板片窗构造研究综述

在洋壳板片俯过程中,洋中脊到达海沟时通常与海沟有一定的夹角。若洋中脊在俯冲期间继续扩张就会形成板片窗构造。此外,非洋脊俯冲过程中板片撕裂或断离产生板片间隙,该间隙也称为板片窗。板片窗通常出现在活动大陆边缘,其一旦形成就会改变所在区域的局部地幔循环模式,导致在板片窗上覆板块中出现异常的地质效应,包括异常于普通俯冲带的岩浆活动、变质作用、地貌表现、流体活动以及特殊地球物理特征。板片窗特殊的地质效应控制着金、铜等特殊的金属矿产分布。综述了板片窗的形成机制、几何形态以及多种地质效应模式,以期为今后板片窗构造的研究提供借鉴。     

洋-陆转换与耦合过程

洋-陆转换/耦合地带就是大陆与大洋岩石圈转换/耦合的特殊构造地带。探索该区动力学对于深入理解人类密集区的地质过程具有重要的意义。这里洋-陆转换/耦合过程不是指陆壳向洋壳或陆幔向洋幔之间的物质转换,因洋壳向陆壳或洋幔向陆幔的物质转换过程也是不可逆的,而是特指构造动力作用或能量的转换交接过程。洋-陆转换/耦合带的狭义定义为被动大陆边缘的陆壳明显减薄到洋壳出现的深水区;但广义定义包括上述被动陆缘裂解作用涉及的区域范围,或是大洋岩石圈俯冲作用所能影响到的区域,其核心依然是俯冲带和/或大陆边缘,也就是说,其内涵是俯冲带和大陆边缘概念的总和,包涵浅部的地理要素和深部的地质因素。当前,对于洋-陆转换/耦合带的国际关注点很多,国际地学前沿问题较多,其中主要侧重以下几个方面:(1)物质:洋内弧形成与初始陆壳生成、俯冲脱水-相变、岩浆工厂、变质工厂;(2)结构:俯冲带类型、分段性、洋-陆转换/耦合带变形型式、地幔楔精细对流结构、俯冲面糙度-孔隙度-渗透率时空特征;(3)过程:俯冲过程、构造跃迁、构造转换、深部底侵、拆沉、高压-超高压岩石剥露、弧后扩张过程、板片窗、俯冲侵蚀与增生、物质迁移-转变-运聚、多圈层耦合过程;(4)机制:俯冲起源与板块机制起源、陆缘互换机制、地震触发机制、深部拆沉与底侵动力学机制、大陆裂解与(火山型和非火山)被动陆缘形成、洋-陆转换/耦合带构造跃迁机制、高压-超高压岩石剥露新机制、岩浆动力学、主动与被动俯冲机制、海山俯冲;(5)效应:源-汇效应、地表地形过程与深部流变关联、板片窗的构造-岩浆-成矿效应、边缘海盆地与资源-能源效应、俯冲与地震-海啸-滑坡灾害链。西太平洋和印度洋更是我国走向深海大洋、实现"海洋强国"的关键海域,蕴含着诸多中国的国家利益,也具有极其丰富的洋-陆转换/耦合过程的关键科学问题。现阶段可初步概括为以下几点:(1)板块重建的洋陆转换/耦合带检验;(2)深部过程(底侵-拆沉)与机制;(3)西太平洋陆缘构造体制和机制转换;(4)俯冲带分段性、过程与地震触发机制;(5)地表地形过程与深部流变、岩石圈强度关联;(6)地史期间的板片窗及其构造-岩浆-成矿效应;(7)洋陆转换/耦合带变形型式、构造跃迁和机制;(8)俯冲脱水、岩浆工厂与岩浆动力学;(9)边缘海盆地与资源、能源和灾害;(10)西太平洋板块格局与华北克拉通破坏;(11)太平洋板块格局与华南大陆再造;(12)印度洋过程重建与青藏高原隆升;(13)东亚地史期间的洋陆转换/耦合过程。     

南海东部边缘火山活动所反映的板片窗构造

从全球板块构造环境来看,与洋脊俯冲有关的板片窗占据绝大部分比例,俯冲洋脊板片正处于新生过程,热量大,具有正浮力(10 Ma),在俯冲过程中容易撕裂形成板片窗。南海古扩张脊沿马尼拉海沟向菲律宾海板块俯冲,南海东部边缘火山活动在吕宋岛上表现为东西双火山链,上新世期间,西火山链停止活动,而东火山链内的岩浆活动几乎完全是在第四纪。东西双火山链在20°N向南开始分支,东火山链在17.8°N停止,西火山链往南一直延伸到民都洛岛,东西火山链之间的火山空隙即反映了南海古扩张脊沿马尼拉海沟向菲律宾海板块俯冲形成的板片窗构造。同时,根据吕宋岛晚中新世以来埃达克岩的空间分布空隙和时间空隙特征,反映在吕宋岛17°~17.5°N存在板片窗构造。     

西太平洋—北印度洋及其洋陆过渡带:古今演变与论争

西太平洋-北印度洋及其洋陆过渡带是国家发展战略"一带一路"的海洋丝绸之路核心区,从地球科学的视野,科学地深度思考认知"一带一路"相关的地学基本问题,尤其相关两洋及其洋陆过渡带的地质与海洋的科学基本问题及其自然生态环境、灾害、资源能源状态、潜力、发展趋势,是当前地球科学界服务于国家重大需求的重要任务。因此,本文主要就西太平洋和北印度洋及其洋陆过渡带的相关固体海底科学的几个重要问题进行讨论:1、现代有关两洋突出的大洋地质问题。从两洋及其洋陆过渡带研究现状与发展需求思考,主要包括,(1)两洋及其中板块的起源、起始与生消演化问题,主要有,(1)初始三角型太平洋域板块起源、过程,包含Galapagos和西Shatsky等微板块差异成因等;(2)古今太平洋域的诸板块对东亚大陆作用时空演化过程和现今状态与趋势;(3)印度洋起始、演化与超大陆裂聚问题。(2)洋中脊研究最新进展与问题:(1)洋中脊-热点相互作用和洋中脊增生方式问题,如何思考洋中脊0 Ma处的千万年垂向增生行为与百万年侧向扩张关系问题;(2)弧后盆地扩张与正常大洋洋中脊的成因机制差异;(3)印度洋超慢速和太平洋快速扩张与差异扩张的根本动因,是否有主动与被动扩张之分,及其关于洋中脊推力问题等;(4)洋中脊跃迁死亡:洋内板块重建、洋中脊终止活动和空间跃迁的原因;(5)洋中脊-地幔柱相互作用。(3)洋内俯冲和洋内构造问题:(1)洋内俯冲带起因与洋内弧、洋中脊俯冲与陆缘板片窗、转换断层与转换型大陆边缘;(2)大火成岩省与海山链、洋底高原等。(4)印度洋海洋核杂岩与洋壳流变学问题等。(5)大洋板块驱动力问题研究进展,包括地幔对流、负浮力、海沟吸引力、洋中脊推力等新的评述讨论。2、两洋的洋陆过渡带问题。包含:(1)陆缘基底属性:冲绳海槽、鄂霍茨克海、新西兰东侧海底地壳是陆壳还是洋壳及洋内微小陆块的成因和来源;(2)洋陆过渡带的洋陆交接转换与耦合过程如何:西太平洋海山链记录的洋内重大转折事件与大陆边缘重大事件对比、洋陆转换带与地幔剥露、弧后盆地转换断层成因、转换型陆缘的形成与消减等问题。(3)西太平洋与东亚大陆的洋陆过渡带有无巨大平移转换断裂作用,其时空、规模如何,意义何在。(4)两洋交接转换与洋陆过渡带深浅部关联,即欧亚、太平洋和印度-澳大利亚三大板块汇聚,及其从深层地幔、岩石圈到地壳与地表系统效应问题,及在此背景下两洋的洋陆过渡带相关问题。3、古今太平洋板块与特提斯带、欧亚大陆板块、印度洋域板块关系,尤其现今它们的关系及其发展动态趋势。最后对"两洋一带"有关海洋地质、洋陆过渡带与深部地质作了瞻望。     

海底热液多金属硫化物分布及控矿因素

基于最新公布的全球热液矿点数据讨论了海底热液多金属硫化物矿体形成的构造环境,探讨了深部岩浆活动、断裂构造以及沉积物盖层等控矿因素对洋中脊多金属硫化物矿体成矿的影响。研究结果表明:海底热液多金属硫化物矿点主要分布于离散型板块边界和汇聚型板块边界;深部岩浆活动和断裂构造是洋中脊热液多金属硫化物成矿最主要的控矿因素;快、慢扩张洋中脊环境深部岩浆活动和断裂构造的差异导致在海底形成了不同规模的多金属硫化物矿体。对认识海底热液多金属硫化物矿床分布与成矿规律、以及开展海底多金属硫化物资源勘查具有一定的指导意义。     

大洋中脊海底热液系统的演化特征及其成矿意义

大洋中脊海底热液系统的演化与成矿是复杂、综合的地质过程.归纳、分析了前人研究的资料认为,热源供给和热液活动构造体系是控制热液系统演化与成矿的关键因素.在快速扩张洋中脊热液系统中,岩浆的供给充裕,构造体系渗透性极好,演化时间较短,海底的热液循环输出过程可分为发生、持续和衰退3个阶段;在慢速扩张洋中脊热液系统中,岩浆的供给...     

大西洋中脊玄武岩岩浆源区性质、潜在温度及其指示意义

洋中脊玄武岩（MORB）的微量元素成分和同位素比值具有变化范围大的特点,这些变化很难简单地用地幔部分熔融和结晶分异等岩浆演化过程来解释。传统观点认为洋中脊玄武岩的地球化学成分的多样性是由其下部地幔成分的大尺度不均一性决定的。这种地幔不均一性则是外来物质的加入造成的,如再循环的地壳物质、下大陆岩石圈、交代的岩石圈和外地核等成分加入到上地幔中。在本研究中,我们对大西洋洋中脊的玄武岩展开研究工作,评估了玄武岩源区的温压条件并综合对比了微量元素和同位素比值。靠近地幔柱的洋中脊玄武岩的地球化学和同位素成分具有较大的变化。地幔柱对洋中脊地区的影响范围可以达到1400公里,但并不是每个地幔柱都能够影响其周围1400km范围内的所有洋中脊脊段。未受地幔柱影响的洋中脊玄武岩成分和地幔潜在温度均没有异常表现。我们认为上述现象是由于地幔柱柱头形状不同造成的。地幔柱的流动形状可以分为管状和饼状两种,饼状地幔柱影响其周围的地幔是没有方向性的,而管状地幔柱对其周围地幔的影响在方向上具有选择性。沿着大西洋中脊的玄武岩的元素和同位素比值变化较大,暗示其源区具有较高的不均一性。我们认为该地区地幔不均一性主要是由于上地幔中加入了俯冲板片和拆沉下地壳造成的。另外,地幔柱的活动也不容忽视,它们影响了其周围部分洋脊段的成分变化。     

俯冲板片熔融柱的数值模拟:上覆板块破坏及动力地形效应

洋壳俯冲过程中温度、压力升高和密度差异,可导致俯冲板片熔融柱的快速上涌,并作用在上覆板块岩石圈地幔底部,从而导致岩石圈的破坏减薄以及地表形态的剧烈变化,该过程类似于地幔柱对岩石圈的破坏作用。目前,对于俯冲板片熔融柱的形成及其对岩石圈破坏程度的研究相对较少,特别是地表动力地形变化与深部岩石圈破坏作用之间的响应关系依然不清楚。为此,本文将利用I2VIS有限差分方法,基于质量守恒方程、动量守恒方程以及能量守恒方程,通过给定材料参数和一定边界条件,计算揭示俯冲洋壳在不同时间和不同深度下发生部分熔融并形成俯冲板片熔融柱的过程,从而模拟再现该熔融柱对上覆板块岩石圈的破坏过程,并进一步分析其导致的浅部地表地形变化响应。数值模拟结果显示,在大洋板片俯冲过程中,由俯冲的陆源沉积物以及洋壳形成的混合熔融柱垂向侵蚀岩石圈底部,造成岩石圈减薄。在熔融柱的横向侵蚀过程中,岩石圈地幔熔融范围增加,可达300 km。在地形变化方面,板块俯冲造成大陆前缘受挤压变形,引起构造变形,构造变形范围可达300 km。同时,与俯冲相关形成的熔融柱对岩石圈地幔底部的侵蚀作用逐渐增强,动力地形变化幅度增大,并持续抬升,最终可垂向抬升至4 km。动力地形的变化范围局限在300 km以内,这与岩石圈地幔的破坏范围保持一致。     

西南印度洋中脊岩石地球化学特征及其岩浆作用研究

作为超慢速扩张脊的代表,西南印度洋中脊(SWIR)因其独一无二的地形地貌特征、洋壳结构、洋壳增生机制、岩浆和热液活动以及深部动力学过程,近30年来成为国内外研究的热点区域。基于近年来对SWIR玄武岩、辉长岩及橄榄岩的岩石学和地球化学研究成果总结,重点探讨了沿SWIR轴向(大尺度)以及单个洋脊分段(小尺度)的岩石地球化学变化特征及其影响因素,阐述了SWIR的岩浆供应及洋壳增生模式。其中,在9°～16°E斜向扩张脊,以构造作用为主的洋脊扩张模式导致了更宽的洋壳增生带和显著的地球化学异常;而在50°～51°E脊段,发育了强烈的火山活动,其成因机制包括克洛泽热点与洋中脊相互作用、微热点、古老熔融事件的残留地幔再熔融等几种观点。此外,西南印度洋中脊龙旂热液区(～49.7°E)的最新研究表明,其热液循环路径与拆离断层的发育密不可分,热液流体循环最深可达莫霍面以下6 km。因此,在今后的一段时间,应进一步加强SWIR不同空间尺度地幔源区性质、洋中脊构造与岩浆作用过程、热点-洋中脊相互作用和岩浆-热液活动与成矿等主要科学问题的研究。     

超慢速扩张洋中脊岩浆形成和迁移汇聚动力学研究

超慢速扩张洋中脊具有不同于其他扩张速率洋中脊的特征,表现为剧烈变化的洋壳厚度和典型的非岩浆段。本文对前人研究的洋中脊岩浆形成关键因素和迁移聚集模式进行综合分析,结合实际地球物理和地球化学的观测数据,探讨了超慢速扩张洋中脊岩浆从地幔源区形成、迁移汇聚、形成洋壳的整个地质过程,进一步指出了影响洋壳结构的关键控制因素。研究结果表明,超慢速扩张洋中脊沿轴洋壳厚度的变化受岩浆补给量和迁移汇聚的共同制约。其中,岩浆补给量受控于洋中脊的地幔潜热、地幔成分和扩张速率的变化;岩浆迁移和汇聚过程则与超慢速扩张洋中脊密集的分段特征和阻渗层的空间结构密切相关。     

Structure and Quaternary tectonic history of the Woodlark triple junction region,Solomon Islands

The Woodlark triple junction region, a topographically and structurally complex triangular area of Quaternary age, lies east of Simbo Ridge and southwest of the New Georgia island group, Solomon Islands, at the junction of the Pacific, Australian and Solomon Sea plates. SeaMARC II side-scan imagery and bathymetry in conjunction with seismic reflection profiles, 3.5 kHz records, and petrologic, magnetic and gravity data show that the active Woodlark spreading centre does not extend into this region.South of the triple junction region, the Woodlark spreading centre reoriented at about 2 Ma into a series of short ESE-trending segments. These segments continued to spread until about 0.5 Ma, when the lithosphere on their northern sides was transferred from the Solomon Sea plate to the Australian plate. Simultaneously the Simbo transform propagated northwards along the western side of the transferred lithosphere, forming a trench-trench-transform triple junction located NNW of Simbo island and a new leaky plate boundary segment that built Simbo Ridge.As the Pacific plate approached, the area east of northern Simbo Ridge was tilted northwards, sheared by dominantly right-lateral faults, elevated, and intruded by arc-related magmas to form Ghizo Ridge. Calc-alkalic magmas sourced beneath the Pacific plate built three large strato-volcanic edifices on the subducting Australian plate: Simbo at the northern end of Simbo Ridge, and Kana Keoki and Coleman seamounts on an extensional fracture adjoining the SE end of Ghizo Ridge.A sediment drape, supplied in part from Simbo and Kana Keoki volcanoes, mantles the east-facing slopes of northern Simbo and Ghizo Ridges and passes distally into sediment ponded in the trench adjoining the Pacific plate. As a consequence of plate convergence, parts of the sediment drape and pond are presently being deformed, and faults are dismembering Kana Keoki and Coleman seamounts.The Woodlark system differs from other modern or Tertiary ridge subduction systems, which show wide variation in character and behaviour. Existing models describing the consequences of ridge subduction are likely to be predictive in only a general way, and deduced rules for the behaviour of oceanic lithosphere in ridge subduction systems may not be generally applicable.     

日本九州俯冲带b值成像及其构造意义 *

日本九州俯冲带是菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块汇聚边界上一个独具特色的区域, 也是研究俯冲带内板块构造作用的理想场所。为了解该俯冲带内的板间应力状态和相互作用, 本研究利用震源深度大于20km的97251个地震事件, 通过b值计算详细刻画了该俯冲板片上表面以及垂直海沟走向的剖面特征。结果发现, b值表现出明显的空间变化, 整体上沿南海海槽和琉球海沟从东北往西南方向逐渐增大, 同时在俯冲的九州-帕劳海脊上存在显著的低值区。从b值与应力的负相关性推断, 进入俯冲带的海脊以及海脊东北侧的四国海盆洋壳与俯冲带上覆板片耦合作用较强; 而在海脊西南侧, 俯冲带内汇聚板片的耦合作用相对较弱。究其原因, 本文认为九州-帕劳海脊两侧俯冲洋壳在形成时代和汇聚速率上的差异起着重要作用。对于九州-帕劳海脊来说, 俯冲带浅部的低b值区主要是由于隆起的海脊增强了与上覆板块的耦合作用。随着俯冲深度的增加和俯冲板片倾角的急剧变陡, 沿海脊可能发生了板片撕裂, 从而释放了海脊与上覆板片间的挤压-剪切应力, 使耦合程度大大减弱。     

Tectonic implications of spatial variation of b-values and heat flow in the Aegean region

The Aegean region is tectonically a complex area characterized mainly by the subduction of African oceanic lithosphere beneath the Aegean continental lithosphere including extensional subbasins and mantle driven block rotations. In this study, spatial distribution of earthquakes, b-value distribution, and heat flow data have been analyzed to reveal the deep structural features of the Aegean region. b-value distributions show two low NE–SW and NW–SE trending b-anomaly zones in the western and eastern side of the Crete, implying slab tear within the Aegean slab. Earthquake foci distribution indicates that the Aegean slab steepens in the eastern side of the Crete, compared to its western side. Earthquake foci reach maximum depth of 180 km along the Cycladic arc axis, suggesting northward subducted slab geometry. The low seismic activities and high b-value anomalies within Aegean basin, except North Aegean Trough, can be compared to higher heat flow. We concluded that collision-induced westward mantle flow beneath Turkey followed by hard collision between Arabian-Eurasian continental plates played a major role in the evolution of clockwise rotational retreat of the Aegean slab and slab steepening to the east of the Crete.     

Subduction without volcanism in the Solomon Islands arc

The Solomon arc lacks subduction-associated volcanism in its eastern part. This anomalous absence arose from the collision of the submarine Ontong Java Plateau with the Solomon arc about 8 m.y. ago and a consequent flip in subduction. Collision was most forceful over the eastern half, so that the new, north-plunging slab of Indo-Australian plate remained in collisional contact with the thick oceanic crust (>40 km) and lithosphere of the Ontong Java Plateau along a face of cooled depleted refractory mantle; there is no intervening asthenospheric wedge, and therefore no magma production.     

From strike-slip faulting to oblique subduction: A survey of the Alpine Fault-Puysegur Trench transition,New Zealand,results of cruise Geodynz-sud leg 2

The Geodynz-sud cruise on board the R/V l'Atalante collected bathymetric, side-scan sonar and seismic reflection data along the obliquely convergent boundary between the Australian and Pacific plates southwest of the South Island, New Zealand. The survey area extended from 44°05 S to 49°40 S, covering the transition zone between the offshore extension of the Alpine Fault and the Puysegur Trench and Puysegur Ridge. Based on variations in the nature and structure of the crust on either side of the margin, the plate boundary zone can be divided into three domains with distinctive structural and sedimentary characteristics. The northern domain involves subduction of probably thinned continental crust of the southern Challenger Plateau beneath the continental crust of Fiordland. It is characterized by thick sediments on the downgoing slab and a steep continental slope disrupted by fault scarps and canyons. The middle domain marks the transition between subduction of likely continental and oceanic crust defined by a series of en echelon ridges on the downgoing slab. This domain is characterized by a large collapse terrace on the continental slope which appears to be due to the collision of the en echelon ridges with the plate margin. The southern domain involves subduction of oceanic crust beneath continental and oceanic crust. This domain is characterized by exposed fabric of seafloor spreading on the downgoing slab, a steep inner trench wall and linear ridges and valleys on the Puysegur ridge crest. The data collected on this cruise provide insights into the nature and history of both plates, and factors influencing the distribution of strike-slip and compressive strain and the evolution of subduction processes along a highly oblique convergent margin.     

日本南海海槽俯冲带的地质特征及其构造意义

日本西南部的南海海槽是一个典型的俯冲系统,由菲律宾海板块向欧亚板块俯冲形成,其俯冲板片包含了九州-帕劳洋脊（KPR）、Kinan海山链、四国海盆和伊豆-小笠原岛弧（IBA）等多种地质单元。为了研究不同地质单元的板块俯冲效应,本文系统分析了南海海槽的地球物理和岩石地球化学特征。重力和热流特征显示南海海槽中部具有低的重力异常（-20–-40 mGal）和高的热流值（60–200 mW/m²）,而东西两侧的热流值（20–80 mW/m²）较低。地震模拟结果显示俯冲板块的地壳厚度为5–20 km。地球化学结果表明俯冲板块的下覆地幔成分从西到东逐渐亏损。无震洋脊（如KPR、Kian海山链和Zenisu洋脊）的俯冲是控制南海海槽俯冲效应的主要因素。首先,无震洋脊的俯冲可能使上覆板块发生变形,沿着增生楔前缘出现不规则的地形凹陷。其次,无震洋脊的俯冲是大型逆冲地震的止裂体,阻碍了南海海槽1944年Mw 8.1和1946年Mw 8.3地震破裂的传播。此外,KPR和热的、年轻的四国海盆的俯冲会导致俯冲板片熔融,在日本岛弧上出现埃达克质岩浆活动,并为斑岩铜金矿床提供成矿物质。地球物理和地球化学特征的差异表明尽管IBA已经和日本岛弧发生碰撞,但作为IBA的残留弧,KPR仍然处于俯冲阶段,与日本岛弧之间有明显的地形分界,呈现单向收敛的状态。     

无震脊或海山链俯冲对超俯冲带处的地质效应

全球海底分布着众多的无震脊或海山链,且在太平洋、印度洋及大西洋均存在靠近俯冲带的海岭。除小安德列斯弧外的巴拉克达脊和蒂勃朗脊起源自转换断层外,一般认为它们由与板块构造动力学迥异的地幔柱动力学所形成的。在板块汇聚边缘处,与扩张脊处所形成的正常洋壳一起,无震脊或海山链俯冲于陆缘弧或洋内弧之下,其对弧及弧后地区的地质效应(构造、地貌、地震以及岩浆作用等)有别于正常洋壳俯冲。无震脊或海山链的俯冲通常造成俯冲带地区的上驮板块的局部异常抬升、俯冲剥蚀作用效应的加强、海沟的向陆迁移以及地震强度的增加。同时,无震脊或海山链俯冲时,其携带的具富集地球化学特征的物质不仅影响着地幔地球化学,也对弧及弧后火山熔岩化学产生明显影响,并对超俯冲地区的热液矿床的形成产生重要影响。最后,本文指出了我国有关无震脊或海山链俯冲的可能的研究方向包括黄岩海山链俯冲对吕宋岛弧的可能影响、印度洋无震脊俯冲对青藏高原局部地区的影响,有我国学者参与的IODP344航次的研究对象——科科斯脊俯冲对哥斯达黎加地震成因的效应以及位于西太平洋地区靠近俯冲带的一些无震脊等。     

Variations in Moho and Curie depths and heat flow in Eastern and Southeastern Asia

The Eastern and Southeastern Asian regions witness the strongest land–ocean and lithosphere–asthenosphere interactions. The extreme diversity of geological features warrants a unified study for a better understanding of their geodynamic uniqueness and/or ubiquity from a regional perspective. In this paper we have explored a large coverage of potential field data and have detected high resolution Moho and Curie depths in the aforementioned regions. The oldest continental and oceanic domains, i.e. the North China craton and the Pacific and Indian Ocean have been found thermally perturbed by events probably linked to small-scale convection or serpentinization in the mantle and to numerous volcanic seamounts and ridges. The thermal perturbation has also been observed in proximity of the fossil ridge of the western Philippine Sea Basin, which shows anomalously small Curie depths. The western Pacific marginal seas have the lowest Moho temperature, with Curie depths generally larger than Moho depths. The contrary is true in most parts of easternmost Eurasian continent. Magmatic processes feeding the Permian Emeishan large igneous province could have also been genetically linked to deep mantle/crustal processes beneath the Sichuan Basin. The regionally elongated magnetic features and small Curie depths along the Triassic Yangtze-Indochina plate boundary suggest that the igneous province could be caused by tectonic processes along plate margins, rather than by a deep mantle plume. At the same time, we interpret the Caroline Ridge, the boundary between the Pacific and the Caroline Sea, as a structure having a continental origin, rather than as hotspot or arc volcanism. The surface heat flow is primarily modulated by a deep isotherm through thermal conduction. This concordance is emphasized along many subduction trenches, where zones of large Curie depths often correspond with low heat flow. Local or regional surface heat flow variations cannot be faithfully used in inferring deep thermal structures, which can be better constrained overall through Curie depths detected from surface magnetic anomalies.     

Fault patterns at outer trench walls

Profiles across subduction-related trenches commonly show normal faulting of the outer trench wall. Such faulting is generally parallel or sub-parallel to the trench and is ascribed to tension in the upper part of the oceanic plate as it is bent into the subduction zone. A number of authors have noted that outer trench wall faulting may involve re-activation of the oceanic spreading fabric of the subducting plate, even when the trend of this fabric is noticeably oblique to the extensional stress direction. However, one previous review of outer trench wall fault patterns questioned the occurrence of a consistent link between fault orientation and such controlling factors. This latter study predated the widespread availability of swath bathymetry and longrange sidescan sonar data over trenches. Based only on profile data, it was unable to analyse fault patterns with the accuracy now possible. This paper therefore re-examines the relationship between outer trench wall faulting and the structure of the subduction zone and subducting plate using GLORIA and Seabeam swath mapping data from several locations around the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The principal conclusions is that the trend of outer trench wall faults is almost always controlled by either the subducting slab strike or by the inherited oceanic spreading fabric in the subducting plate. The latter control operates when the spreading fabric is oblique to the subducting slab strike by less than 25–30°; in all other cases the faults are parallel to slab strike (and parallel or sub-parallel to the trench). Where the angle between spreading fabric and slab strike is close to 30°, two fault trends may coexist; evidence from the Aleutian Trench indicates a gradual change from spreading fabric to slab strike control of fault trend as the angle between the two increases from 25 to 30°. The only observed exception to the above rule of fault control comes from the western Aleutian Trench, where outer trench wall faults are oblique to the slab strike, almost perpendicular to the spreading fabric, and parallel to the convergence direction. Re-orientation of the extensional stress direction due to right-lateral shear at this highly oblique plate boundary is the best explanation of this apparently anomalous observation.     

洋中脊-地幔柱、地幔柱-海沟与海沟-洋中脊相互作用

由热点假说的提出发展到静态地幔柱学说和动态地幔柱模式,到现在研究较多的大型火成岩省、脊-柱相互作用和脊-沟相互作用,海底构造研究取得了巨大进步。柱-脊相互作用可导致洋中脊的分段、跃迁与石化过程,反之,洋中脊的变化也可导致地幔柱的形态与直径等发生变化。洋中脊与地幔柱相遇可以出现不同的柱-脊相互作用。地幔柱除可以出现在离散型板块边缘外,还可以随板块迁移进入俯冲带,并出现柱-沟相互作用。地幔柱在俯冲带出现的位置不同,因而其对俯冲过程的影响和作用效果也相应不同,目前提出了6种地幔柱与海沟或俯冲带相互作用的可能模式。脊-柱相互作用和脊-沟相互作用对传统的板块俯冲作用过程是个重要突破。