长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中氧化还原敏感性微量元素的环境指示意义

对长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物和底层悬浮体中氧化还原敏感元素分布规律和富集特征进行了分析与研究。结果表明氧化还原敏感元素在研究区具有明显的“离岸富集”特征,去除粒度效应、陆源碎屑来源组分和有机质的吸附作用等因素的影响之后,氧化还原敏感元素仍显示出在缺氧区的富集。通过同一站位底层悬浮体和沉积物中氧化还原敏感元素含量的分析比较,发现底层水缺氧是导致氧化还原敏感元素Mo、Cd、V等在沉积物中富集的主要原因。Mo、Cd、V等元素的不同富集程度可用来反映缺氧区的缺氧程度。因此,Mo, Cd, V等RSE在长江口外缺氧区及其邻近海域具有氧化还原环境指示意义,可以指示长江口外缺氧区的存在与大体范围,并可在一定程度上用来衡量缺氧区的缺氧程度。U理论上虽然也对环境的氧化还原条件敏感,但由于受陆源碎屑来源组分的影响较大,在长江口外缺氧区的富集并不明显,因此U在研究区不具有氧化还原环境指示意义。     

黄河口及邻近渤海海域悬浮体和沉积物中有机碳、氮的分布特征及其影响因素

利用元素分析仪对2007年获取的黄河口及邻近渤海海域悬浮体和沉积物进行了有机碳、氮含量分析.结果表明,在同一站位有机碳大体上的分布为,表层沉积物中TOC含量≤底层悬浮体中POC含量<表层悬浮体中POC含量;依据表层沉积物中TOC、TN含量和悬浮体中POC的分布,研究区可划分为5个区,依次为莱州湾西部靠近黄河口区(Ⅰ和Ⅱ...     

长江口海域铜的地球化学初步讨论

长江口海域溶解态铜不受生物活动控制。颗粒态铜与铁、表层沉积物中铜与铁和伊利石有很好的相关性,铁是主要的控制因子。沉积物中铜主要由长江河水携带悬浮颗粒沉降而来,并受粒级影响。     

南黄海悬浮体的垂直分布特性及其指示意义

重点研究了南黄海典型断面的悬浮体垂直分布特性及其指示意义。结果表明:四季南海黄海北部断面悬浮体分布的共同特征是西高东低,冬、春季鲁北沿岸流携带悬浮体向南输运和黄海暖流北上是南黄海与北黄海进行物质交换的重要方式和途径;夏半年南黄海中部断面深水域存在的表层云团状悬浮体高值区或"中层悬浮体最大值"现象与该海域的生物活动具有密切的联系;冬、春季苏北浅滩外侧海域近岸区的悬浮体含量显著高于夏、秋季,且冬半年近岸区的悬浮体具有向外海输运的趋势;长江口东北部断面各季节均存在2个悬浮体高值区,其中位于断面西部近岸海域的高值区与长江冲淡水(夏季)或苏北沿岸水(冬季)的影响有关,位于断面东部深水域处的悬浮体高值区是黄海西部沿岸流物质输运的结果,并与济州岛西南部海域的泥质区总体相对应,黄海与东海的物质交换过程主要通过夏季长江冲淡水东北向扩展与冬半年黄海西部沿岸流南下和黄海暖流北上进行。另外,水体层化和陆架锋也显著影响着南黄海悬浮体的垂直分布状况,锋面是控制夏季悬浮体向外海深水区输运的主要物理机制。     

长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物pH、Eh分布及制约因素

使用精密酸度计和新型全自动氧化还原电位仪测定了长江口及其临近海域表层沉积物中的pH、Eh值,分析了它们的分布特征,并从水团性质、层化特征、底质类型、生物扰动等方面深入探讨了pH、Eh的影响因素和影响机理。研究表明:研究区内表层沉积物属于中性—弱碱性环境,pH值变化于7.1～7.8之间,空间分布上具有分带性和不均一性特征;为还原环境,Eh变化于-100～-300 mV之间,大部分在-250 mV左右,其空间分布也具有弱分带和不均一的特点。该区沉积物酸碱性主要受水团性质的制约,同时底质类型、生物扰动对沉积物酸碱性也有一定影响,而氧化还原电位则主要受水团性质、水层层化和生物扰动等的影响。     

劳盆地热液羽状流颗粒物微区特征及指示意义

以劳盆地热液羽状流水体为研究对象,对6个不同深度水层(海底以上50～500m)的悬浮颗粒物(>0.45μm)进行了扫描电镜观察和X射线能谱分析。通过颗粒物的微形貌将颗粒物分为生物碎屑、微生物成因颗粒、无定形颗粒和自形颗粒等类型。微生物成因颗粒包括丝状体和簇状体等形态类型;自形颗粒主要为黄铁矿和闪锌矿晶体;根据颗粒组分特征将无定形颗粒分为S-Zn-Ba-Ca、Fe氧化物+少量Ba-Zn-Ca、Fe-Mn-Ca-Ba+少量的Zn、硫化物颗粒及多金属颗粒5种不同类型。大量与热液活动有关的颗粒类型的出现以及无定形颗粒的尺寸分布特征反映了研究站位处于热液羽状流的早期发育阶段,推测在附近几百米范围内存在活动的热液喷口区。     

扬子板块北缘下志留统龙马溪组重晶石结核特征及其成因机制分析

在扬子板块北缘城口明中剖面及巫溪徐家坝剖面下志留统龙马溪组底部的硅质岩、泥岩中发现椭球状重晶石结核。其矿物组成主要为重晶石颗粒与作为"基质"的黄铁矿、粘土矿物和石英。通过重晶石岩石学、矿物学及锶同位素分析表明,重晶石结核形成于早期成岩阶段松软沉积物的孔隙水中。上升洋流带来丰富的营养及富钡物质,表层海水的高初始生产力促使生物繁盛,海水中的钡通过生物作用富集形成生物钡,生物钡(bio-barite)在埋藏过程中的硫酸盐耗竭区(sulfate depleted zones)通过硫酸盐细菌作用(BSR)溶解被激活提供了钡的来源。围岩岩性(黑色泥岩和硅质泥岩)表明重晶石结核形成于缺氧的环境中。上述研究对深入理解早志留世时期扬子板块北缘古海洋环境有一定的启示作用。     

珠江口外及其邻近海域悬浮物质成份与分布特征

本文研究了1985～1986年四季次珠江口外及其邻近海域1000个以上的海水悬浮物样品。采用了“微孔滤膜法”取得数据,其平均含量秋冬两季高(25～26mg/l),春夏两季低(13～18mg/l)。向外海明显降低,但在100～200m水深处存在高含量小区。垂直变化都是由表层向底层增加。悬浮物质优势成分是矿物,次为无定形生物与生物源颗粒。矿物成分以粘土为主。生物源颗粒以硅藻为主。同时,讨论悬浮物质时空分布的控制因素。     

长江口外海域表层沉积物微量元素地球化学特征

对采自长江口外海域187个表层沉积物的25个微量元素含量进行了标准差系数、相关分析及R型因子分析,探讨了微量元素的来源和分布特征。长江口外海域沉积物微量元素Li、V、Cr、Co、Ni、Ga、Cu、Zn、Th和Rb分布基本相似;Sr分布与Li、Cu、Pb、Zn、Th和Rb相反;研究区东南部Sr分布与生物作用有明显关系;Cd和Mo分布与粒度之间的相关性较差,主要受氧化还原环境的控制;Zr分布反映了长江物源的影响。相关分析和R型因子分析结果表明,沉积作用、粒度控制效应、海洋生物作用、氧化还原环境和源区地质背景等对长江口外海域表层沉积物中微量元素分布起着主要控制作用。     

重晶石成矿地质特征、成矿作用及成矿机制

重晶石全球范围内广泛分布,重晶石矿床具有形成时代多、元素来源复杂、成矿作用多样等特点,目前有关重晶石矿床的成因仍存在争议。文章系统分析前人的研究成果,厘定了不同类型的典型矿床、成矿时代规律,探讨了不同类型矿床中成矿元素来源、成矿作用及成矿机制。矿床类型方面,重晶石矿可分为沉积型、岩浆热液型、层控型、火山-沉积型和风化（残积）型,主要分布在特提斯成矿域和劳亚成矿域,其他地区主要是冈瓦纳成矿域和环太平洋成矿域,其中沉积型是最主要的成矿类型,占重晶石矿床的60%以上。成矿时代方面,重晶石的成矿时代主要为古生代和中生代,赋矿岩系以沉积岩为主,其次为岩浆岩。成矿物质来源方面,全球典型重晶石矿床中的S同位素和Sr同位素显示,成矿物质来源具有多源性、多样性、差异复合性等特点。成矿机制方面,重晶石的成矿机理复杂,具有多阶段性、多因素等特点。     

Barite in the ocean – occurrence,geochemistry and palaeoceanographic applications

The mineral barite (BaSO₄) can precipitate in a variety of oceanic settings: in the water column, on the sea floor and within marine sediments. The geological setting where barite forms ultimately determines the geochemistry of the precipitated mineral and its usefulness for various applications. Specifically, the isotopic and elemental composition of major and trace elements in barite carry information about the solution(s) from which it precipitated. Barite precipitated in the water column (marine or pelagic barite) can be used as a recorder of changes in sea water chemistry through time. Barite formed within sediments or at the sea floor from pore water fluids (diagenetic or cold seeps barite) can aid in understanding fluid flow and sedimentary redox processes, and barite formed in association with hydrothermal activity (hydrothermal barite) provides information about conditions of crust alteration around hydrothermal vents. The accumulation rate of marine barite in oxic‐pelagic sediments can also be used to reconstruct past changes in ocean productivity. Some key areas for future work on the occurrence and origin of barite include: fully characterizing the mechanisms of precipitation of marine barite in the water column; understanding the role and potential significance of bacteria in barite precipitation; quantifying parameters controlling barite preservation in sediments; determining the influence of diagenesis on barite geochemistry; and investigating the utility of additional trace components in barite.     

Comparison of modern and ancient barite‐bearing acid‐sulphate soils using micromorphology,geochemistry and field relationships

Although pedogenic barite has been documented in many modern soils and palaeosols, no actualistic studies on its formation have been reported. Because barite is stable over the entire range of pressure and temperature of the Earth's crust, it preserves reliable data about the original environment in which it formed. Pedogenic barite and barite‐bearing soils have been used as indicators of landscape stability, environmental conditions, climate and microbial acti‐vity. This study compares field data, micromorphology and stable isotope geochemistry of a barite‐bearing palaeosol from the Morrison Formation (Jurassic) and a modern analogue soil in south‐central Texas, USA. Morrison barite‐bearing palaeosols are over‐thickened cumulic palaeosols that developed in subaerially exposed lacustrine sediments during an extended lake contraction event. Lateral facies relationships document changes in hydrology and duration of episaturated conditions (perched water table above the Btg horizons) that correspond to differences in barite nodule morphology and abundance. Barite precipitation occurred at a redox boundary higher on the landscape after organic matter was completely oxidized. Sulphur isotope data indicate that the initial source of sulphur was soil organic matter. Meteoric water is the likely source of oxygen for the sulphate. Barium sourced from weathering feldspars and clays. The modern analogue displays similar catenary relationships, redox features and micromorphological characteristics compared to the Morrison palaeosols, suggesting that similar pedogenic processes led to barite precipitation. Synthesized data suggest that conditions favourable to barite‐bearing soil formation are low‐gradient basins that have received feldspar‐rich sediments (i.e. volcanically influenced basins), soils that developed near salt domes, soils that developed in exposed wetland or lacustrine sediments and coastal plain deposits. When studied in a well‐documented palaeogeographic context, barite‐bearing soils are valuable to palaeoclimate, palaeoenvironmental and palaeohydrological studies. Combined with regional interfluve palaeosols, barite‐bearing palaeosols may document temporal changes in drainage, surface stability, and accommodation consistent with sequence boundaries/maximum flooding surfaces and climate changes.     

Fine-grained barite in coal fly ash from the Upper Silesian Industrial Region

Barite nanocrystals are common and abundant in the troposphere over the Upper Silesian Industrial Region, Poland. The presence of barite nanocrystals is the result of burning Ba-enriched coals (up to 4,260 ppm Ba). ATEM, ASEM and EPMA analyses provided evidence of inefficient coal burning for domestic purposes at temperatures of 800-900 °C as the cause of emissions of barite, which survived unmelted. Much higher temperatures of coal burning for industrial purposes resulted in thermal decomposition of barite into BaO, which could react with airborne sulfuric acid to produce nanometre-sized secondary barite. Formation of both the secondary barite and gypsum in the troposphere contributes to the lowering of acidity of rain over Upper Silesia. Barite nanocrystals are often embedded in sheets of hydrocarbon materials with sizes in the range of respirable aerosols; therefore, they may enter the human respiratory system.     

Rare earth element and stable isotope (O, S) geochemistry of barite from the Bijgan deposit, Markazi Province, Iran

The Bijgan barite deposit, which is located northeast of Delijan in Markazi Province of Iran, occurs as a small lenticular body at the uppermost part of an Eocene volcano-sedimentary rock unit. The presence of fossiliferous and carbonaceous strata suggests that the host rocks were deposited in a quiet marine sedimentary environment. Barite, calcite, iron oxides and carbonaceous clay materials are found as massive patches as well as thin layers in the deposit. Barite is marked by very low concentrations of Sr (1–2%) and total amounts of rare earth elements (REEs) (6.25–17.39?ppm). Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of barite indicate a fractionation of light REEs (LREEs) from La to Sm, similar to those for barite of different origins from elsewhere. The La_CN/Lu_CN ratios and chondrite-normalized REE patterns reveal that barite in the Bijgan deposit is enriched in LREE relative to heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). The similarity between the Ce/La ratios in the barite samples and those found in deep-sea barite supports a marine origin for barite. Lanthanum and Gd exhibit positive anomalies, which are common features of marine chemical sediments. Cerium shows a negative anomaly in most samples that was inherited from the negative Ce anomaly of hydrothermal fluid that mixed with seawater at the time of barite precipitation. The δ¹⁸O values of barites show a narrow range of 9.1–11.4‰, which is close to or slightly lower than that of contemporaneous seawater at the end of the Eocene. This suggests a contribution of oxygen from seawater in the barite-forming solution. The δ³⁴S values of barites (9.5–15.3‰) are lower than that of contemporaneous seawater, which suggests a contribution of magmatic sulfur to the ore-forming solution. The oxygen and sulfur isotope ratios indicate that submarine hydrothermal vent fluids are a good analog for solutions that precipitated barite, due to similarities in the isotopic composition of the sulfates. The available data including tectonic setting, host rock characteristics, REE geochemistry, and oxygen and sulfur isotopic compositions support a submarine hydrothermal origin for the Bijgan barite deposit. At the seafloor, barite deposition occurred where ascending Ba-bearing hydrothermal fluids encountered seawater. Sulfate was derived from the sulfate-bearing marine waters, and, to a lesser extent, by oxidized H₂S, which was derived from magmatic hydrothermal fluids.     

Sulfur and lead isotope geochemistry of hypogene mineralization at the Barite Hill Gold Deposit, Carolina Slate Belt, southeastern United States: a window into and through regional metamorphism

The Barite Hill gold deposit, at the southwestern end of the Carolina slate belt in the southeastern United States, is one of four gold deposits in the region that have a combined yield of 110 metric tons of gold over the past 10 years. At Barite Hill, production has dominantly come from oxidized ores. Sulfur isotope data from hypogene portions of the Barite Hill gold deposit vary systematically with pyrite–barite associations and provide insights into both the pre-metamorphic Late Proterozoic hydrothermal and the Paleozoic regional metamorphic histories of the deposit. The δ³⁴S values of massive barite cluster tightly between 25.0 and 28.0‰, which closely match the published values for Late Proterozoic seawater and thus support a seafloor hydrothermal origin. The δ³⁴S values of massive sulfide range from 1.0 to 5.3‰ and fall within the range of values observed for modern and ancient seafloor hydrothermal sulfide deposits. In contrast, δ³⁴S values for finer-grained, intergrown pyrite (5.1–6.8‰) and barite (21.0–23.9‰) are higher and lower than their massive counterparts, respectively. Calculated sulfur isotope temperatures for the latter barite–pyrite pairs (Δ=15.9–17.1‰) range from 332–355 °C and probably reflect post-depositional equilibration at greenschist-facies regional metamorphic conditions. Thus, pyrite and barite occurring separately from one another provide pre-metamorphic information about the hydrothermal origin of the deposit, whereas pyrite and barite occurring together equilibrated to record the metamorphic conditions. Preliminary fluid inclusion data from sphalerite are consistent with a modified seawater source for the mineralizing fluids, but data from quartz and barite may reflect later metamorphic and (or) more recent meteoric water input. Lead isotope values from pyrites range for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 18.005–18.294, for ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 15.567–15.645, and for ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb from 37.555–38.015. The data indicate derivation of the ore leads from the country rocks, which themselves show evidence for contributions from relatively unradiogenic, mantle-like lead, and more evolved or crustal lead. Geological relationships, and stable and radiogenic isotopic data, suggest that the Barite Hill gold deposit formed on the Late Proterozoic seafloor through exhalative hydrothermal processes similar to those that were responsible for the massive sulfide deposits of the Kuroko district, Japan. On the basis of similarities with other gold-rich massive sulfide deposits and modern seafloor hydrothermal systems, the gold at Barite Hill was probably introduced as an integral part of the formation of the massive sulfide deposit. Received: 17 August 1998 / Accepted: 12 October 2000     

四川冕宁稀土矿床脉石矿物的微量及稀土元素地球化学特征

包裹体地球化学研究表明，四川冕宁稀土矿床中存在着岩浆成因的萤石、重晶石和方解石，它们的微量元素地球化学特征与热液成因对应矿物有明显差别：岩浆成因重晶石相对富集亲石元素，贫亲硫元素；无论是岩浆成因重晶石，还是萤石均明显富集挥发分。稀土元素地球化学研究显示，不同成因萤石、重晶石在稀土元素总量、ＬＲＥＥ／ＨＲＥＥ、（Ｌａ／Ｙｂ）Ｎ、δＥｕ及δＣｅ等一系列稀土元素地球化学参数上都存在明显的差异。该项研究还揭示了岩浆成因萤石、重晶石是在相对还原和酸性体系内结晶而成的。     

Nitrate pollution of groundwater in the Yellow River delta,China

Nitrate pollution of groundwater in the Yellow River delta, China is an important issue related not only to nitrate dispersion and health concerns but also to mass transport and interactions of groundwater, sea, and river waters in the coastal area. The spatial distribution of nitrate, nitrate sources, and nitrogen transformation processes were investigated by field surveys and geochemical methods. Nitrate occurred mainly in shallow layers and had a spatial distribution coinciding with geomorphology and land/water use. Irrigation water from the Yellow River and anthropogenic waste are two main nitrogen sources of nitrate in the delta, and both denitrification and mixing processes could take place according to characteristics identified by ionic and isotopic data.