无纺土工织物保土应用中的概率设计准则

保土准则是土工织物反滤准则的重要组成部分,但目前的设计准则保土有余,透水不足。介绍了无纺土工织物的两种孔洞分布曲线,计算了土颗粒透过织物的概率。在理论分析的基础上,提出了一种概率保土准则。该准则对土体中的骨架颗粒和小颗粒透过织物的概率分别加以限制,既能保持土体稳定,又能防止淤堵。     

无纺土工织物过滤黏土的反滤特性试验研究

在土工织物反滤排水工程中,织物滤层在应力、渗流实际工况下的反滤特性是保证工程安全的关键问题。为揭示无纺土工织物过滤黏土的反滤机制,采用自主研制的可施加法向压应力的梯度比渗透仪试验装置测定黏土−无纺土工织物滤层体系的渗透系数kT、各分层土的渗透系数kj、梯度比RG和试验前后土工织物试样的质量变化情况,研究在不同水力梯度、应力水平下无纺土工织物过滤黏土的反滤特性。结果表明：黏土−无纺土工织物滤层体系的渗透系数kT和梯度比RG随着时间的增加而减小,并最终趋于一个稳定值;增大水力梯度可以改善黏土−无纺土工织物滤层的透水性,增加应力水平会降低土工织物滤层的透水性且提高其保土性;渗流作用下,被保护土层表现为靠近无纺土工织物的底层土渗透系数最小,远离无纺土工织物的最上层土的渗透系数最大;堵塞系数与黏土−无纺土工织物滤层体系的渗透系数kT、梯度比RG存在内在的关系,在特定的应力−渗流作用下可能存在一个临界堵塞系数,大于该值时将造成无纺土工织物滤层的反滤失效。     

等双轴拉应变对无纺土工织物孔径变化的影响

无纺土工织物作为一种反滤材料,在工程中常受土体作用产生平面双轴拉应变,导致织物孔径变化。基于无纺织物空间网络孔径模型,改进Rawal公式中织物孔径结构总层数的算法,并提出等双轴拉伸下织物孔径分布曲线的解析解。利用自主研发的双轴拉伸仪,将两种针刺无纺织物等双轴拉伸至应变为3%、5%、10%,采用应变控制下的干筛法,进行织物孔径分布曲线测试。将解析解与试验结果进行对比分析,解析解孔径值偏大,所得解析曲线与测试曲线对于较薄织物吻合更好。研究结果表明,随着双轴拉应变的增加,无纺织物孔径增大,其特征孔径O95、O50、O30都近似与拉伸应变呈线性变化关系。     

压力下无纺织物部分堵塞的水力特性研究

对压力作用下的部分堵塞无纺织物进行了室内试验,表明有土颗粒进入的织物压缩性和渗透性都降低,提出织物滤层的等效孔径折减系数RF,并建议用于贴坡排水时RF 取1.5～2.5。织物无堵塞压力条件下,Giroud（1996年）提出的公式对织物渗透系数有满意的预测值。在压力作用下对比分析了部分堵塞织物Giroud法和等效孔隙率法的渗透系数预测值,也与实测渗透系数值进行了比较,表明提出的等效孔隙率法能较好地预测渗透系数。     

极限保土状态下的反滤机制试验研究

提出了反滤系统极限保土状态的概念,分别采用4种不同孔径的钢丝编织网进行粉土反滤试验,研究反滤系统的极限保土状态。试验表明,当滤网孔径O和粉土特征粒径d85的比值等于12时,反滤系统才达到极限保土状态。极限保土状态下的反滤系统,在淹没式出流条件下,经往复水流作用26 h后改为单向水流,水力梯度从3.8逐渐增加到9.1,并在9.1的水力梯度下持续渗透453.25 h,反滤系统仍保持稳定,未发生失稳破坏;在非淹没式出流条件下,水力梯度从5.3逐渐增加到12.7期间,反滤系统保持稳定,但在维持12.7的水力梯度下持续渗透261.83 h后,反滤系统发生失稳破坏。对极限保土状态的研究有助于工程设计中更加合理地确定织物滤层孔径上限,减少淤堵。     

两种塑料排水板滤膜淤堵特性试验研究

在水力梯度逐级递增的条件下,采用饱和软黏土进行了两种不同塑料排水板（PVD）滤膜（外包土工织物）梯度比试验,探讨两种PVD滤膜的淤堵特性,并结合真空预压软基加固的实际工况进行分析。试验结果显示,随着水力梯度的递增,一种表观孔径大的新工艺PVD滤膜的梯度比呈现先上升后下降的总趋势,并最终趋于稳定,常规PVD滤膜的梯度比总体呈上升趋势,无法趋于稳定。研究表明,不同水力梯度对滤膜淤堵有着较大影响,新工艺PVD滤膜在真空预压实际工况（水力梯度较高）下的防淤堵效果优于常规PVD滤膜。PVD滤膜的淤堵问题与滤膜制作工艺、孔径和软黏土性质有关,其淤堵机制仍需进一步的研究。     

管涌与滤层的研究(Ⅱ): 滤层

对管涌和滤层两个相关联问题的研究和发展过程进行了综述和评论;同时也给出了过去的研究成果,并与之进行比较。在滤层研究方面,指出了由平均粒径一点控制到两点和级配曲线多点控制的发展趋势;研究表明:太沙基的滤层规格比较保守,应结合内外水动力学研究砂砾滤层和织物滤层的适用规格。而粘土的滤层设计,关键是看能否发生贯穿性裂缝,其设计思想悬殊;井管滤层的淤堵失效应研究抽洗复苏的良策。     

圈围工程中高强有纺土工布加筋垫层变形试验研究

应用大刚度、长标距、大量程的SDW-100型位移传感器,采用500 kN/m高强有纺土工布进行室内试验和现场试验,研究高强土工布加筋垫层的变形情况。室内拉伸试验成果表明,位移传感器在每级加荷情形下的变形量与试验机上显示变形量具有较好的一致性,说明该类型传感器用于现场加筋高强土工布的变形测试是适用的,并因此得到高强有纺土工布的变形模量为8314.4 kN/m。现场试验表明,(1) 大堤底部的土工布位移曲线基本表现为盆形,中轴线下的土工布位移量最大;(2) 大堤下部土工布的位移量大小与外棱体的位移方向明显相关;(3) 现场试验中高强土工布的最大实测变形率为11.9%,按室内试验得到的变形模量计算出该计算高强有纺土工布的应力值为837.40 kN/m,表明按照现场实际加荷速率设计的高强有纺土工布强度值偏小;(4) 施工间歇期高强土工布的应力会出现重分布现象,具体表现为大堤轴线下变形量明显减小,现场实测成果与Plaxis有限元计算成果规律性吻合情况较好,试验成果符合一般规律;(5) 土工布的变形率与围堤上部现场施工加荷的速率关系很大,现场施工时设计单位应当提出一个加荷速率控制值;(6) 当高强有纺土工布的强度一定时,土工布的伸长率相对较大有利于快速加荷施工。     

法向应力下土工织物过滤黏土淤堵试验研究

模拟实际工况,采用改进的可以施加竖向荷载的梯度比渗透仪完成了一系列土工织物过滤黏性土的梯度比试验。试验采用上海地区第④层黏性土和短纤针刺无纺土工织物,分别在临界水力梯度（1.0）和水力梯度为2.0下进行,并通过改变竖向荷载来研究土工织物反滤性能随水力梯度和法向应力的变化规律。研究结果表明:水力梯度和法向应力是影响土工织物淤堵特性和滤层透水能力的重要因素。随着竖向荷载的增加,土工织物过滤黏性土的梯度比有所增大,但其稳定时并未发生不容许的淤堵;在特定荷载下,渗透系数随时间减小,而后趋于稳定,稳定后的渗透系数随竖向荷载的增大而减小;水力梯度由1.0增大到2.0,也引起了土工织物-黏性土体系的梯度比增大,透水能力减弱。试验结果较好地反映了实际工况下土工织物滤层的反滤作用,可为类似工程设计提供参考。     

Impact of rainfall intensity on the hydrological performance of erosion control geotextiles

The impact of erosion control geotextiles on the surface runoff from slopes is quite variable and depends strongly on site-specific conditions (soil characteristics, slope morphology, climate, etc.), as has been shown in several earlier studies. In addition, little is known about the proportion of runoff reduction that is caused by the geotextile and the proportion that is caused by soil characteristics. To shed more light on this issue, an experiment was carried out to test the impact of 500 g m^?2 jute nets (J500) and 400 g m^?2; 700 g m^?2 coir nets (C400, C700) on the surface runoff from simulated rainfall of four different intensities (I ₁ = 18.7; I ₂ = 27.2; I ₃ = 53.6; I ₄ = 90.5 mm h^?1). Data on runoff volume, peak discharge and time to peak discharge were collected from 40 simulated rainfall events. An impermeable “no-soil” subgrade was used to examine the impact of the geotextile on runoff without any influence of soil. All tested geotextiles significantly reduced runoff (volume, peak discharge) at all rainfall intensities, with the exception of C400 and C700 during simulated rainfall intensity I ₄. J500 seemed to have the most effective runoff reduction performance at all rainfall intensities. In general, as the rainfall intensity increased, the effectiveness of the geotextiles decreased. Interesting behaviour was observed for J500 under simulated rainfall intensity I ₄—the effectiveness of the geotextile increased with the duration of the rainfall.     

Performance evaluation of environmentally compatible stormwater filtration systems

A horizontal flow multimedia stormwater filter was developed and tested for hydraulic efficiency and pollutant removal efficiency. Suitability of different natural fibres such as jute, sisal, hemp, coir and oil palm was studied as filter media. Furthermore, the efficacy of different fabric filter screens made up of both woven and nonwoven textiles was also assessed. A new terminology, Universal Performance Index, was introduced. Analysis of these indices showed that jute medium, nonwoven sisal screen and media proportion 1:1:1 performed better. All of the filter combinations exhibited 100 % sediment removal at lower sediment concentration in the inflow. Percentage of discarded flow versus reference flow for the stormwater filter combinations showed that the device performed better at lower flow rates. It was also observed that the hydraulic efficiency was directly proportional to the slope and inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of the filter. Hydraulic efficiency showed a diminishing trend as the sediment level in inflow increases. By using matrix ranking method, the gravel–coir fibre–sand filter in 1:1:1 proportion with woven sisal hemp screens was selected as the best filter combination. The field evaluation of the filter showed 97.24 % efficiency in normalizing pH and 13.27 % efficiency in reducing electrical conductivity. The removal percentages of magnesium and sodium were 32 and 34 %, respectively. But higher removal efficiencies above 70 % were recorded for total solids, nitrates and sulphates.     

筋-土界面循环剪切刚度和阻尼比的试验研究

为了研究筋-土界面在遭受动力作用时的表现,利用大型直剪仪对土工格栅、土工编织布、土工无纺布和砂土界面进行了一系列循环剪切试验,得到了不同工况下界面的剪切刚度和阻尼比,并探究了循环次数与剪切刚度和阻尼比之间的规律。研究结果表明,同一循环次数时格栅-土界面的循环剪切刚度最大,土工编织布-土界面的阻尼比最大;剪切位移幅值为3 mm时3种竖向应力下界面都呈现出循环剪切硬化的特征,随着循环次数的增加,各竖向应力下的界面阻尼比有趋于某一值的趋势;砂土密实度越大,同一循环次数对应的剪切刚度越大,阻尼比越小,且随着循环次数的增加3种砂土密实度的界面阻尼比有趋于同一值的趋势;循环剪切位移幅值为5 mm的界面发生循环剪切软化现象,剪切位移幅值越大,界面同一循环次数的阻尼比也越大。     

用非线性模型评价加筋柔性台背路堤

在考虑土的固结和土体的非线性应力应变关系的基础上,利用非线性有限元数值方法对土工织物加筋柔性台背路堤的受力性状和破坏机理进行了分析。分析结果表明,将铺有土工合成材料的桥台路堤,看作由土体、土工合成材料、土体-土工合成材料界面组成的、独立的平面应变三层连续体系,进行数值计算是行之有效的。计算结果显示,土工织物加筋可以有效减少桥台路堤50%的均匀沉降和66%的非均匀沉降,并能增加台背路堤的稳定性。现场监测表明,本文采用的数值模拟方法与实际工程具有一致性。     

Evaluation of Combined Base Soil Erodibility and Granular Filter Efficiency

Filters managed in zoned dams are designed according to criteria based on the grain size distribution of both filter and eroded soil. However, the constriction size distribution of the filter is the key parameter which governs the filter retention process of flowing eroded particles. To assess the filter efficiency regarding eroded particles, several filters and base soils are tested in a vertical cell with a configuration coupling erosion and filtration processes. For setting the boundary condition of eroded particles at the filter inlet, hole erosion test (HET) was performed on the base soil. The investigation of the evolution of filter behavior shows that the void ratio and the grain shape are of a great influence on filter efficiency. A new approach of filter clogging was proposed by evaluating a damage index which is affected by various parameters such as the ratio D₁₅/d₈₅ and the size of eroded particles. An approach linking the geometrical parameters (damage index) to the hydraulic conductivity leads to an estimation of the filter performance which provides a more quantifiable and realistic criterion. The results indicate that even existing criteria were not met; the tested filters remain efficient as regards to experimental data. An analytical approach based on constrictions size distribution was used and pore reduction was matched with experimental results.

     

Capacity of quartz fibers with high filtration efficiency for capturing soot aerosol particles

Two proposed quartz fibrous filters with dissimilar solid volume fractions and thicknesses are investigated for their efficiency in removing soot aerosol particles from air. Soot particles are sourced from a candle burning in a chamber, and the tests involve 1.5 h of continuous loading of particles at three different flow rates: 4.5, 8.15 and 9.55 l/min. The fractional efficiency, morphology and pressure drop of both clean and loaded filters are studied using a scanning mobility particle sizer, scanning electron microscope and differential pressure gauge. Both filters have relatively similar levels of efficiency 93% for particle size (100–400 nm) at the lowest flow rate. At higher flow rates, the re-entrainment process effects the filtration efficiency of both filters. At the higher flow rate of 8.15 l/min, the filter with a higher solid volume fraction and thickness shows a higher pressure drop and an efficiency level of 95%. Increasing the flow rate to 9.55 l/min helps to pass the particles with diameters larger than 100 nm through two filters. This phenomenon decreases the fractional efficiency of both filters during the loading time.     

Worldwide Typology of Nearshore Coastal Systems: Defining the Estuarine Filter of River Inputs to the Oceans

We present a spatially explicit global overview of nearshore coastal types, based on hydrological, lithological and morphological criteria. A total of four main operational types act as active filters of both dissolved and suspended material entering the ocean from land: small deltas (type I), tidal systems (II), lagoons (III) and fjords (IV). Large rivers (V) largely bypass the nearshore filter, while karstic (VI) and arheic coasts (VII) act as inactive filters. This typology provides new insight into the spatial distribution and inherent heterogeneity of estuarine filters worldwide. The relative importance of each type at the global scale is calculated and types I, II, III and IV account for 32%, 22%, 8% and 26% of the global coastline, respectively, while 12% have a very limited nearshore coastal filter. As an application of this typology, the global estuarine surface area is re-estimated to 1.1 × 10⁶ km² instead of 1.4 × 10⁶ km² in earlier work.     

土工布加筋垫层对路基变形和稳定的影响

某高速公路高填方路堤下的深厚软基，采用以塑料板排水为主，配合机织土工布加筋砂垫层进行了软基处理，在对有加筋砂势层和无加筋砂势层的软基变形性状进行比较的基础上，评价了加筋砂垫层的作用及效果，还通过计算，分析了机织土工布的预 应变对路基稳定性的影响，从而说明施工加筋砂垫层时，对加筋材料旗加预应变的重要性。     

土工格栅的界面特性试验

有关土工织物界面试验的成果较多,而土工格栅界面试验的成果很少。介绍了单向拉伸格栅和经编格栅的界面试验内容和成果,对土工格栅与砂砾石、粗砂、残积土的界面摩擦系数作出评价,并与有纺土工布的成果进行比较。     

土工织物-非稳定土体反滤系统中滤饼的研究

在土-土工织物组成的反滤系统中,如果被保护土是非稳定土,则在渗流作用下被保护土中会有大量细粒土发生移动,很容易在织物与土层的交界面上形成一层薄滤饼,滤饼的厚度及渗透系数成为影响系统反滤效果的重要因素。根据多孔介质中的渗流与沉积理论,研究了在非稳定土体渗滤过程中,随着细粒土的迁移滤饼的厚度与织物厚度及渗透系数、外部压力等因素之间的关系,并给出了解析表达式。     

Discrete numerical modeling of particle transport in granular filters

Granular filters are an essential component in earth dams to protect the dam core from seepage erosion. This paper uses the particle flow method (PFM) to study the mechanism of particle transport in a base soil–filter system. The distributions of the eroded base-soil particles in different filters are traced and analyzed. The eroded mass and intruding depth of the eroded particles into the filters are obtained under different times and hydraulic gradients. The simulation results show that the eroded mass and intruding depth of the base-soil particles into the filter are related to the representative particle size ratio of the base soil to the filter, hydraulic gradient and erosion time. The numerical predictions are also compared with the empirical filter design criterion. The results show that the particle flow model provides an effective approach for studying the filtration micro-property and the erosion mechanism in a base soil–filter system, which is useful for filter design.