青藏高原新生代地堑构造研究中几个问题的讨论

青藏高原新生代近南北走向地堑构造是高原现今最为显著的构造现象,对探讨青藏高原构造演化具有重要意义,也是现今高原研究的热点构造问题之一。针对目前地堑构造研究中存在的分布范围、形成时代和形成机制等关键问题,根据笔者新的研究和对以往研究资料综合分析认为,地堑构造广泛发育于喜马拉雅地体、冈底斯地体和羌塘地体,地堑构造形成于14～7Ma。地堑构造是高原地壳南北向强烈挤压短缩隆升之后,构造体制发生转变并在深部热动力学机制作用下快速隆升的结果,地堑构造标志着高原隆升作用由早期挤压短缩机制向晚期深部热动力机制的转变,并非高原隆升达到最大高度重力塌陷的标志。     

青藏高原东西向伸展及其地质意义

东西和南北向伸展是青藏高原最显著的地质特征之一。南北向伸展形成的东西走向伸展构造,主要包括藏南拆离系(STDS),和沿喀喇昆仑—嘉黎断裂带(KJFZ)发育的正断层体系。东西向伸展形成数目众多的南北走向伸展构造,它们切割青藏高原几乎所有的东西走向构造单元,包括羌塘地块、KJFZ和STDS等,说明东西向伸展以整体形式发生并同时波及整个青藏高原,而不是由以KJFZ和STDS为边界的不同地块的不均匀挤出所致。南北走向伸展构造在地表呈之字形,为南北向挤压形成的追踪张断裂;剖面上表现为被后期高角度正断层叠加的拆离断层,拆离断层形成于中-晚中新世而高角度正断层形成于上新世及以后。导致拆离断层的东西向伸展可能是南北向挤压的变形分解,后期高角度正断层作用可能是高原隆升后的垮塌所致。东西向伸展是控制青藏高原新生代浅色花岗岩和盆地形成的主要因素。     

西藏冈底斯当惹雍错-许如错南北向地堑的特征及成因

当惹雍错-许如错南北向地堑位于青藏高原冈底斯中部, 由一组南北向高角度正断层与夹其中间的当穹错、当惹雍错、许如错等3个湖泊盆地构成.地堑发育于中新世晚期, 一直活动到全新世.沿着地堑边缘分布中新世碱性火山岩.白榴石响岩的K-Ar年龄为12.6Ma, 其岩石化学特征显示出陆内伸展构造环境.地堑内部发育晚更新世至全新世的湖相沉积物.当惹雍错-许如错地堑是在青藏高原板内构造隆升过程中, 层流加厚的下地壳热垫作用导致上地壳发生伸展作用, 随着青藏高原地壳物质的东流, 南北向伸展作用转向东西向伸展作用, 形成近南北走向的地堑.      

西藏阿里地区多桑地堑的构造特征及成因机制

笔者以冈底斯构造带内部近南北向发育的多桑地堑带为代表,简述了多桑地堑带构造的组成及基本构造特征。根据该地堑两侧断隆山的发育特征及磷灰石、锆石裂变径迹测年结果,推断地堑的断陷活动时期始于中新世,直至第四纪仍有活动,对上新世-第四纪沉积起明显的控制作用。多桑地堑带的形成可能为前期南北向受力不均而产生共轭x节理,后期南北向挤压的持续进行使地壳隆升,当隆升到达一定程度后造成重力塌陷及下地壳物质的侧向流动产生纵向拉张作用,此时前期形成的共轭x节理追踪并部分贯通,最终形成多桑地堑,而横向上的区域断裂则可能控制地堑各区段拉伸宽窄的变化和沉降的不均匀性。     

青藏高原隆升的动力学模型研究

本文根据青藏高原隆升特点和前人科考成果，结合笔者利用卫星重力资料求得的地幔蠕动流分布格局和岩石圈底部切向应力场值，设计了高原隆升的动力学模型，并进行了计算。通过计算获得高原下地幔流的有效粘滞系数（η＝10^18-10^20PaS)，并求得地幔流南北向蠕动的平均速率（v≈5.26cm/a)和高原现今隆升的速率（预测）值为7mm/a。据此讨论了高原隆升的动力学机制，指出高原隆升原因是高原周边地区地幔流向高原下蠕动会聚、挤压而成。     

青藏高原北部温泉活动沉积盆地的沉积特征及其地质意义

晚新生代温泉沉积盆地,是青藏高原腹地在南北向挤压、东西向伸展的构造背景下,沿南北向边界走滑断层,经边界正断层和内部张剪断层的进一步发展而形成的近南北向单断单剪楔形半地堑活动沉积盆地.它可能代表了晚新生代青藏高原第三期强烈挤压隆升事件,是侧向向东剪切挤出的结果.笔者以盆地充填序列和TL、ESR测年资料为主要依据,推测唐古拉山在300～250ka前后全面进入冰冻圈;而以温泉活动沉积盆地为代表的中更新世晚期 (224.0～150.2ka)的冰碛冰水堆积则对应于青藏高原第三期隆升的断陷盆地发育阶段;中更新世晚期椡砀率乐衅?144.0～56ka)为湖相沉积;晚更新世中期至今(35～0ka)对应于高原缓慢隆升与夷平发育阶段.长江溯源在35ka切割通天河盆地,形成通天河;而在16ka侵蚀切穿雁石坪温泉兵站峡谷,形成布曲河.     

中国西北部南北向伸展构造存在的新证据——酒泉早白垩世半地堑断陷成因初探

酒泉早白垩世半地堑断陷呈南北向或北东向展布，进一步分为多米诺骨牌式、对倾式和背倾式三种。其充填物明显地受近南北向或北东向正断裂控制，其中的火山岩均为碱性玄武岩，可能由地幔熔融形成。初步认为，酒泉半地堑断陷是早白垩世陆内地幔热隆诱发的近南北向伸展构造。在新生代，由于印度板块的挤压作用，北祁连山前展式北向推覆作用可能使早白垩世半地堑断陷的南部地区转换成山脉，现今的半地堑南部边界被掩伏于北祁连山之下；同时，印度板块的挤压作用使控制半地堑沉积体系的近南北向或北东向正断裂转换为逆冲断裂．发生反转。     

青藏高原北部温泉活动沉积盆地的沉积特征及其地质意义

晚新生代温泉沉积盆地，是青藏高原腹地在南北向挤压、东西向伸展的构造背景下，沿南北向边界走滑断层，经边界正断层和内部张剪断层的进一步发展而形成的近南北向单断单剪楔形半地堑活动沉积盆地。它可能代表了晚新生代青藏高原第三期强烈挤压隆升事件，是侧向向东剪切挤出的结果。笔者以盆地充填序列和TL、ESR测年资料为主要依据，推测唐古拉山在300～250ka前后全面进入冰冻圈；而以温泉活动沉积盆地为代表的中更新世晚期(224．0～150．2ka)的冰碛一冰水堆积则对应于青藏高原第三期隆升的断陷盆地发育阶段；中更新世晚期一晚更新世中期(144．0～56ka)为湖相沉积；晚更新世中期至今(35～0ka)对应于高原缓慢隆升与夷平发育阶段。长江溯源在35ka切割通天河盆地，形成通天河；而在16kat浸蚀切穿雁石坪一温泉兵站峡谷，形成布曲河。     

从反转构造的砂箱模型看柴达木早-中侏罗世盆地的构造性质

设计了基底均匀伸展半地堑正反转、基底均匀伸展书斜式正反转和对称地堑正反转等3个砂箱实验模型,着重研究后期构造反转对前期正断层构造的叠加与改造作用.单侧挤压实验结果表明,正反转过程中,挤压变形主要通过形成新的低角度逆冲断层实现,前期正断层多数可被保存下来,仅倾角不同程度地变陡.前期正断层全部反转为逆断层的可能性极小,仅在强烈逆冲变形带,逆冲断层才有可能完全取代前期的正断层.根据实验结果并结合柴达木盆地的实际资料,认为柴达木盆地早-中侏罗世时期为挤压性质的盆地.     

青藏高原北部温泉活动沉积盆地的沉积特征及其地质意义

晚新生代温泉沉积盆地,是青藏高原腹地在南北向挤压、东西向伸展的构造背景下,沿南北向边界走滑断层,经边界正断层和内部张剪断层的进一步发展而形成的近南北向单断单剪楔形半地堑活动沉积盆地。它可能代表了晚新生代青藏高原第三期强烈挤压隆升事件,是侧向向东剪切挤出的结果。笔者以盆地充填序列和TL、ESR测年资料为主要依据,推测唐古拉山在30 0～2 5 0ka前后全面进入冰冻圈;而以温泉活动沉积盆地为代表的中更新世晚期(2 2 4 .0～1 5 0 .2ka)的冰碛 冰水堆积则对应于青藏高原第三期隆升的断陷盆地发育阶段;中更新世晚期—晚更新世中期(1 4 4 .0～5 6ka)为湖相沉积;晚更新世中期至今(35～0ka)对应于高原缓慢隆升与夷平发育阶段。长江溯源在35ka切割通天河盆地,形成通天河;而在1 6ka侵蚀切穿雁石坪 温泉兵站峡谷,形成布曲河。     

川滇西部上新世以来构造地貌:断裂控制的盆地发育及对于远程陆内构造过程的约束

青藏高原隆升、周边地貌形成是新生代时期印度-欧亚板块碰撞后的重要响应。在滇西北地区发育了一系列由晚新生代(上新世以来)活动断裂所控制的盆地,例如宾川盆地、洱海盆地、鹤庆盆地、弥渡盆地等。宾川盆地是近南北向程海左行走滑断裂在走滑剪切作用下产生的北西向正断层和北东向走滑断层共同作用而形成的一个较大的拉分盆地。洱海盆地是由两组陡立的共轭张剪性(Transtensional)断层组限定的,为一伸展断陷盆地,总体上反映了近E-W向的区域伸展。滇西北地区发育的其它晚新生代盆地,如弥渡盆地、鹤庆盆地、剑川盆地等,也为区域走滑断裂及其分支断裂所控制,并且这些分支断裂在区域上为一组NE-SW和NW-SE向的共轭正断裂,反映了该区域近E-W向的伸展。将藏东南三江地区发育的活动断裂按照其走向分为三组:(1)NW-SE走向的断裂,如红河断裂、无量山-营盘山断裂等;(2)近N-S向断裂系,以程海断裂、小江断裂等为代表;(3)NE-SW走向的断裂,如丽江-剑川断裂、鹤庆-洱源断裂和南定河断裂等。这些断裂的震源机制解表明地震断裂活动性或者是走滑性质或者是伸展属性,它们的组合型式也揭示出藏东南三江地区在上新世以来表现为近E-W向的伸展。区域上,在藏东北部地区发育的断层构造组合普遍反映了以近E-W向挤压为主导的应力场。推测这一现象为上新世以来藏东地区上地壳围绕喜马拉雅东构造结做顺时针旋转所致,区域上受印度-欧亚会聚过程中印度板块顺时针旋转诱发的差异性应力场制约。     

En echelon fractures in a dextral shear zone - tectonic heritage for a hydrothermal cave (Budapest, Hungary)

Microtectonic study of brittle structures in the József Hill Cave, Budapest, highlights the connection between different phases of fracturing and cave formation. E-W trending dextral faults (second order Riedels) and NW-SE oriented tension fractures developed in a ENE-WSW trending dextral shear zone as a result of WNW-ESE directed compression. Ascending thermal water dissolved cave galleries and created barite veins along these fractures. The first stage of cave formation as inferred from timing of fracturation from the regional stress field was Oligocene-Early Miocene. Between the Middle Miocene and Quaternary new N-S to NE-SW trending normal faults were formed by ESE-WNW extension. Pleistocene differential uplift resulted in the reactivation and enlarging of fault zones, dominantly the E-W trending older Riedels. These recent tectonic events enhanced the original en echelon geometry of the older cave corridors.     

Geology of the northern side of the Gulf of Edremit and its tectonic significance for the development of the Aegean grabens

Abstract

This paper describes the Neogene evolution of north-Western Anatolia based on geological data collected in the course of a new mapping program. The geological history of the region, as recorded by the Neogene sedimentary and magmatic rocks that overlie the Paleozoic-Triassic basement, began after a lake invasion during the Early Miocene period with the deposition of shale-dominated successions. They were accompanied by calc-alkaline intermediate lavas and pyroclastic rocks ejected through NNE trending fractures and faults. The Lower-Middle Miocene successions were deformed under a compressional regime at the end of the Middle Miocene. The deposition of the overlying Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene successions was restricted to within NE-SW trending graben basins. The graben bounding faults are oblique with a major strike-slip displacement, formed under approximately the N-S extension. The morphological irregularities formed during the Miocene graben formations were obliterated during a severe erosional phase to the end of the deposition of this lacustrine succession. The present E–W graben system as exemplified from the well-developed Edremit graben, postdates the erosional phase, which has formed during the Plio-Quaternary period. © 2001 Éditions Scientifiques et médicates Elsevier SAS     

叙利亚Oudeh油田上白垩统Shiranish组碳酸盐岩储层特征及成因模式

叙利亚东北Oudeh油田上白垩统Shiranish油藏储层为一套由孔隙性颗粒灰岩构成的碳酸盐岩缓坡沉积,其构造背景总体上为北西高、东南低,并被近东西和近南北走向的两组断层分割成若干断块,其中近南北走向的几条大断层为同生断层,是油田内的主控断层.同生断裂作用形成的古地形高差对沉积和成岩作用有一定的控制作用,从而控制了优质...     

Plio-Quaternary geodynamic evolution of a segment of the Peruvian Andean Cordillera located above the change in the subduction geometry: the Cuzco region

The Cuzco region, which is located above a change in subduction geometry, appears to be characterized by a variable Plio-Quaternary tectono-sedimentary evolution essentially located along the major fault system that separates the High Plateaux from the Eastern Cordillera. After the higher surface formation of the High Plateaux, a set of Neogene basins were filled by Miocene “ fluvio-torrential” series and by Plio-Pleistocene fluvio-lacustrine deposits. The Neogene series have been affected by compressional tectonic forces attributed to the Late Miocene. This compression is followed by roughly E-W trending syn-sedimentary extensional tectonics attributed to the Pliocene; it is related to reactivation of the pre-existing major faults, basin evolution, and volcanic activity concentrated along the faults. In the Early Pleistocene, fluvio-lacustrine deposits are affected by syn- and post-sedimentary compressional tectonism it is characterized by shortening that trends both N-S and E-W and produces folding and faulting of the sedimentary cover. Extensional tectonism trending roughly N-S has been taking place from the Middle Pleistocene to the Present; it is coeval with shoshonitic volcanic activity, and with sedimentation of fluvio-lacustrine terraces, torrential fans and moraines. Quaternary and active normal faults due to this tectonism, are located in a narrow zone more than 100 km-long between the High Plateaux and the Eastern Cordillera, and two 15 km-long fault sectors in the Eastern Cordillera. Characteristic Pleistocene scarps, 400 m or more high, are due to the cumulative normal offset, and there are also little scarps, with heights ranging between 2 and 20 m, which are related to Holocene fault reactivations. Recent fault reactivation on the Cuzco fault system, during the April 5, 1986 earthquake (m_b = 5.3), is due to the N-S trending extension. This state of stress, located at a mean elevation of roughly 3730 m, is generally homogeneous to different scales. The active Cuzco normal faults may be a consequence of adjustment between the compensated Western Cordillera and the undercompensated Eastern Cordillera, this latter being uplifted higher than its isostatic equilibrium due to compression acting on its eastern edge. The variation of the state of stress, during the Plio-Quaternary is in agreement with the variations of the compressional boundary forces. It may be explained by variation of the convergence rate or by the variation of pull-slab forces.     

Structural appraisal of the Gadag schist belt from gravity investigations

Semi-detailed gravity investigations were carried out over an area of approximately 2750 sq km with maximum N-S and E-W extents of 55 and 50 km respectively in the Gadag region in the Dharwar craton with a view to obtain a clearer perception of the structural configuration of the region. From qualitative analysis of the gravity data, several tectonic features are inferred: the high density Gadag schist belt is characterized by a gravity high and occurs in two discontinuous segments — the main N-S trending segment, and its thinner NW-SE trending extension, the two separated by a NE-SW trending deep seated fault. While the N-S trend of the Gadag schist belt is bounded on its east by the NW-SE trending Chitradurga thrust fault and on its west by another major NNWSSE trending fault, the NW-SE extension is likewise bounded by two other NW-SE major faults. Quantitative evaluation from forward modeling/inversion of five profiles in the region, assuming a density contrast of 0.29gm/cc of the anomalous schistose body with the gneissic host rocks indicated a synclinal structure plunging to the southeast along its axis for the Gadag schist belt. The maximum width and depth from surface of the schist belt are 22 km and 5.6 km respectively.     

Isolated stationary carbonate platforms: the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) of the Marmolada area, Dolomites, Italy

As a result of a phase of extensional tectonics in the western Tethyan region, a horst and graben topography formed during the Middle Triassic (Ladinian) in northern Italy. Horsts were sites of shallow water carbonate sedimentation, while pelagic and volcaniclastic sediments were deposited in the grabens. Two carbonate platforms approximately 500 m thick can be distinguished in the Marmolada area of the Dolomites: the Marmolada platform proper, which covered an area of 6 km², and the Costabella platform, which extended for about 12 km in a NW-SE direction and was about 3 km across. The facies of these isolated platforms reflect the influence of storms from the SW. Windward platform margins were characterized by a marine sand belt of skeletal and aggregate grainstones with a dominant platform directed cross-stratification. The central portions of the platforms were occupied by supratidal sand cays which are made up of storm washovers. Leeward parts of the platforms are composed of shallow subtidal sand flat deposits. Laterally discontinuous reefs chiefly composed of various calcareous algae are developed at the outer margins of the platforms. Along windward margins, reefs may form a belt several hundred metres wide; along leeward margins their width is commonly reduced to some tens of metres. Foreslope talus breccias surround the platforms. Clinoform bedding showing basinward dips of 30°-40° is typical of this facies belt, which is approximately 2 km wide. Basinal sediments, only some tens of metres thick, are radiolarian micrites. Abundant sediment-gravity-flow deposits expand the basinal sequence at the toes of windward margins and were probably triggered by storm return flows. Synsedimentary faults striking both NNE-SSW and NW-SE separate the bedded platform limestones from flank deposits and reefs. They account for the stationary nature of the platforms. Neptunian dykes show preferred NNE-SSW and E-W trends. Sinistral displacements are associated with NW-SE trending faults. Depressions in the basins, filled with red, turbiditic pelagic sediments, show N-S trends and are probably compressional in origin. The structural pattern may have resulted from oblique, NW-SE oriented extension of the E-W trending Middle Triassic graben zone of the Dolomites. In the Ladinian of the Dolomites, the stationary platform type can be distinguished from a retrograding type, whereas continuously prograding platforms apparently did not develop.     

太白山古冰川地貌与地质构造

太白山分布有更新世冰川地形,其冰川槽谷在平面上呈“十”字型排列;横剖面EW向的呈宽谷形,NS向是呈U型:纵剖面EW向比较平坦,SN向呈阶梯状,其中有许多断裂陡坎。冰斗均位于断裂交汇点,面积不大而深度却相当大。这些地形的形态特征可以用构造加以解释,断裂破碎带是最有利于冰川刨蚀的地段。     

Ductile wrench tectonics and exhumation of hercynian metamorphic basement in Sardinia: Monte Grighini Complex

Abstract

The Monte Grighini Complex (Central-Western Sardinia) is a NW-SE trending metamorphic complex of Hereynian age made up of a medium grade Lower tectonic unit with mylonitie granitoids and a low grade Upper tectonic unit exposed in the westernmost and southernmost portions of this complex. The Lower Unit shows a prograde metamor phism from garnet to sillimanite zone and the transition from MP/MT to LP/HT metamorphism. The metamorphic climax was reached at the end of the main deformative phase 1)2 (600° C. 6 kbar). After the main tectonic and metamorphic phase. the Lower Unit was affected by a wide NW-SE trending ductile dextral wrench shear zone. Intrusive rocks emplaced within the shear zone yielded radiometric ages of 305-300 Ma. Shear deformation leads to low temperature C-S mylonites and retrograde phyllonitic rocks with subhorizontal NW-SE trending stretching lineations. Kinematic analysis of the shear zone points to a dextral sense of shear with an amount of ductile displacement of about 7 km. Later low angle N-S and E-W trending normal faults are associated with cataclastic zones separating the Lower Unit from the Upper one. These faults originated during a later evolutionary stage of the shear zone. This shows a progressive change of deformation regime from duetile wrenching to brittle normal faulting. The Monte Grighini Complex is a good example of ductile wrench tectonics. followed by uplift and extension in the Paleozoic basement of Sardinia.