据,构建了集虚拟海岛海岸带模型、虚拟海底地形模型和虚拟水体模型于一体的虚拟海洋场景,并针对场景构建中涉及的多源影像数据集成技术、多尺度影像实时切片技术和基于OGC服务的数据集成技术开展了研究。构建形成的虚拟海洋场景在海洋应用服务系统中开展了实践应用。     

海滨观测与预报项目SCOOP及其启示

我国是遭受海洋灾害最为严重的国家之一,需要加强对海滨地区灾难性天气的观测与预报能力。而当前的系统多是独立运行的,需要对其进行集成。美国东南部大学联盟提出的海滨观察与预报项目SCOOP为我国的相关研究起到了很好的示范作用,为此文中详细地阐述了SCOOP项目概况,分析了其体系架构、数据网格和模型网格,并从研究方法和研究内容二个角度提出了对我国海洋灾害应急信息系统建设的启示。     

海洋地理信息系统集成技术分析

为适应已成熟的海洋地理信息系统和海洋遥感应用模块技术及海洋信息业务化运行的需求,迫切需要开发海洋地理信息系统与海洋遥感应用模块集成来实现海洋信息一体化服务。针对当前平台技术水平和应用模块特性,设计了开放性三层集成框架,即数据层采用基于中间插件的二级三库集成机制、功能层采用基于API,DLL,EXE,COM组件的集成模式和应用层上基于Web Services的共享机制。以中国海岸带及近海卫星遥感综合应用系统平台(MaXplorer1.0)与多元生态遥感融合与同化模块和海浪遥感信息提取模块等八大海洋遥感应用模块为实例进行数据层、功能层和应用层的集成。集成结果表明,两者的集成实现了海洋信息资源与技术的整合,为海洋信息的业务化运行提供了技术支撑。     

基于ECDIS的多数据源支持技术分析

利用多源地理空间数据集成和融合理论,研究了基于ECDIS的多数据源支持技术。介绍了常用的多源海图数据及其使用原则,分析了ECDIS多数据源支持技术的特点及内涵,总结了国内外常用多源海图数据集成方法,从数据可用性角度探讨了提高国产电子海图系统适用性的措施。     

WEB GIS技术在海洋监测信息集成中的应用研究

利用WEBGIS技术，针对海洋监测数据信息的多源异构、多时空和多尺度的特性，进行空间数据格式集成方法的分析和研究。根据相关的海洋监测预报业务的专业需求，充分利用现有的海洋监测资料，进行数据分析和挖掘、系统规划和研究，建立相关数据库模型Geodatabase，并采用ARCSDE和ARCIMS工具软件来构建海洋监测信息WEBGIS平台。     

东海区海洋观测预报减灾信息共享技术研究及框架设计

通过研究设计东海区共享网络、海区观测预报专题地图以及观测数据及预报产品共享工作流程,旨在搭建一套集观测预报数据共享、预报制作共享及平台服务共享于一体的东海区海洋观测预报减灾信息共享平台框架。该平台主要利用数据库及中间件技术实现东海区海洋观测资料及预报产品共享,并通过设计风暴潮预报制作系统,以及计算资源整合方案,实现预报业务的工作模式及资源共享,使预报资源效能发挥最大化;最终基于Web GIS建立一套信息展示共享平台,向共享网络内的专业用户及决策部门发布专题地图、观测数据、预报产品及减灾信息。通过以上研究工作,最终将实现观测预报数据共享--预报制作共享--平台服务共享的一体化、自动化业务流程。     

海南省海洋观测数据实况速报系统的 设计与应用

采用可视化编辑器和多数据源适配技术,基于B/S架构设计开发出一套海洋观测数据实况速报系统。海南省海洋观测数据实况速报系统主要包括系统管理、参数设置、观测数据、文件导出、信息推送等5个功能模块,实现观测数据报文的采集、传输、解析、入库,并且将海洋观测数据以直观的图文方式展示。海南省海洋观测数据实况速报系统投入运行以来,稳定可靠,第一时间为海洋灾情管理决策部门提供信息服务,为防灾减灾方案制定和应急管理决策提供参考依据。     

Simple expressions for correcting wind speed data for elevation

Using the logarithmic wind profile and typical values of dimensionless sea roughness for different sea states, simple power expressions are derived for the wind profile over water. The power expressions are useful for correcting measured wind speed data at a given elevation (up to an elevation of 60 m) to the standard elevation of 10 m commonly used in coastal engineering studies. The analysis shows that the 1/7 power expression (suggested in [U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1984. Shore Protection Manual, Vol. 1. Coastal Engineering Research Center, Vicksburg, USA.] and commonly used today) is a good approximation (<3% error) of the logarithmic profile for various sea states up to an elevation of 20 m. Above this elevation, the 1/7 power expression underestimates the wind speed for moderate to fully developed sea states.     

海岛立法 功在当代 利在千秋

<正>我国是海洋大国,海岛众多。海岛是壮大海洋经济、拓展发展空间的重要依托,是保护海洋环境、维护生态平衡的重要平台,是捍卫国家权益、保障国防安全的战略前沿。2009年12月26     

An improved technique for preparing eel otoliths for aging

The New Zealand Waters Pollution Regulations 1963, referring to recreational water to which the public can gain access, states that the “coliform bacteria content shall not consistently exceed 1,000/100 ml”. This standard is now under revision, and the suggested new standard is a median faecal coliform index of 200/100 ml with a maximum value not exceeding 400/100 ml.

Recent literature supports the use of faecal coliform sub‐group bacteria as the best indicator of faecal pollution and reference is made to the membership of this sub‐group. Inherent inaccuracies of the Most Probable Number (MPN) method of assessing bacterial populations are pointed out, such as experimental variations with different cultural media, and possible errors in interpretation of results. In North America, there is evidence that an MPN for the total coliform group of 1000/100 ml indicates a faecal coliform sub‐group MPN of 200/100 ml, and epidemiological experience supports these values as standards.

We tabulate and discuss evidence that the usual ratio of faecal coliforms : coliform group bacteria is typically 1 : 1 in fresh and marine waters of the Wellington region, and that a more attainable standard would be 500 faecal coliforms/100 ml. In ratios quoted in this paper, ‘coliform group’ means the remainder of the coliform group excluding faecal coliforms. The World Health Organisation (1963) definition, of the entire group of coliforms, is not intended. The ratio is different in other parts of New Zealand; in Auckland, for example, the ratio is close to that found in the United States.     

Ecosystem-based adaptation for improving coastal planning for sea-level rise: A systematic review for mangrove coasts

This paper systematically reviews and synthesizes peer-reviewed, English-language scientific publications (n=212) to identify relevant research about how Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EBA) is integrated with coastal planning. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) methodology is applied in this study. Attention was given to studies concerning human-environment interactions as opposed to physical or biological climate change issues alone because the coastal planning and EBA approach addresses the management of human actions in nature. The literature references include the issue of climate change (77%); however, limited evidence of EBA in coastal areas are reported (18%), and it is evident that the issues have become relevant in the scientific literature published in recent years. Broad texts demonstrate that SLR is one of the major long-term impacts (68%), and all of these papers recognize the most affected ecosystems in the tropics would be mangroves. EBA is an emerging option that can offset anticipated ecosystem losses and improve coastal planning to cope with SLR because it provides benefits beyond climate change stressors. There is a need to synthesize a road map for incorporation of mangrove regulations into local planning instruments and for building capacity for their implementation. Application of PRISMA in marine science will enhance future reviews, facilitate the systematic search and adequately document any theme, and also be useful in determining research gaps or information needs.     

海洋渔业资源恢复法律制度的生态学基础

采用交叉学科分析的方法尝试对生态学与法学进行分析,探讨海洋渔业资源恢复法律制度的生态学基础.认为,在海洋渔业资源恢复法律制度设计中遵循生态规律、选择过程导向的恢复模式能提高制度的科学性,有利于制度的操作和实施.进一步分析了许可证管理对海洋渔业资源的公平分配,技术法律规范对渔业资源恢复过程进行的生态控制,争端解决机制对海...     

渔港避风锚地面积计算的随机模拟

计算避风锚地的面积是渔港规划设计的重要内容之一.<渔港总体设计规范>(SC/T 9010-2000)推荐采用确定性方法计算避风锚地面积.由于没有规定输入参数代表值的确定方法,实际应用时参数取值带有很大的随意性和经验性,从而导致计算结果的不确定性.引入Monte Carle方法建立了渔港避风锚地面积计算的随机模拟模型,采用不同的概率分布刻划各相关参数,从而获得避风锚地面积的概率分布.实例计算表明,无论采用何种概率分布假定,得到的避风锚地面积均近似地服从正态分布,且不同概率分布假定对95%保证率的避风锚地面积值影响不大;当船长、船宽均取各分组船型的最大值,水深取相应区域水深的平均值,每组渔船之间安全距离及每组渔船数量取规范给定的平均值时,规范方法计算的避风锚地面积保证率在95%左右,从而为规范方法输入参数的确定提供了依据.     

An appeal for a code of conduct for marine conservation

Marine conservation actions are promoted to conserve natural values and support human wellbeing. Yet the quality of governance processes and the social consequences of some marine conservation initiatives have been the subject of critique and even human rights complaints. These types of governance and social issues may jeopardize the legitimacy of, support for and long-term effectiveness of marine conservation. Thus, we argue that a clearly articulated and comprehensive set of social standards - a code of conduct - is needed to guide marine conservation. In this paper, we draw on the results of an expert meeting and scoping review to present key principles that might be taken into account in a code of conduct, to propose a draft set of foundational elements for inclusion in a code of conduct, to discuss the benefits and challenges of such a document, and to propose next steps to develop and facilitate the uptake of a broadly applicable code of conduct within the marine conservation community. The objectives of developing such a code of conduct are to promote fair conservation governance and decision-making, socially just conservation actions and outcomes, and accountable conservation practitioners and organizations. The uptake and implementation of a code of conduct would enable marine conservation to be both socially acceptable and ecologically effective, thereby contributing to a truly sustainable ocean.     

A review of sustainable sea-transport for Oceania: Providing context for renewable energy shipping for the Pacific

This paper summarises research and options for sustainable sea transport in Oceania with a focus on domestic shipping. This debate is situated initially within the context of the current Pacific domestic shipping scenario, a region of minute economies connected by some of the longest sea transport routes in the world. All current options are fossil fuel powered and increasingly uneconomic and unsustainable. Many routes are marginal or unviable and a vicious cycle of old ships replaced with old ships prevails. Although a central and essential issue of many Pacific communities, the option of pursuing sustainable sea transport is currently invisible within the policy space at all levels. Various renewable energy options are possible and increasingly available. Recent research finds that these have strong potential for providing benefits across multiple wellbeings. The barriers to pursing this agenda are complex and poorly understood but are perceptual and institutional more than technological. A small number of critical experiments during the last oil crisis provide critical lessons and direction.