黄河口大型底栖动物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的耦合分析

为探究复杂环境下的河口大型底栖生物群落结构特征,研究了黄河口及其毗邻海域内14个站位的底栖生物群落结构及其与主要环境因子的耦合关系。研究结果表明调查海域底栖生物群落组成和结构的空间异质性较高。底栖生物优势度不明显,优势物种集中于河口附近站位。生物多样性随离河口距离增加而增加,物种丰富度和生物多样性指数等的高值区均出现在远离河口的渤海湾和渤海中部站位,低值区位于近河口站位。对底栖生物群落的非参数多维排序(nMDS)和等级聚类分析显示,底栖生物群落结构相似性较低。丰度/生物量曲线(ABC曲线)分析显示,黄河口底栖生物群落整体上处于稳定状态,但近河口和莱州湾中西部站位受到干扰影响,群落结构不稳定。研究还表明生物量大的底栖生物(软体动物)倾向于向重金属含量较高的站位聚集。综合沉积物化学、预测毒性和底栖生物群落结构变化的评价结果可知,远离黄河口的沉积物环境质量普遍较好,而河口附近的沉积物环境质量较差。     

三亚湾海域水质现状评价

利用1999年夏季三亚湾海域水质监测结果,在对各水质参数进行污染指数计算的基础上,应用水质综合评价模式,对该海域进行水质评价。结果表明：(1)受河口和港口高浓度测值的影响,三亚湾海域水质呈现轻度污染状态,河口水质已被严重污染;(2)除溶解氧和重金属Pb外,该海域其它水质参数均未超出一类海水水质标准。     

博贺湾海域海水和生物重金属污染特征和评价

为减少重金属污染和保护海洋生态环境,文章基于2014年10月博贺湾海域的调查数据,分析海水和生物的重金属污染情况,并采用内梅罗指数和目标危险系数评价海水质量和人类食用海产品而摄入重金属的潜在健康风险。研究结果表明:博贺湾海域海水重金属含量总体较低,大部分符合一类海水水质标准;Pb的空间分布不均匀,高值区主要分布于莲头岭附近站位,很有可能是受港口区和产业园区排污的影响;水质等级为较清洁和清洁,海水重金属污染的整体程度较低;生物重金属含量大部分符合一类海洋生物质量标准,生物质量总体较高,其中软体类的重金属含量整体较高且Pb和Cd含量较高,鱼类的重金属含量整体较低但Hg含量较高,所有生物的Cu和Zn含量均较高;各生物重金属污染的目标危险系数均小于1,人类食用生物样品的海产品而摄入重金属没有潜在健康风险。     

渤海湾海岸带开发对近海水环境影响分析

应用水动力学、水质数学模型,以渤海湾海岸带的几种典型开发活动--围海造地、海水淡化和河口建闸为例,模拟分析海岸带开发活动对渤海湾近岸海域水环境的影响.研究沿海围垦造成的潮通量、近岸流场水动力条件和污染物输移的变化;分析海水淡化工程浓缩海水的排放,高盐度高浓缩污染物对局部生态环境的影响;分析河口建闸后蓄积的污水排放方式对河口及近岸海域造成的影响,大量污水一次性排放会增大河口及近岸海域污染面积和污染程度.     

湛江港海域海水和表层沉积物重金属分布特征及其污染评价

根据2013年01月(冬季)和2013年06月(夏季)的调查数据对湛江港海域海水和表层沉积物中的重金属(铜、锌、铅、镉、砷和汞)进行了研究,调查结果显示调查海域海水和表层沉积物中重金属含量呈现岸边海域高于深海海域,东海岛北面海域高于东面海域;对比冬季和夏季的调查结果,调查海域海水中重金属平均含量夏季高于冬季。用单项污染指数对海水中的重金属进行了评价,结果表明,冬、夏两季海水中的Pb污染较明显,Cu和Zn轻度污染,其余元素(Cd,As和Hg)均未超过相应的国家海水水质标准限值,夏季重金属污染指数高于冬季,可能与陆源重金属污染物入海的影响有关;表层沉积物中重金属均低于相应的标准限值,沉积物环境质量状况良好。采用瑞典科学家H覿kanson的潜在生态危害指数法进行评价,沉积物中重金属的潜在生态危害较轻,生态危害程度HgAsCdPbCuZn。     

大亚湾内、外海域重金属分布对比及其潜在生态风险评价

为促进大亚湾区的海洋生态环境保护和可持续发展,文章以铜等9种重金属为指标,根据相关规范和标准,分别调查大亚湾内、外海域的海水、表层沉积物和生物质量,并采用单因子污染指数和内梅罗综合污染指数,对比重金属的污染程度,具有创新性;同时,以表层沉积物为代表,采用潜在生态风险指数,评价大亚湾海域的潜在生态风险。研究结果表明:大亚湾海域海水、表层沉积物和生物中的重金属含量大部分符合相关一类或推荐的标准;海水中的主要重金属为铅,综合污染指数湾外低于湾内,可能与人类活动和海水交换有关;表层沉积物中的主要重金属为钒,综合污染指数湾内低于湾外,可能与钒的最大值超标有关;生物体内重金属的综合污染指数,甲壳类和头足类湾外低于湾内,而鱼类和贝类湾内低于湾外,但差距均不明显;大亚湾海域多种重金属的潜在生态风险等级为很高,其中汞为首要潜在生态风险因子,须引起高度关注。     

威海污水处理厂污水达标排放对海洋环境影响的研究

根据2021年威海西北部污水排海口附近海域水质监测结果,对海水水质现状进行了评价;结合2007年调查水质监测结果和2017—2021年连续监测数据,分析了污水排放前后和近年附近海域海水水质的变化趋势;采用Mike 3三维潮流和污染物扩散耦合模型,预测了污水排放量增加(提量)、污染物排放标准提高(提标)后排放污水中COD、无机氮、活性磷酸盐对海洋环境的影响范围和程度。结果表明：研究区海水水质较2007年略有下降,但排水口处及外侧海域大部分站位符合海水水质二类标准,海水水质状况相对较好,威海污水处理厂多年污水离岸深水达标排放对区域海洋环境的影响较小。污水处理厂提量、提标改造后,特征因子中仅无机氮扩散范围略超原污水排放混合区用海范围,不会对研究区水质环境造成明显影响。     

威海双岛湾海域重金属的分布特征及生态风险评价

根据2012年双岛湾海域环境调查资料,研究了海水和表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征以及生态风险。结果显示,双岛湾海域海水中的重金属Cu和Pb在湾中部和湾底的部分站位含量较高,Zn和Cr含量在湾底最高、湾外最低,Cd和Hg在湾底和湾外的含量均高于湾中部,As的分布比较均匀;除Zn和Pb外,其余重金属含量均高于周边其他海域。双岛湾海域沉积物中重金属含量较低,与区域背景值相近,其中重金属Hg和Cd在湾内沉积作用明显,而Cu、Pb和Cr在湾外沉积作用比较明显。相关性分析表明,有机碳含量对双岛湾沉积物中的重金属分布影响不大。生态风险评价结果表明,双岛湾海域海水未受到重金属的污染;表层沉积物中重金属存在中低度的生态风险,具有潜在的不利生物毒性效应,重金属毒性大小依次为Pb>As>Cu>Hg>Cr=Cd>Zn。     

沙埕港多种环境介质中重金属的含量分布及来源分析

通过2013年8月对福建沙埕港海域海水、沉积物及贝类体内重金属进行的调查,结合历史资料对重金属的含量分布及来源进行了讨论和分析.结果表明:沙埕港表层海水中Cu、Cd、Hg和As等溶解态重金属含量整体处于较低水平,但Pb含量在大部分海域略超海水水质一类标准.沉积物中Pb、Cd、Hg和As含量均低于海洋沉积物一类标准,而Cu在上段八尺门海域及中段罗唇溪入海口附近存在超标现象.地积累指数评价表明Pb和Cd处于无污染状态,而Cu、Hg和As 3种重金属在不同区域存在轻微污染.港内八尺门点头镇附近海域采集的2种贝类均存在不同程度的重金属污染.其中缢蛏(Sinonovacula constrzcta)体内重金属污染较轻,而褶牡蛎(Ostrea plicatula)体内重金属污染较重,Cu和Cd污染指数均在10以上.浙闽沿岸流是沙埕港Pb、Cd、Hg和As等重金属的主要来源,而白琳石材加工排放的污水是造成沙埕港上段八尺门浅滩区重金属Cu污染的主要原因.此外,中段罗唇溪入海口附近海域Cu、Pb和Cd含量较高,可能同罗唇港修造船厂的污染排放有关.     

洋浦港近岸海域沉积物中重金属含量分布特征及污染评价

以2011年洋浦港近岸海域表层沉积物的调查资料为基础,选择2种评价方法(地积累指数、潜在生态危害指数)来了解该区域沉积物中重金属含量的分布特征、污染状况并进一步分析评价。结果表明,洋浦港近岸海域沉积物重金属含量相对远岸海域明显增高,可能已受到陆源污染的影响;洋浦港附近海域表层沉积物重金属含量都符合海洋沉积物质量一类标准,大部分海域沉积物属无污染,仅部分样点沉积物中Cd、Pb受中度污染;洋浦港附近海域重金属潜在生态危害较国内其它港区轻,不存在重金属潜在生态危害,典型重金属潜在生态危害大小顺序依次为Pb、Hg、Cd、Cu、Zn。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺的检测方法初步研究

研究的目的是探索一种检测双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺含量的方法。以栉孔扇贝(Chlamysfarreri)和长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)为实验对象,研究了取样、抗氧化剂、氧化铝用量以及Tris缓冲液用量等对实验结果的影响。结果表明,高效液相色谱电化学检测器法(HPLC-ECD)可以灵敏高效地对双壳贝类血淋巴中儿茶酚胺进行定性、定量检测。实验表明,取样时间最长不超过1.5min;还原性谷胱甘肽作抗氧化剂效果较好;前处理各试剂与血样量的最适配比为血样量1.5mL,Tris缓冲液(1.5mol/L,pH8.6)1mL和氧化铝25mg;水洗后离心并尽可能吸干氧化铝中的水分。去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素和多巴胺的回收率分别为53%~69%、47%~73%和48%~56%。     

黄河入海径流对河口海域盐度影响研究

为研究黄河入海径流变化条件下河口附近海域盐度扩散特征,以更好地保护河口海域生物资源多样性,本文以黄河下游利津水文站的长序列实测径流数据资料为基础,利用近海水动力模型FVCOM,分析径流变化对黄河口海域盐度的影响规律。结果表明：黄河口与莱州湾之间存在顺时针的环流系统,在余流作用以及涨落潮方向的影响下,黄河冲淡水长期向莱州湾扩散;丰水期黄河冲淡水几乎影响了整个莱州湾,27盐度锋可以到达莱州湾中部,27等盐线的表层包络面积为2 665.61 km²,占莱州湾的1/4左右,枯水期低盐度水只有向南扩散的趋势,27以下的低盐度水集中分布在黄河口门附近,27等盐线的表层包络面积只有199.65 km²;5月份,随着入海径流量增加,27等盐线扩散的范围、距离、方向都会发生明显变化。在对近海生物资源有迫切保护需求的情景下,适当减少其他用水户供水量以增加入海生态径流量,可以有效改善黄河口海域附近的盐度情况,为生物资源的生长繁殖创造良好条件。     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

The influence of the bottom contour on the deformed state of the ice cover due to the motion of the submarine

The authors have previously determined that the effectiveness and failure pattern of the ice cover caused by flexural-gravity waves generated by a submerged body motion near the bottom ice can greatly depend on the depth of the water area. In its turn, the presence of a ledge on the ice surface may affect a wave propagation pattern. This paper presents an experimental study of the bottom contour influence on the deflection and length of flexural-gravity waves. The authors describe a numerical model for the analysis of the deformed state of ice caused by hydrodynamic loads due to a submarine motion, taking into account the bottom contour. The experiments are carried out in the ice tank. The results of calculations and experiments are compared.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

北黄海海域大气湍流强度特征及风速标准差相似性分析

根据国家海洋局"908"专项北黄海海区海洋气象观测资料,计算了2007～2008年间该海区4个不同季节的大气湍流强度并与其他海区及陆地下垫面大气湍流值相比较.北黄海海区大气湍流强度量级为10-2,比陆地下垫面大气湍流强度低一个量级.由于海洋的特殊性质,对秋季大气湍流强度日变化的分析发现,在大气湍流强度的影响因素中,海洋的热力作用相对较大.对水平方向风速标准差是否满足Monin-Obukhov相似关系进行了探讨,数据显示,在不稳定层结下冬季水平方向无量纲风速标准差与Z/L的关系,基本满足1/3次方律.秋冬在不稳定层结下垂直方向风速标准差满足Monin-Obukhov相似理论.