Carbonate alteration of the Upper Mount McRae Shale beneath the martite-microplaty hematite ore deposit at Mount Whaleback, Western Australia

The formation of large martite-microplaty hematite ore deposits in northwest Australia remains a contentious topic in part because important evidence supporting a unifying genetic model has not been observed at all deposits. Carbonate replacement of silica has been found along normal faults below ore at the Mount Tom Price and Giles Mini deposits, which suggests an early hypogene process during ore formation. However, such rocks have not been identified at the largest martite-microplaty hematite deposit, Mount Whaleback. In this study, samples of the Mount McRae Shale are examined for their chemistry, mineralogy and petrography. These samples were collected from several key locations, including an area that immediately underlies ore along the Mount Whaleback fault at Mount Whaleback. Compared to unaltered black Mount McRae Shale from Wittenoom Gorge in the north and altered black and red Mount McRae Shale at Mount Whaleback, reddish-green Mount McRae Shale along the Mount Whaleback fault is greatly enriched in MgO and CaO and depleted in SiO₂. This chemistry arises from significant amounts of fine- to medium-grained ferroan-dolomite and ankerite and cross-cutting chlorite and carbonate veins. The composition is distinct from that produced during regional metamorphism, and most likely represents hydrothermal alteration after metamorphism. The lack of carbonate-rich, silica-poor rocks in the overlying Dales Gorge Member at Mount Whaleback is consistent with pervasive oxidation of most rocks in the region during or after ore genesis, a process that removed carbonates. Although several questions remain unanswered, these results support models that invoke an early hypogene stage during the formation of the martite-microplaty hematite deposits in the Hamersley Province.Editorial Handling: B. Lehmann     

Formation of syngenetic and early diagenetic iron minerals in the late Archean Mt. McRae Shale, Hamersley Basin, Australia: New insights on the patterns, controls and paleoenvironmental implications of authigenic mineral formation

A section through the late Archean Mt. McRae Shale comprising, in ascending order, a lower shale interval (LSI), a banded iron formation (BIF), an upper shale (USI) and a carbonate (C1) has been analyzed for total Fe and Al contents and authigenic Fe present as carbonate, oxide, sulfide and silicate phases. The authigenic mineralogy is controlled by the episodic addition of Fe from hydrothermal activity and removal of Fe by sulfide, relative to rates of clastic sedimentation. The LSI and BIF have mean Fe_T/Al values of 2 and 5, respectively, that record iron enrichment from hydrothermal sources. Iron was precipitated primarily as siderite accompanied by Fe-rich chlorite from anoxic bottom waters rich in dissolved Fe. Pyrite formation was probably limited by the availability of sulfate, which was present at low concentrations and became rapidly depleted. The USI has generally lower Fe_T/Al values (0.6-1.3), similar to those found in Paleozoic shales, with the exception of one interval where enrichment may reflect either a weak hydrothermal source or the operation of an iron shuttle. This interval contains authigenic Fe predominantly as pyrite, where high values for DOP (>0.8) indicate the existence of a water column that became rich in dissolved sulfide (euxinic) when sulfate concentrations increased due to a transient or secular increase in ocean/atmosphere oxygenation. High concentrations of dissolved sulfide maintained low concentrations of dissolved Fe, which allowed only minor amounts of Fe to be precipitated as carbonates and silicates. The USI also has elevated concentrations of organic matter that most probably reflect increased productivity and likely limited euxinia to midportions of the water column on the basin margin. The carbonate C1 represents a basinal chemistry where sulfide has been removed and Fe_T/Al values are ∼1 indicating that hydrothermal activity again produced dissolved Fe-rich bottom waters. Detailed iron speciation of the Mt. McRae Shale can be used to recognize spatial and temporal variations in iron and sulfur inputs to the late Archean Hamersley Basin, just prior to the Paleoproterozoic rise in atmospheric oxygenation, and our refined methods have relevance to all Fe-rich deposits.     

渝东北田坝地区五峰-龙马溪组页岩矿物学特征及其油气地质意义

渝东北田坝地区五峰-龙马溪组泥页岩的矿物成分主要为石英和黏土矿物,其次为长石,此外还含有少量黄铁矿、硬石膏等含硫矿物,以及极少量的碳酸盐矿物。沉积学及矿物学研究表明,五峰-龙马溪组的沉积环境以浅海陆棚为主,而浅海陆棚属还原环境,有利于有机质富集和保存,可以更好地形成页岩气;页岩含石英量较多并且脆性指数较高,因此有利于形成裂缝以利于渗流。与相邻的涪陵地区相对比,两者可比性较高,并且渝东北田坝地区五峰-龙马溪组页岩的石英等脆性矿物含量大于涪陵地区,而黏土矿物含量、碳酸盐矿物含量远小于涪陵地区;渝东北田坝地区黏土矿物组合反映,五峰-龙马溪组已进入了晚期成岩作用阶段,该阶段所对应的有机质成熟度为高成熟-过成熟,表明其成熟度条件有利于形成页岩气藏;进一步研究还发现,五峰组及龙马溪组页岩具有较高的孔隙度和渗透性,能为页岩气储存提供较好的储集空间。     

Rb-Sr direct dating of pyrite from the Pipela VMS Zn-Cu prospect,Rajasthan, NW India

In unaltered volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) ore deposits, variable Rb/Sr ratios in the ore mineral permits application of the Rb-Sr isotopic method to directly date the time of ore formation. In contrast, post-crystallization deformation and metamorphism would open the system to metamorphic fluids that would alter elemental ratios. To test whether the Rb-Sr isotopic systematics in the ore minerals had preserved the formation time in the ∼800 Ma metamorphosed VMS ores within the ∼1 Ga Ambaji-Sendra arc terrain, Rajasthan, NW India, common sulfides, pyrite and sphalerite from the Pipela Cu-Zn prospect, were analyzed for their geochemistry and Rb-Sr isotopic systematics. Trace and rare earth elements in these minerals are resident probably at crystal defects, whereas all inclusions (including those from metamorphic fluids) were removed by a simple crush leach method. Results of direct dating by the Rb-Sr method to the hydrothermal pyrite yielded an isochron age of 1025±76 Ma with an initial Sr ratio of 0.7051±0.0006, similar to previously determined zircon U-Pb age of 987 Ma from associated rhyolites. This suggests the applicability of the crush leach method to date formation time of metamorphosed pyrite ores.     

Origin of a large breccia-vein system in the Sanerlin uranium deposit, southern China: a reinterpretation

The early Tertiary Sanerlin uranium deposit is located near the southwestern margin of the Chaling-Yongxing pull-apart basin defined by the Chaling-Yongxing and Chenxian-Linwu sinistral strike-slip faults in southern China. The uranium ores are hosted in 15 breccia-vein bodies, which are separately located in the cores of three secondary anticlines of the Upper Permian Dangchong Formation. Individual breccia-vein bodies are composed of fragments of silicified shale and sandstone from the Dangchong Formation, and quartz veinlets as cements. These fragments, together with quartz veins, form a mosaic texture. Hydrothermal pitchblende is the only commercial uranium mineral, mainly occurring as disseminated grains within quartz veins or coating fragments. Other metallic minerals include molybdenite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, and red microcrystalline hematite. Fluid inclusions in quartz veins have homogenization temperatures ranging from 150 to 280 °C, and calculated salinity values between 5.6 and 13.4 wt% NaCl equivalent. Stable isotope analyses show that the mineralizing fluid was characterized by '¹⁸O values of -2.2 to +2.6‰ and 'D_H2O values of -134 to -110‰. These analytical data demonstrate that hydrothermal fluids were mainly derived from formation waters (brines) of the Chaling-Yongxing basin. Fluid overpressuring was caused by an abnormal geothermal gradient and impermeable shales in the deposit area. The geometry, texture, and structure of the breccia-vein system, along with the fluid pressure estimates, suggest that hydraulic fracturing generated the mineralized breccia-vein system. Pitchblende and associated minerals were deposited when gaseous phases were released abruptly from the ore fluids due to the hydraulic fracturing.     

内蒙古东升庙矿床岩浆热液叠加成矿作用——来自地质与矿物包裹体测温的证据

The Dongshengmiao Pb-Zn deposit located in the Mesoproterozoic aulacogen in a passive continental margin in the north- west margin of the North-China Craton is widely considered to be a untypical SEDEX deposit.Recently,new types of mineralization such as chalcopyrite veins and re-crystallized sphalerite ores with visible hydrothermal alteration have been found in the deposit at depth.In this paper we report the decrepitation temperatures of fluid inclusions in chalcopyrite,sphalerite and quartz from these new types of ores.The decrepitation temperatures of fluid inclusions in chalcopyrite(4 samples),sphalerite(2 samples)and quartz(5 samples)are 303～456℃,97～497℃,146～350℃and 350～556℃,respectively.The decrepitation temperatures of fluid inclusions in the vein-type chalcopyrite are similar to the decrepitation temperatures of fluid inclusions in chalcopyrite from the Hercynian Oubulage porphyry Cu-Au deposit(313～514℃)and the Chehugou porphyry Cu-Mo deposit(277～485℃),supporting our interpretation that the Dongshengmiao deposit was overprinted by magmatic hydrothermal mineralization.The decrepitation temperatures of fluid inclusions in re-crystallized sphalerite from the Dongshengmiao deposit are characterized by two peaks,97～358℃and 358～497℃.The decrepitation temperatures of fluid inclusions in quartz in ehalcopyrite veins from the Dongshengmiao deposit are also characterized by two peaks,146～350℃and 350～556℃.The lower and higher temperature peaks in both cases are considered to represent two separate mineralization events,original SEDEX mineralization and magmatic hydrothermal overprinting,respectively.The higher decrepitation temperatures of fluid inclusions in quartz and sphalerite from the Dongshengmiao deposit are similar to the decrepitation temperatures(340～526℃)of fluid inclusions in sphalerite from the Baiyinnuoer skarn-type Pb-Zn deposit in the region. Replacement of pyrite by sphalerite and overgrowth of chalcopyrite on pyrite in the Dongshengmiao support our interpretation that the original SEDEX mineralization was overprinted by magmatic hydrothermal activity in the deposit.Our results suggest that there may be separate porphyry and skarn-type deposits related to Hercynian magmatism and associated hydrothermal activities in the Langshan area, which are potential exploration targets in the future.     

Oxygen Isotope Study of Paleoproterozoic Banded Iron Formation, Hamersley Basin, Western Australia

A submillimeter‐scale variation of δ¹⁸O in quartz was identified in chert and Fe‐oxide mesobands of the Brockman Iron Formation, Western Australia, using an in situ CO₂‐laser fluorination technique. The total range of variation is 11.2–23.0‰, with >5‰ variations within a single mesoband of approximately 2 cm thickness. These data contradict most previous works, which have suggested that banded iron formations are isotopically homogeneous. The present sample was obtained outside of the iron mining area, and as such is considered to have been less altered by the hydrothermal event recently shown to be responsible for the formation of the iron ore. The data suggest that the largest Paleoproterozoic banded iron formations may have formed not in a stable, quiescent sea, but instead as a result of increased influx of iron‐ and silica‐rich solutions during periods of increased magmatism and submarine hydrothermal activity in a rift basin environment.     

Coupled asteroid impacts and banded iron-formations,Fortescue and Hamersley Groups,Pilbara, Western Australia

Asteroid impact spherule layers and tsunami deposits underlying banded iron-formations in the Fortescue and Hamersley Groups have been further investigated to test their potential stratigraphic relationships. This work has included new observations related to the ca 2.63 Ga Jeerinah Impact Layer (JIL) and impact spherules associated with the 4th Shale-Macroband of the Dales Gorge Iron Member (DGS4) of the Brockman Iron Formation. A unit of impact spherules (microkrystite) correlated with the ca 2.63 Ga JIL is observed within a >100 m-thick fragmental-intraclast breccia pile in drill cores near Roy Hill. The sequence represents significant thickening of the impact/tsunami unit relative to the JIL type section at Hesta, as well as relative to the 20–30 m-thick ca 2.63 Ga Carawine Dolomite spherule-bearing mega-breccia. The ca 2.48 Ga-old Dales Gorge Member of the Brockman Iron Formation is underlain by an ?0.5 m-thick rip-up clast breccia located at the top of the ca 2.50 Ga Mt McRae Shale, and is interpreted as a tsunami deposit. We suggest that the presence of impact ejecta and tsunami units stratigraphically beneath a number of banded iron-formations, and units of ferruginous shale in the Pilbara and South Africa may result from a genetic relationship. For example, it could be that under Archean atmospheric conditions, mafic volcanism triggered by large asteroid impacts enriched the oceans in soluble FeO. If so, seasonal microbial and/or photolytic oxidation to ferric oxide could have caused precipitation of Fe₂O₃ and silica. In view of the possible occurrence of depositional gaps and paraconformities between impact ejecta units and overlying ferruginous sediments, these relationships require further testing by isotopic age studies.     

Quartz resources in the Serra de Santa Helena formation,Brazil: A geochemical and technological study

This study presents an evaluation of Brazilian quartz deposits of Corinto and Olhos D'água, in Minas Gerais State, as potential high purity raw material for the production of silica glass. Both deposits are part of the Serra de Santa Helena formation, which holds other quartz deposits. Several quartz samples from these mines were analyzed to evaluate their chemical purity, by determination of the content of trace elements by ICP-MS after acid digestion. The technological characteristics of the ores after flame-fusion into silica glass were evaluated according to their bubble generation and UV transparency. The results indicate that silica glass with chemistry suitable for crucible applications can be obtained from materials of both mines, and even optical grade silica glass can be manufactured using transparent ore from one of the mines. In addition, this work explores the trace elements composition of each mine, as well as their fluid inclusions, and characterizes the mines as being of hydrothermal origin. Small differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of quartz that could affect the technological behavior of the ores are related to the geological history of the mines and provide interesting insights regarding the exploration of other quartz resources within the same geological formation.     

硫化物Rb-Sr同位素定年研究进展

针对金属矿床成矿年代确定混乱的问题,国内外许多矿床学家和同位素地球化学家对金属矿物常规同位素定年方法进行了有益的探索研究,尤其是对于矿石矿物以闪锌矿、方铅矿和黄铁矿为主的铅锌矿床,硫化物矿物Rb-Sr同位素定年方法显示出了其独特的优势。结合近几年开展的工作,总结国内外硫化物Rb-Sr同位素定年研究取得的成果、闪锌矿中Rb、Sr的赋存状态与定年机理以及定年适应性问题。采用闪锌矿Rb-Sr同位素组成数据拟合成等时线源自热液流体与闪锌矿之间Rb和Sr的不同分异作用,但并不是所有的闪锌矿均适合该定年技术。要成功获得年龄,需结合野外地质特征采集代表性的矿石样品,并在镜下鉴定基础上挑选合适的单矿物;在分析测试过程中,需尽可能去除次生包裹体和粘土矿物。     

西南天山萨瓦亚尔顿金(锑)矿床成矿时代与赋矿地层时代

通过对萨瓦亚尔顿金（锑）矿床矿石中共生石英的流体包裹体作Rb-Sr等时线年龄（231±10Ma） 的研究,表明成矿时代为印支期,与南天山造山带陆内造山晚阶段一致。由于矿区主体赋矿地层的（2）（3） 岩性段中无化石,故采集其中的一组无矿石英脉作包裹体Rb-Sr等时线年龄（389±42Ma） ,推测赋矿地层年龄上限为志留 泥盆纪。根据近年来在赋矿岩系的（1）（1） 段所发现的动物化石年代依据,指出含矿浊积岩系东部和西部二个岩性段即（1） 和（4）段为石炭系。     

鄂西宜昌地区页岩气勘探发现对MVT铅锌矿成矿的指示意义

油气成藏和有机质参与金属成矿的内在联系是近年来国内外地学界关注的热点问题.根据流体包裹体岩相学观察和激光拉曼光谱分析,在鄂西宜昌地区震旦系陡山沱组和下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩储层及震旦系灯影组MVT（Mississippi Valley type）铅锌矿床中发现了高密度甲烷包裹体,并利用甲烷包裹体的甲烷拉曼散射峰v₁计算了甲烷包裹体的密度;同时采用Rb-Sr、Sm-Nd同位素定年确定了MVT铅锌矿成矿年代.鄂阳页1井陡山沱组页岩石英脉和何家坪MVT铅锌矿方解石样品中甲烷包裹体密度分别为0.237~0.278 g/cm3和0.213~0.271 g/cm3,属于高密度甲烷包裹体.何家坪铅锌矿共生矿物闪锌矿和方铅矿的Rb-Sr等时线年龄为189.1±1.8 Ma,方解石的Sm-Nd等时线年龄为189.9±2.0 Ma,指示铅锌矿形成于燕山早期的构造挤压运动;共生矿物的初始87Sr/86Sr值（0.711 92）和方解石的初始87Sr/86Sr值（0.712 03~0.712 27）指示何家坪铅锌矿成矿流体的Sr同位素主要来源于页岩层.何家坪铅锌矿中捕获的以流体包裹体形式存在的高密度甲烷流体最有可能来源于陡山沱组页岩和/或牛蹄塘组页岩内高密度超压甲烷流体.页岩气层和MVT铅锌矿中高密度甲烷包裹体的发现及MVT铅锌矿成矿时间的确定为探讨有机质参与MVT铅锌矿成矿提供了新证据.      

SHRIMP U–Pb zircon ages of tuffaceous mudrocks in the Brockman Iron Formation of the Hamersley Range,Western Australia

Tuffaceous mudrocks are common in the banded iron‐formations (BIF) of the Brockman Iron Formation. These tuffaceous mudrocks are either stilpnomelane‐rich or siliceous. Their compositions reflect bimodal volcanic activity in the vicinity of the Hamersley BIF depositional site. They also contain complex zircon populations that record resedimentation, syndepositional volcanism and post‐depositional isotopic disturbance. The best estimates of depositional age are obtained from siliceous tuffaceous mudrocks in the Joffre Member that contain 2459 ± 3 Ma and 2454 ± 3 Ma zircon populations most likely derived from felsic volcanism coeval with BIF deposition. These dates constrain the sedimentation rates for the ～370 m‐thick Joffre Member BIF to >15 m per million years. Siliceous tuffaceous mudrocks are not present in the underlying ～120 m‐thick Dales Gorge Member and it is uncertain whether previously reported ages of ca 2479–2470 Ma for this unit reflect detrital/xenocrystic or syndepositional zircon populations in resedimented stilpnomelane‐rich tuffaceous mudrocks. The increased abundance of tuffaceous mudrocks in the Joffre Member suggests that a pulse of enhanced igneous and hydrothermal activity accompanied deposition of the bulk of the Brockman Iron Formation BIF after ca 2460 Ma. This preceded and culminated in the emplacement of the 2449 ± 3 Ma large igneous province represented by BIF and igneous rocks of the Weeli Wolli Formation and Woongarra Rhyolite.     

Depositional age and tectonic environment of the Gouap banded iron formations from the Nyong group,SW Cameroon:Insights from isotopic,geochemical and geochronological studies of drillcore samples

The discovery of the Gouap banded iron formations(BIFs)-hosted iron mineralization in the northwestern of the Nyong Group(Ntem Complex)in southwestern Cameroon provides unique insights into the geology of this region.In this contribution,we firstly report detailed study of geochemistry,isotopic and geochronology of well preserved samples of the Gouap BIFs collected from diamond drillcores.The Gouap BIFs consist mainly of amphibole BIFs and amphibole-pyrite BIFs characterized by dominant Fe₂O₃+SiO₂contents and variable contents of CaO,MgO and SO₃,consistent with the presence of amphibole,chlorite,epidote and pyrite,formed during amphibolite facies metamorphism and overprinted hydrothermal event.The amphibole–pyrite BIFs are typically enriched in trace and rare earth elements(REE)compared to the amphibole BIFs,suggesting the influence of detrital materials as well as secondary hydrothermal alteration.The Post Archean Australian Shale(PAAS)-normalized REE–Y profiles of the Gouap BIFs display positive La,Eu anomalies,weak negative Ce anomalies,indicating a mixture of low-temperature hydrothermal fluids and relatively oxic conditions probably under relative shallow seawater.We present here the first isotopic data of BIFs within the Ntem Complex.Theδ³⁰Si_NBS28values of the quartz from the Gouap BIFs vary from-1.5‰to-0.3‰and from-0.8‰to-0.9‰for the amphibole BIFs and amphibole–pyrite BIFs,respectively.The quartz hasδ¹⁸OV-SMOW values of 6.8‰–9.5‰(amphibole BIFs)and 9.2‰–10.6‰(amphibole–pyrite BIFs).The magnetite from the Gouap BIFs showsδ¹⁸O values ranging from-3.5‰to-1.8‰and from-3‰to-1.7‰for the amphibole BIFs and amphibole–pyrite BIFs,respectively.Moreover,the pyrite grains in the amphibole–pyrite BIFs displayδ34S values of 1.1‰–1.8‰.All isotopic data of the Gouap BIFs confirm that they might have precipitated from low-temperature hydrothermal fluids with detrital input distant from the volcanic activity.According to their geochemical and isotopic characteristics,we propose that the Gouap BIFs belong to the Superior type.In situ U–Pb zircon dating of BIFs was conducted to assess the BIF depositional age based on strong evidence of zircon in thin section.The Gouap BIFs were probably deposited at 2422±50 Ma in a region where sediments extended from continental shelf to deep-water environments along craton margins like the Caue Formation of the Minas Supergroup,Brazil.The studied BIFs have experienced regional hydrothermal activity and metamorphism at 2089±8.3 Ma during the Eburnean–Transamazonian orogeny.These findings suggest a physical continuity between the protocratonic masses of both Sao Francisco and Congo continents in the Rhyacian Period.     

Geology,Fluid Inclusion,and Sulfur Isotope Studies of the Chehugou Porphyry Molybdenum–Copper Deposit,Xilamulun Metallogenic Belt,NE China

The Chehugou Mo–Cu deposit, located 56 km west of Chifeng, NE China, is hosted by Triassic granite porphyry. Molybdenite–chalcopyrite mineralization of the deposit mainly occurs as veinlets in stockwork ore and dissemination in breccia ore, and two ore‐bearing quartz veins crop out to the south of the granite porphyry stock. Based on crosscutting relationships and mineral paragenesis, three hydrothermal stages are identified: (i) quartz–pyrite–molybdenite ± chalcopyrite stage; (ii) pyrite–quartz ± sphalerite stage; and (iii) quartz–calcite ± pyrite ± fluorite stage. Three types of fluid inclusions in the stockwork and breccia ore are recognized: LV, two‐phase aqueous inclusions (liquid‐rich); LVS, three‐phase liquid, vapor, and salt daughter crystal inclusions; and VL, two‐phase aqueous inclusions (gas‐rich). LV and LVS fluid inclusions are recognized in vein ore. Microthermometric investigation of the three types of fluid inclusions in hydrothermal quartz from the stockwork, breccia, and vein ores shows salinities from 1.57 to 66.75 wt% NaCl equivalents, with homogenization temperatures varying from 114°C to 550°C. The temperature changed from 282–550°C, 220–318°C to 114–243°C from the first stage to the third stage. The homogenization temperatures and salinity of the LV, LVS and VL inclusions are 114–442°C and 1.57–14.25 wt% NaCl equivalent, 301–550°C and 31.01–66.75 wt% NaCl equivalent, 286–420°C and 4.65–11.1 wt% NaCl equivalent, respectively. The VL inclusions coexist with the LV and LVS, which homogenize at the similar temperature. The above evidence shows that fluid‐boiling occurred in the ore‐forming stage. δ³⁴S values of sulfide from three type ores change from ?0.61‰ to 0.86‰. These δ³⁴S values of sulfide are similar to δ³⁴S values of typical magmatic sulfide sulfur (c. 0‰), suggesting that ore‐forming materials are magmatic in origin.     

冀东柞栏杖子BIF地球化学特征、形成时代及其地质意义

冀东地区柞栏杖子BIF出露于绿片岩相—低角闪岩相朱杖子岩群变质岩中。铁矿石主要由石英和磁铁矿组成,还含有少量透闪石和黑云母。主量元素主要为Si O2、Fe2O3和Fe O,其次为少量的Ca O和Mg O。较低的Al2O3含量、极低的Ti O2含量和高场强元素(HFSE)暗示,铁矿石中陆源碎屑物质含量很低。铁矿石的稀土元素含量较低,稀土元素配分模式特征为轻稀土元素相对亏损、重稀土元素相对富集。较明显的Eu正异常、轻微的Y正异常及较高的Y/Ho值的稀土元素特征,类似于高温热液和海水的混合热液,暗示成矿物质主要来自于海水和高温热液。对柞栏杖子BIF矿体夹层黑云斜长变粒岩进行SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年,207Pb/206Pb年龄加权平均值为2572±8Ma(MSWD=5.8),可代表柞栏杖子BIF的形成年龄。综合前人研究,认为冀东地区变质级别不同的BIF物质来源相同、形成年代相近,BIF的变质可能和2500Ma左右华北克拉通东部陆块发生的地幔岩浆底侵事件有关。     

Metallogenesis and hydrothermal evolution of the Tonggou Cu deposit in the Eastern Tianshan: Evidence from fluid inclusions,H-O-S isotopes,and Re-Os geochronology

The Tonggou Cu polymetallic deposit in the Bogda Orogenic Belt, Eastern Tianshan shows evidence for three stages of hydrothermal mineralization: early pyrite veins (Stage 1), polymetallic sulfide ± epidote–quartz (Stage 2), and late-stage pyrite–calcite veins (Stage 3). Fluid inclusion petrography and microthermometry analyses indicate that the liquid-rich aqueous inclusions (L), vapour-rich aqueous inclusions (V), and NaCl daughter mineral–bearing three phase inclusions (S) formed during the main stage of mineralization, and that the ore fluids represent high-temperature and high-salinity H₂O-NaCl hydrothermal fluids that underwent boiling. Stable isotope (H, O) data indicate that the ore fluids of the Tonggou deposit were originally derived from magmatic water in Stage 2 and subsequently mixed with local meteoric water during Stage 3. Sulphur isotope compositions (6.7‰ to 10.9‰) are consistent with the δ³⁴S values of pyrite from the Qijiaojing Formation sandstone, indicating the primary source of the sulphur ore. Furthermore, chalcopyrite grains separated from the chalcopyrite-rich ore samples yield an isochron age of 303 ± 12 Ma (MSWD = 1.2). These results indicate that the Tonggou deposit is a transition between high–sulfidation and porphyry deposits which formed in the Late Carboniferous. It also suggests an increased likelihood for the occurrence of Cu (Au, Mo) in the Bogda Orogenic Belt, especially at locations where the Cu-Zn deposits are thicker; further deep drilling and exploration are encouraged in these areas.     

Participation of hydrothermal fluids in the formation of deposits of the proterozoic Udokan-Chineysky ore system

Numerous Cu deposits of the Udokan-Chineysky ore district (Udokan deposit of cupriferous sandstones, deposits of the Chineysky pluton, etc.), which occur in sedimentary and igneous rocks, are similar in many genetic features. One of these features is the similar parameters of fluid inclusions (hydrothermal fluids) in quartz of the Udokan deposit, rich chalcopyrite ores from the Rudnyi (Rudnyie deposit, and veins of the Pravoingamakitsky deposit studied previously. Fluid inclusions have the same range of high salinity and homogenization temperatures. These studies combined with geological data allow us to consider the formation of contact sulfide ores from the Chineisky pluton and Pravoingamakitsky and Udokan deposits as a common compound fluid-magmatic ore-generating system. The sedimentary rocks primarily enriched in chalcopyrite, pyrite, and pyrrhotite of the entire section of the Udokan complex served as the host media for the hydrothermal fluids and deposits of various scales.     

黑龙江省东宁县五道沟金矿成矿流体特征及矿床成因

五道沟金矿位于太平岭金-铜多金属成矿带,矿体呈脉状赋存于下二叠统双桥子组碳质板岩中,并严格受NE向断裂控制。根据野外观察和岩相学研究,将五道沟金矿成矿划分为早期石英阶段、石英-黄铁矿阶段、石英-碳酸盐阶段3个阶段,其中石英-黄铁矿阶段为主要成矿阶段。石英流体包裹体显微测温和拉曼光谱分析表明,金成矿期流体为中低温、低盐度的含CO₂流体。氢氧同位素分析表明,成矿流体是岩浆水和大气降水的混合流体。黄铁矿微量元素特征表明矿区内黄铁矿为岩浆热液成因;矿石硫同位素数据显示其具有岩浆硫和地层硫的混合特征。铅同位素组成图上,矿石铅、围岩铅和岩浆岩铅三者呈线性关系,具有同源特征,矿石中²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb和²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb值明显高于围岩的相应值,暗示了矿石铅为围岩铅淋滤产物。矿石同位素特征表明双桥子组碳质板岩应为金矿矿源层。综合矿床地质特征、流体包裹体和H-O-S-Pb同位素分析,认为五道沟金矿为造山型金矿。     

Hydrothermal Mobilization and Enrichment of Iron in the Iron Deposits of the Middle—Lower Yangtze Valley District

There are two main types of iron deposits in the Middle-Lower Yangtze Valley district.Both of them underwent post-magmatic hydrothermal processes during ore formation.Iron in the hydrothermal ore bodies was derived largely through mobilization from substantially consolidated diroitic intrusives.Wall-roch alteration zonation indicates that iron-mobilizing hydrothermal fluids evolved in a trend of decreasing alkalinity,which is suggested by regularly distributed wall-rock alterations formed by iron-mobilizing hydrothermal fluids and is in contradiction with the current chloride,chloride complex and bicarbonate models for iron mobilization.The close association of carbonatization with iron ores and the high concentrations of reduced gases such as CO,CH4 and H2 in fluid inclusions suggest that iron is most probably transported in the form of iron carbonyls during post-magmatic hydrothermal processes. In the light of the iron carbonyl mobilization model,explanations are made of the constraints on ores of some geologic factors such as melanocratic alteration,carbonatization,carbonate strata,structural fractures,cyptoexplosive pipes and embryo ores.