极地天然气水合物资源利用前景CSCD

极地天然气水合物资源潜力巨大,储层类型主要为富砂沉积物储层,最可能实现远景勘探和商业利用,是一种重要的战略能源。综述了天然气水合物在极地的分布情况、极地主要地区天然气水合物矿藏资源量以及水合物开发利用的资源金字塔。结合美国、加拿大和俄罗斯在北极冻土区天然气水合物勘探开发的案例进行了4种开采技术优缺点对比,并对极地区和非极地区5次天然气水合物试采效能进行对比评价。根据目前国际油气价格、能源结构、各国水合物研究目标和我国天然气水合物勘查开发现状等,提出了我国参与极地天然气水合物研究和开发的思路。     

海底天然气水合物开发的前景研究——基于经济可行性的视角

海底天然气水合物的开发利用对于国家能源安全与环境保护具有重要意义。然而,作为一种新型深海能源,海底天然气水合物至今仍未实现商业化生产。除开发技术等因素外,天然气水合物开发投入、产出的成本问题也是制约海底天然气水合物大规模开发的另一关键因素。文章从经济可行性的视角分析海底天然气水合物目前开采成本、未来开采成本的变化以及未来的价格优势,从而对天然气水合物开发的前景进行相关研究。研究结果显示,虽然目前天然气水合物的开采成本要高于常规天然气,但随着今后开采技术的改进,天然气水合物开采的总成本、边际成本和平均成本都会相应降低,当天然气水合物的价格低于常规天然气价格时,天然气水合物的商业化生产便可能实现。     

日韩海洋天然气水合物勘探研究进展及对我国的启示

海底天然气水合物是一种重要的新型能源矿产,美国、加拿大、德国等发达国家都将水合物列入国家重点发展战略。而中国、日本、韩国的研究工作起步时间相对较晚,过去十年,日本实施了"21世纪水合物研究开发计划(MH21)",韩国制订了"天然气水合物开发十年计划"。我国在水合物领域也做了大量的研究工作,在南海陆坡区钻探到了水合物样品,但与日、韩相比还存在一定的差距。文章通过总结日本、韩国天然气水合物研究的开发思路,旨在为我国海域天然气水合物的勘探开发和试开采计划提供借鉴和参考。     

国外天然气水合物调查研究综述

天然气水合物是21世纪的一种具有巨大潜在开发价值的海洋新型能源矿产。截至2002年底，全球范围内共有23处水合物矿点直接获取水合物岩心样品。我们在收集国外天然气水合物调查研究方面的文献资料基础上，介绍了国外的研究进展，供我国天然气水合物研究者在开展调查研究时参考。     

全球主要国家天然气水合物研究进展

天然气水合物是一种高效清洁的新能源,分布广、规模大,势必成为未来的主流能源。在当前能源紧缺和环境问题日益突出的影响下,世界各国都对潜力巨大的天然气水合物产生了浓厚兴趣。文章对全球主要国家的天然气水合物研究进展进行阐述,并提出：对我国天然气水合物重点目标区加大研究力度;加大海域和陆域天然气水合物的资源调查力度,寻找更多可供试采的水合物矿区;与国际接轨,加强国际合作;考虑经济问题,以期实现低成本、高效率的开发模式;把环境安全放在突出位置,尽可能避免水合物开采带来的环境及地质灾害问题等建议。以期能为未来我国天然气水合物的勘查试采工作提供有益帮助。     

天然气水合物研究的新进展

天然气水合物的调查评价刚刚起步，有关其成藏机理等许多问题有待解决。最近国际上关于天然气水合物资源和成藏机理的研究有新的进展，现根据大量的实际调查资料重新估算了天然气水合物资源量，并认为过去报道的资源量过高；海底天然气水合物的聚集与烃流体的垂向运移有关，泥火山底辟构造控制了海底天然气水合物的聚集和分布；天然气水合物的开采方式与常规油气藏开发不同，宜采用简单加热法、抑制剂法和减压法开采；近期应主要进行海底及浅层的天然气水合物勘探。     

天然气水合物饱和度的预测方法

天然气水合物饱和度预测是天然气水合物资源评价的基础,饱和度预测研究有利于了解天然气水合物作为地质灾害和引发全球气候变化所起的作用,同时对了解天然气水合物的成藏规律和指导天然气水合物的勘探开发具有重要的指导意义,因此,准确预测天然气水合物饱和度非常重要。目前电阻率和氯离子浓度异常、氯离子剖面以及声阻抗测井数据均可预测水合物饱和度。     

印度调查开发天然气水合物“九五”计划简介：1996—2000年

随着印度天然气需求量与供应量“入不敷出”的不断扩大,在以ＬＮＧ形式进口天然气的价格相对较昂贵的情况下,就需要加速勘探开发天然气替代资源———气体水合物的步伐。近年来,由ＯＮＧＣ、ＤＧＨ、ＧＡＩＬ、ＮＧＲＩ和ＮＩＯ等机构的初步调查研究表明,印度东、西近海域存在着气体水合物的地震模拟反射层（ＢＳＲ）的证据。印度研究机构认为,开展调查勘探活动,并最终进行商业性开采气体水合物该是时候了。为此,印度政府组织了一个由ＧＡＩＬ的ＳｈｒｉＩ．Ｌ．Ｂｕｄｈｉｒａｊａ（技术顾问）、ＯＮＧＣ的ＫｕｌｄｅｅｐＣｈａｎｄ…     

2006-2008 Mallik天然气水合物开发试验进展

2002年春天，来自5个国家7个研究组织的科学家和工程师首次从天然气水合物沉积层中开发出了天然气。Mallik 5L-38测试井位于加拿大西北部的麦肯齐三角洲。2007年，日本与加拿大的水合物专家重聚Inuvik市，开始了新一轮的天然气水合物开发试验。此次开发测试时间更长，降压技术进一步得到提高。     

未来海底新能源--天然气水合物国际研讨会在青岛召开

20 0 3年 10月 15— 17日在青岛府新大厦召开了“未来海底新能源———天然气水合物国际研讨会” ,此次会议主办单位为国土资源部中国地质调查局和国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部 ,承办单位为青岛海洋地质研究所和广州海洋地质调查局。此次会议的宗旨是 :了解世界各国针对天然气水合物资源所实施的国家计划及其所取得的最新成果 ;掌握海域天然气水合物资源调查、研究、模拟实验和评价中所采用的先进技术 ;总结调查研究经验 ,抓准天然气水合物勘探、开发中的关键科学问题和技术难点 ;推进我国海域天然气水合物的调查、研究、模拟实验和资…     

南海北部荔湾3区块天然气水合物分布特征及目标识别

针对天然气水合物钻探与取样难以解决的水合物矿体空间展布等问题,利用白云-荔湾凹陷高密度分析重新处理的三维地震资料,首先基于模糊数学的多属性融合技术对水合物分布进行刻画;再通过高分辨率速度场对浅层开展高分辨率宽频无井反演技术,提高了水合物层分辨率;最后,利用岩石物理方法及多种模型对水合物饱和度进行定量预测,实现了对5～6m厚水合物层的有效辨别,进而形成了一套适合于孔隙充填型的水合物矿藏目标识别评方法。结果表明:应用该技术可有效对荔湾3水合物富集区第四条带水合物空间刻画,揭示出该区水合物饱和度最高可超40%,同时薄层与厚层水合物具有明显互层分布特征,在水合物矿体刻画及饱和度预测基础上,进一步对该区实施了井位优选,该方法预测的水合物层与实际钻探H1和H2站位吻合较好。这些结果说明常规三维油气地震数据在经过宽频处理后可应用于高分辨率水合物勘探,节约经济成本,同时提高了常规地震在水合物勘探中精度与实用性。     

Numerical studies of methane production from Class 1 gas hydrate accumulations enhanced with carbon dioxide injection

Class 1 gas hydrate accumulations are characterized by a permeable hydrate-bearing interval overlying a permeable interval with mobile gas, sandwiched between two impermeable intervals. Depressurization-induced dissociation is currently the favored technology for producing gas from Class 1 gas hydrate accumulations. The depressurization production technology requires heat transfer from the surrounding environment to sustain dissociation as the temperature drops toward the hydrate equilibrium point and leaves the reservoir void of gas hydrate. Production of gas hydrate accumulations by exchanging carbon dioxide with methane in the clathrate structure has been demonstrated in laboratory experiments and proposed as a field-scale technology. The carbon dioxide exchange technology has the potential for yielding higher production rates and mechanically stabilizing the reservoir by maintaining hydrate saturations. We used numerical simulation to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of using carbon dioxide injection to enhance the production of methane from Class 1 gas hydrate accumulations. Numerical simulations in this study were primarily concerned with the mechanisms and approaches of carbon dioxide injection to investigate whether methane production could be enhanced through this approach. To avoid excessive simulation execution times, a five-spot well pattern with a 500-m well spacing was approximated using a two-dimensional domain having well boundaries on the vertical sides and impermeable boundaries on the horizontal sides. Impermeable over- and under burden were included to account for heat transfer into the production interval. Simulation results indicate that low injection pressures can be used to reduce secondary hydrate formation and that direct contact of injected carbon dioxide with the methane hydrate present in the formation is limited due to bypass through the higher permeability gas zone.     

Pre- and post-drill comparison of the Mount Elbert gas hydrate prospect, Alaska North Slope

In 2006, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) completed a detailed analysis and interpretation of available 2-D and 3-D seismic data, along with seismic modeling and correlation with specially processed downhole well log data for identifying potential gas hydrate accumulations on the North Slope of Alaska. A methodology was developed for identifying sub-permafrost gas hydrate prospects within the gas hydrate stability zone in the Milne Point area. The study revealed a total of 14 gas hydrate prospects in this area.In order to validate the gas hydrate prospecting protocol of the USGS and to acquire critical reservoir data needed to develop a longer-term production testing program, a stratigraphic test well was drilled at the Mount Elbert prospect in the Milne Point area in early 2007. The drilling confirmed the presence of two prominent gas-hydrate-bearing units in the Mount Elbert prospect, and high quality well logs and core data were acquired. The post-drill results indicate pre-drill predictions of the reservoir thickness and the gas-hydrate saturations based on seismic and existing well data were 90% accurate for the upper unit (hydrate unit D) and 70% accurate for the lower unit (hydrate unit C), confirming the validity of the USGS approach to gas hydrate prospecting. The Mount Elbert prospect is the first gas hydrate accumulation on the North Slope of Alaska identified primarily on the basis of seismic attribute analysis and specially processed downhole log data. Post-drill well log data enabled a better constraint of the elastic model and the development of an improved approach to the gas hydrate prospecting using seismic attributes.     

南海北部神狐海域天然气水合物分布的主控因素

针对天然气水合物沉积成矿因素不明确等问题,通过利用南海北部神狐海域的高分辨率三维地震、测井和岩心等资料,对晚中新世以来的地层进行了高分辨率层序划分和精细的沉积解释。从温压、沉积、构造等方面探讨了神狐海域天然气水合物分布的主控因素,认为：BSR上部附近处于水合物稳定温压范围内;粗粒沉积物有利于天然气水合物的富集;在含水合物层段内,孔隙度与天然气水合物饱合度成正比关系;滑塌体是天然气水合物赋存的有利相带;气烟囱形成过程中产生的断裂系统可为富含甲烷流体向上运移提供通道,并在其上部滑塌体富集成矿。因此,神狐海域具备天然气水合物成藏的优越条件,是天然气水合物勘探开发的有利区块。     

海底天然气水合物稳定带的特征分析

水合物稳定带（HSZ）控制着海底天然气水合物的成矿作用和分布规律，其厚度及分布范围决定了天然气水合物的蕴藏量，所以水合物稳定带的分析对天然气水合物的成矿与分布规律、成因与演化机制以及资源研究具有重要的指导意义。水合物稳定带本身受海底温度、压力和甲烷量等因素的影响，其变化会影响水合物稳定带的范围、稳定带底界的位置，并制约着天然气水合物的稳定性和甲烷气的释放。     

南海北部揭阳凹陷天然气水合物的地震异常特征分析

大量研究表明南海北部珠江口盆地是天然气水合物发育区,但是该盆地东部揭阳凹陷水合物研究较少。本文利用揭阳凹陷新采集三维地震资料,对该三维地震资料进行成像道集优化和叠前时间偏移处理,得到针对水合物的新处理地震数据体,并通过高精度网格层析反演得到层速度数据体。利用该数据开展叠后约束稀疏脉冲反演,获得含天然气水合物地层波阻抗异常,综合分析反演与地震属性识别水合物。从新处理地震资料看,该区域似海底反射(bottom simulation reflection,BSR)反射呈连续、不连续与地层斜交等特征,BSR发育在一个继承性小型水道上,且下部断裂和气烟囱发育。通过分析BSR特征及BSR上下地层的速度、波阻抗、振幅、频率、相干等属性异常,结合水合物成藏条件,发现了南海北部新的天然气水合物有利富集区,为该区域水合物勘探提供基础。     

天然气水合物的识别标志及研究进展

天然气水合物是天然气和水在特定条件下形成的一种透明的冰状结晶体。天然气水合物的发现为寻找清洁高效的新型能源,以取代日益枯竭的传统能源提供了一个广阔的领域和新的思维方式。我国天然气水合物具有广阔的勘探领域和良好的勘探前景。本文对天然气水合物的研究现状进行了综述。在总结前人关于天然气水合物研究的基础上,总结归纳了天然气水合物的地震、地球物理测井、沉积岩石、地球化学、地形地貌等识别标志。企望对加速天然气水合物的勘探提供一些有益的线索。     

Source and accumulation of gas hydrate in the northern margin of the South China Sea

The northern South China Sea (NSCS) experienced continuous evolution from an active continental margin in the late Mesozoic to a stable passive continental margin in the Cenozoic. It is generally believed that the basins in the NSCS evolved as a result of Paleocene–Oligocene crustal extension and associated rifting processes. This type of sedimentary environment provides a highly favourable prerequisite for formation of large-scale oil- and gas–fields as well as gas hydrate accumulation. Based on numerous collected data, combined with the tectonic and sedimentary evolution, a preliminary summary is that primitive coal-derived gas and reworked deep gas provided an ample gas source for thermogenic gas hydrate, but the gas source in the superficial layers is derived from humic genesis. In recent years, the exploration and development of the NSCS oil, gas and gas hydrate region has provided a basis for further study. A number of 2D and 3D seismic profiles, the synthetic comparison among bottom simulating reflector (BSR) coverage characteristics, the oil-gas area, the gas maturity and the favourable hydrate-related active structural zones have provided opportunities to study more closely the accumulation and distribution of gas hydrate. The BSR has a high amplitude, with high amplitude reflections below it, which is associated with gas chimneys and pockmarks. The high amplitude reflections immediately beneath the BSR are interpreted to indicate the presence of free gas and gas hydrate. The geological and geochemical data reveal that the Cenozoic northern margin of the NSCS has developed coal-derived gas which forms an abundant supply of thermogenic gas hydrate. Deep-seated faults and active tectonic structures facilitate the gas migration and release. The thermogenic gas hydrate and biogenic gas are located at different depths, have a different gas source genesis and should be separately exploited. Based on the proven gas hydrate distribution zone, we have encircled and predicted the potential hydrate zones. Finally, we propose a simple model for the gas hydrate accumulation system in the NSCS Basin.     

In-situ gas hydrate hydrate saturation estimated from various well logs at the Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope

In 2006, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) completed detailed analysis and interpretation of available 2-D and 3-D seismic data and proposed a viable method for identifying sub-permafrost gas hydrate prospects within the gas hydrate stability zone in the Milne Point area of northern Alaska. To validate the predictions of the USGS and to acquire critical reservoir data needed to develop a long-term production testing program, a well was drilled at the Mount Elbert prospect in February, 2007. Numerous well log data and cores were acquired to estimate in-situ gas hydrate saturations and reservoir properties.Gas hydrate saturations were estimated from various well logs such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), P- and S-wave velocity, and electrical resistivity logs along with pore-water salinity. Gas hydrate saturations from the NMR log agree well with those estimated from P- and S-wave velocity data. Because of the low salinity of the connate water and the low formation temperature, the resistivity of connate water is comparable to that of shale. Therefore, the effect of clay should be accounted for to accurately estimate gas hydrate saturations from the resistivity data. Two highly gas hydrate-saturated intervals are identified - an upper ∼43 ft zone with an average gas hydrate saturation of 54% and a lower ∼53 ft zone with an average gas hydrate saturation of 50%; both zones reach a maximum of about 75% saturation.     

腰英台气田天然气水合物防治

松辽盆地南部长岭断陷腰英台深层构造腰深1井井筒及输气管线发生水合物堵塞现象,分析认为天然气水合物是导致堵塞的原因。天然气水合物是在一定温度和压力条件下由天然气中烃分子与游离水结合而形成。计算出腰深1井水合物添加甲醇的合理量,通过从油管和套管添加甲醇,使该井恢复了正常生产,日产气量（6～12）×10^4m^3。防堵的关键是注入甲醇和连续平稳生产。