InSAR相位干涉图滤波方法研究

合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)中相位干涉图的质量是决定干涉测量精度的关键因素之一。在其他影响因素确定的情况下,干涉图滤波是提高干涉图质量的有效手段。介绍多视数均值滤波与基于梯度的自适应滤波,分析其优缺点,在此基础上,探讨这两种滤波相结合的综合滤波方案,提出直接对InSAR相位干涉图的实部和虚部进行综合滤波的方法,给出具体流程图。最后,通过对实际SAR数据的处理验证所提出的滤波方法抑噪效果明显,且能很好地保持相位干涉图的边缘信息。     

一种改进的SAR干涉图综合滤波算法研究

SAR干涉图作为相位信息的载体,其质量直接影响对研究区域形变状况的进一步分析,采取有效的滤波算法能抑制干涉图相位噪声,提高干涉测量精度。在获得的干涉相位图中,由于矿区开采而造成的地表沉降会体现出近环状相位条纹的特征。针对这一特点,对传统的基于梯度的滤波算法做出了改进,并结合Goldstein频域滤波和改进的梯度自适应滤波,提出了一种适用于矿区沉降形成的SAR干涉相位模式滤波方法。选取河北峰峰煤矿的PALSAR干涉相位图作为实验数据,对该滤波方法做出了详细的性能评价和对比。结果表明,采用本文提出的综合滤波方法在显著降低实验区SAR干涉图相位噪声的同时,也很好地保持了相位分辨率,使由于矿区沉降而造成的形变相位环的边缘形态更加清晰。     

一种改进的Goldstein InSAR干涉图滤波算法

提出了一种抑制InSAR干涉图噪声并保持干涉图条纹细节的算法,该算法改进了Goldstein滤波的参数α,将干涉图的相位标准偏差函数模型作为参数。相位标准偏差是相位噪声的体现,以干涉图的相位噪声强弱来决定滤波的强弱,噪声强的局部区域强滤波,噪声弱的局部区域弱滤波。实验结果表明,此方法改善了滤波效果,增强了滤波的局部自适应性和条纹细节的保真性。     

一种使用剪切波变换的干涉图滤波算法

干涉图小波阈值法滤波未考虑干涉相位统计特性, 导致在低相干区域得到的滤波效果不能令人满意。针对这一问题, 提出了一种剪切波变换与干涉相位标准差相结合的相位滤波算法。该算法将干涉相位统计特性与剪切波阈值滤波结合起来, 利用相位标准差改正滤波阈值以提高滤波效果。此外, 为了评价干涉图的滤波效果并为实测数据选择合适的滤波方法提供参考, 将模拟干涉图解缠结果的局部均方差分布作为滤波质量评价指标。将此算法与Goldstein滤波、小波滤波、最优方向融合滤波和剪切波软阈值滤波进行比较, 结果表明所提算法能更有效地削弱干涉图噪声, 同时保留干涉图的细节信息, 避免了低相干地区弱滤波问题。     

多波段InSAR差分滤波相位解缠方法

依据干涉图零中频矢量滤波经验,设计了多波段InSAR干涉图的差分滤波相位解缠方法。该方法将较短波长干涉图与较长波长干涉图的解缠结果进行差分处理,以降低干涉条纹频率,提高滤波效果和相位解缠性能,从而以较长波长干涉图的解缠结果指导较短波长干涉图的相位解缠。充分利用不同波段干涉图之间的互补相位信息,提高相位解缠的可靠性和解缠精度。采用由DEM仿真的多波段干涉图进行了相位解缠试验,得到了满意的解缠结果,验证了该解缠方法的有效性。     

SAR干涉图的静态小波域MAP法滤波

SAR干涉图中的斑点噪声是对相位解缠的极大障碍，为了得到更精确的地形模型，必须在相位解缠前对干涉图进行斑点噪声滤波。提出了一种干涉图的小波域多尺度滤波算法。对干涉图的实部和虚部分别进行处理，用Pearson分布系确定了信号和噪声项小波系数的概率密度函数，然后用最大后验概率（Maximum A Posterior,MAP)准则估计无噪数据的小波系数。将本算法和另外3种滤波算法进行比较。结果表明，本滤波算法对SAR干涉图有很强的噪声抑制能力，并能保持干涉图的相位细节信息和相位分布。     

结合滤波算法的不敏卡尔曼滤波器相位解缠方法

提出结合预滤波算法的不敏卡尔曼滤波（UKF）相位解缠方法。该方法把UKF、传统路径跟踪策略、全方位的局部相位梯度估计技术以及小窗口干涉图预滤波算法有效结合起来,能在相位解缠的同时进行干涉相位噪声抑制,既不受相位残差点影响,又避免了传统方法在相位解缠之前须尽可能滤除干涉图中相位噪声的不足。模拟和实测数据实验结果验证了本文方法的有效性,且与扩展卡尔曼滤波相位解缠算法（EKFPU）以及传统方法相比具有较高的精度。     

基于局部条纹频率估计的二维高斯滤波方法

提出一种基于局部条纹频率估计的干涉相位图二维高斯滤波方法。该方法采用最大似然法估计局部条纹频率,并用相位噪声的局部标准差评价噪声强度,从而控制滤波器参数实现自适应滤波,并采用仿真数据和SIR-C/XSAR在意大利Etna火山的干涉数据进行试验,将本算法与均值滤波方法和中值滤波方法以及Goldstein滤波方法进行了比较。试验结果表明,该方法不仅能够有效抑制干涉相位噪声,还能够很好地保持干涉条纹的细节信息。     

基于相位导数的GBSAR影像自适应滤波算法研究

GBSAR影像由于受到自身和周围环境的影响,在影像中易产生噪声,如不及时滤除噪声,将对后续的处理造成很大的影响,以往的滤波算法大部分是基于影像的幅度信息,没有将相位信息考虑在内,没达到真正滤波的效果。本文提出一种基于相位导数的算法对GBSAR影像进行滤波处理,并将结果与Lee函数滤波结果进行对比,结果表明基于相位导数的算法在GBSAR影像中具有良好的去噪效果,对GBSAR影像的后续处理提供了一种新的方法。     

基于边缘检测的自适应干涉SAR降噪方法

提出了一种新的相位滤波方法,基于干涉条纹方向的检测,完全自适应地对干涉相位进行滤波。本方法计算简单,十分适用于干涉条纹密集的区域进行滤波。通过SIR—C／X—SAR的X—SAR数据的处理验证,结果令人满意。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

使用FME与VBA提取机场方格网高程数据

因受机场工程设计软件的测量数据容量限制,基于LiDAR采集、点云分类后得到的地面点云数据LAS不能完整应用于目前设计软件进行设计计算。本文通过对拟选技术方案的筛选,提出了利用FME Workbench数据处理功能,结合VBA编程获取外部方格网平面数据的方法。该方法在FME Workbench中实现了地面点云数据构建TIN、采用逐点内插方法从TIN中提取方格网高程数据、等高线生成及相应图形处理与成果输出。最终通过实际算例证明了该方法的有效性。     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

自动车辆定位导航系统中传感器的误差分析

对国界定位导航系统中几种常见的辅助传感器所产生的误差进行了分析，导出了不同传感器的误差模型。这些误差模型是估计车辆位置的扩展卡尔曼滤波器的基础，同时也为选择适当的传感器提供了理论根据。