重力卫星GRACE检测出2010年智利Mw8.8地震的同震重力变化

本研究通过对重力卫星GRACE观测数据的处理,采用去相关加300 km半径的高斯平滑,成功地提取了2010智利M_w8.8地震所产生的重力变化信号,最大变化幅度达到7 μGal,并且与位错理论计算结果具有较好的一致性.这是继GRACE检测出2004苏门答腊M9.3地震重力变化后的又一个卫星观测地震的例证,说明GRACE具有检测出M<9.0量级地震的能力,为利用GRACE研究地震以及其更广泛的应用提供了可靠的依据.     

利用独立成分分析检测2004年和2012年印度洋地震的重力变化

2004年12月苏门答腊发生M_W9.3地震,造成巨大的质量重新分布.利用GRACE卫星月重力场数据计算了研究区域地面1°×1°网格点上的重力变化时间序列,采用主成分分析和独立成分分析两种方法,提取了重力变化的空间与时间特征,结果显示震中两侧区域的重力变化呈两极分布,其中东侧重力下降,西侧重力增加.相较于传统的主成分分析方法,独立成分分析能更好地从原始信号中提取地震的信息,能分解出具有显著阶跃变化的独立成分.除了2004年的苏门答腊大地震外,独立成分分析还分解得到了2012年Andaman地震的特征,与该次地震的空间特征与时间序列基本一致.相较于适合定量分析的多项式拟合方法,独立成分分析更适合大范围区域的定性分析,建议将两种方法相结合,取长补短,从而为GRACE地震监测提供一种更为客观、有效的方法.     

利用震后黏弹性位错理论研究苏门答腊地震(M_w9.3)的震后重力变化

本文利用2003—2011年的GRACE RL05数据提取了苏门答腊地震(Mw9.3)引起的震后重力变化,发现断层两侧震后重力变化速率存在明显差异,断层下盘总体变化率为0.55μGal/yr,断层上盘为0.16μGal/yr.基于子断层叠加的编程思想,本文将Tanaka的黏弹球体位错理论配套计算程序(简称黏弹位错程序)加以改造,克服了其近场计算精度不足(甚至错误)的缺陷,可用来研究大地震引起的近场震后位移与重力变化.本文利用改造后的黏弹位错程序计算了2004年苏门答腊地震(Mw9.3)产生的同震重力变化,计算结果在空间分布和量级上均与利用弹性位错程序计算获得的结果一致,验证了我们对黏弹位错程序进行改造的正确性.最后,结合GRACE卫星观测数据,本文利用Tanaka的黏弹位错理论研究了苏门答腊地区的地幔黏性因子.结果表明,该地区地幔黏滞性具有显著的横向差异,当发震断层上下两盘的地幔黏滞性系数分别取8×1018 Pa·s和1×1018 Pa·s时,模拟的震后重力变化在总体空间分布和变化趋势上与GRACE卫星观测结果更接近.     

Seismologic applications of GRACE time-variable gravity measurements

The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) has been measuring temporal and spatial variations of mass redistribution within the Earth system since 2002. As large earthquakes cause significant mass changes on and under the Earth’s surface, GRACE provides a new means from space to observe mass redistribution due to earthquake deformations. GRACE serves as a good complement to other earthquake measurements because of its extensive spatial coverage and being free from terrestrial restriction. During its over 10 years mission, GRACE has successfully detected seismic gravitational changes of several giant earthquakes, which include the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake, 2010 Maule (Chile) earthquake, and 2011 Tohoku-Oki (Japan) earthquake. In this review, we describe by examples how to process GRACE time-variable gravity data to retrieve seismic signals, and summarize the results of recent studies that apply GRACE observations to detect co- and post-seismic signals and constrain fault slip models and viscous lithospheric structures. We also discuss major problems and give an outlook in this field of GRACE application.     

GRACE卫星观测到的与汶川Ms8.0地震有关的重力变化

利用GRACE卫星重力资料,计算了中国大陆及周边的卫星重力时变场和地表密度变化分布,获取了具有代表性的点位区域的每月重力变化时间序列.同时获得了WUSH、LHAS、KUNM、LUZH站相对于区域参考框架的GPS位移时间序列.卫星重力观测结果显示喜马拉雅弧形带的重力在2004年苏门答腊M_w9.3地震后快速下降, 2006~2008年尤为明显,西域地块西北边界带上震后重力下降也较为显著;而沿青藏高原北至东边界2007年出现明显的重力上升沿构造边界的弧形分布,且2008年南北地震带中南段重力上升变化显著.这些苏门答腊地震后的重力变化趋势到汶川地震发生后才开始改变.GPS位移结果显示四个台站均记录到苏门答腊大地震的同震信号,震后WUSH、LHAS、KUNM站水平位移向量出现明显的运动趋势改变,且一直持续到2008年汶川M_s8.0地震的发生.GRACE卫星揭示的青藏高原及周边地表质量的变化为解释汶川地震的动力机制提供了新的观测途径和资料.本文结合区域构造运动的特点和GPS位移,对GRACE观测的时变重力场特征及汶川地震的动力机制进行了初步解释和讨论.     

GRACE detection of the medium- to far-field coseismic gravity changes caused by the 2004 MW9.3 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake

Large earthquakes cause observable changes in the Earth's gravity field, which have been detected by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). Since most previous studies focus on the detection of near-field gravity effects, this study provides the results from the medium- to far-field gravity changes caused by the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake that are recorded within GRACE monthly solutions. Utilizing a spherical-earth dislocation model we documented that large-scale signals predominate in the global field of the coseismic gravity changes caused by the earthquake. After removing the near-field effects, the coseismic gravity changes show a negative anomaly feature with an average magnitude of -0.18×10^-8 m·s^-2 in the region ranging ~40° from the epicenter, which is considered as the "medium field" in this study. From the GRACE data released by Center for Space Research from August 2002 to December 2008, we retrieved the large-scale gravity changes smoothed with 3 000 km Gaussian filter. The results show that the coseismic gravity changes detected by GRACE in the medium field have an average of (-0.20€±0.06)×10^-8 m·s^-2, which agrees with the model prediction. The detection confirms that GRACE is sensitive to large-scale medium-field coseismic gravitational effects of mega earthquakes, and also validates the spherical-earth dislocation model in the medium field from the perspective of satellite gravimetry.     

基于GRACE RL05数据研究智利地震长期震后重力变化特征

利用GRACE卫星重力可对地震引起的大范围重力变化进行观测,并从重力数据中发现主要的变化特征.发生于2010年的MW8.8智利地震震级较高,可观测到震中附近广泛的同震和震后长期重力变化.本文基于GRACERL05Level-2时变重力场数据,对2010年智利地震的同震和震后长期变化进行了计算.对同震变化的计算发现,智利地震引起的同震变化极值达-5μGal,而本文为减小水文信号的干扰而采用的3年平均的方法可以获得良好的效果.在对震后重力变化的计算中发现,智利地震震后在2011-2016年间的重力变化存在先增大后逐渐衰减的过程.对震后变化的拟合表明,智利地震震中附近有约1μGal的震后重力变化,震后变化的特征时间约1.1年.同时,在智利地震中未出现较明显的两个震后变化阶段(短期、长期).     

Simulating Gravity Changes in Topologically Realistic Driven Earthquake Fault Systems: First Results

Currently, GPS and InSAR measurements are used to monitor deformation produced by slip on earthquake faults. It has been suggested that another method to accomplish many of the same objectives would be through satellite-based gravity measurements. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission has shown that it is possible to make detailed gravity measurements from space for climate dynamics and other purposes. To build the groundwork for a more advanced satellite-based gravity survey, we must estimate the level of accuracy needed for precise estimation of fault slip in earthquakes. We turn to numerical simulations of earthquake fault systems and use these to estimate gravity changes. The current generation of Virtual California (VC) simulates faults of any orientation, dip, and rake. In this work, we discuss these computations and the implications they have for accuracies needed for a dedicated gravity monitoring mission. Preliminary results are in agreement with previous results calculated from an older and simpler version of VC. Computed gravity changes are in the range of tens of μGal over distances up to a few hundred kilometers, near the detection threshold for GRACE.     

Large-scale aseismic creep in the areas of the strong earthquakes revealed from the GRACE data on the time variations of the Earth’s gravity field

The refinement of the accuracy and resolution of the monthly global gravity field models from the GRACE satellite mission, together with the accumulation of more than a decade-long series of these models, enabled us to reveal the processes that occur in the regions of large (M_w≥8) earthquakes that have not been studied previously. The previous research into the time variations of the gravity field in the regions of the giant earthquakes, such as the seismic catastrophes in Sumatra (2004) and Chile (2010), and the Tohoku mega earthquake in Japan (2011), covered the coseismic gravity jump followed by the long postseismic changes reaching almost the same amplitude. The coseismic gravity jumps resulting from the lower-magnitude events are almost unnoticeable. However, we have established a long steady growth of gravity anomalies after a number of such earthquakes. For instance, in the regions of the subduction earthquakes, the growth of the positive gravity anomaly above the oceanic trench was revealed after two events with magnitudes M_w=8.5 in the Sumatra region (the Nias earthquake of March 2005 and the Bengkulu event of September 2007 near the southern termination of Sumatra Island), after the earthquake with M_w=8.5 on Hokkaido in September 2007, a doublet Simushir earthquake with the magnitudes M_w = 8.3 and 8.1 in the Kuriles in November 2006 and January 2007, and after the earthquake off the Samoa Island in September 2009 (M_w=8.1). The steady changes in the gravity field have also been recorded after the earthquake in the Sichuan region (May 2008, M_w = 8.0) and after the doublet event with magnitudes 8.6 and 8.2, which occurred in the Wharton Basin of the Indian Ocean on April 11, 2012. The detailed analysis of the growth of the positive anomaly in gravity after the Simushir earthquake of November 2006 is presented. The growth started a few months after the event synchronously with the seismic activation on the downdip extension of the coseismically ruptured fault plane zone. The data demonstrating the increasing depth of the aftershocks since March 2007 and the approximately simultaneous change in the direction and average velocity of the horizontal surface displacements at the sites of the regional GPS network indicate that this earthquake induced postseismic displacements in a huge area extending to depths below 100 km. The total displacement since the beginning of the growth of the gravity anomaly up to July 2012 is estimated at 3.0 m in the upper part of the plate’s contact and 1.5 m in the lower part up to a depth of 100 km. With allowance for the size of the region captured by the deformations, the released total energy is equivalent to the earthquake with the magnitude M_w = 8.5. In our opinion, the growth of the gravity anomaly in these regions indicates a large-scale aseismic creep over the areas much more extensive than the source zone of the earthquake. These processes have not been previously revealed by the ground-based techniques. Hence, the time series of the GRACE gravity models are an important source of the new data about the locations and evolution of the locked segments of the subduction zones and their seismic potential.     

利用GRACE重力和重力梯度变化估计2012年苏门答腊地震断层参数

2012年4月11日苏门答腊北部附近海域发生M_W=8.6地震,国际上采用不同数据获得了该地震的断层滑动模型,但断层走滑性质存在较大差异.卫星重力GRACE（Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment）观测覆盖震中区域,可以提供很好的断层参数估计约束.本文采用GRACE月重力场模型数据提取了此次地震同震重力和重力梯度变化,表明了北向分量的优越性.并与断层模型理论计算结果进行了比较,分析了T_xx（北-北向重力梯度）分量对断层参数的敏感性,以及基于粒子群算法以及Okubo位错模型反演了该地震断层参数.结果表明GRACE观测到的同震重力梯度变化在空间形态分布上与断层模型模拟结果符合较好,但振幅差异较大.重力和重力梯度的北向分量可以很好地压制条带误差,其中g_N（北向重力变化）和T_xx的误差最小,其次是T_xz（北-上向重力梯度）,误差最大和对条带误差抑制效果最差的是T_xy（北-东向重力梯度）.T_xx对断层的深度不敏感,对其余断层参数较敏感.基于GRACE反演得到的断层的走向角为113.63°,倾角为89.99°,滑移角为175.26°,平均滑移量为28.18 m,相应的矩震为8.71级,且此次地震的走滑性质为右旋走滑.     

武汉九峰站地下水变化对重力场观测的影响

本文从地下水渗透过程的物理机制出发,采用一维水动力学模拟,利用井水位和降雨数据模拟计算了武汉九峰站附近的土壤含水率变化,在此基础上估计了地下水变化导致的重力效应.其峰对峰变化幅度达到15.94μGal,说明当利用精密重力观测研究长周期效应时实施台站地下水改正的必要性;频域分析表明,地下水重力效应在周年频段上的振幅最大,说明地下水变化对重力的最大影响来自季节性变化.对比模拟计算的地下水重力效应和经过潮汐、大气、极移等改正后的高精度超导重力残差(峰对峰变化幅度为12.73μGal),发现两者在时域和频域均具有良好的一致性,说明超导重力残差信号主要来源于局部地区地下水的变化,同时也验证了本文使用的水动力学模拟方法的正确性.     

Tackling mass redistribution phenomena by time-dependent GRACE- and terrestrial gravity observations

Time variable gravity field models derived from the satellite mission GRACE have been demonstrated to be consistent with water mass variations in the global hydrological cycle. Independent observations are provided by terrestrial measurements. In order to achieve a maximum of reliability and information gain, ground-based gravity observations may be deployed for comparison with the gravity field variations derived from the GRACE satellite mission. In this context, the data of the network of superconducting gravimeters (SG) of the ‘Global Geodynamics Project’ (GGP) are of particular interest. This study is focused on the dense SG network in Central Europe with its long-term gravity observations. It is shown that after the separation and reduction of local hydrological effects in the SG observations especially for subsurface stations, the time-variable gravity signals from GRACE agree well with the terrestrial observations from the SG station cluster.Station stability of the SG sites with respect to vertical deformations was checked by GNSS based observations. Most of the variability can be explained by loading effects due to changes in continental water storage, and, in general, the stability of all stations has been confirmed.From comparisons based on correlation and coherence analyses in combination with the root mean square (RMS) variability of the time series emerges, that the maximum correspondence between the SG and GRACE time series is achieved when filtering the GRACE data with Gaussian filters of about 1000 km filter length, which is in accordance with previous publications.Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) analysis was applied to the gravity time series in order to identify common characteristic spatial and temporal patterns. The high correspondence of the first modes for GRACE and SG data implies that the first EOF mode represents a large-scale (Central European) time-variable gravity signal seen by both the GRACE satellites and the SG cluster.     

Low-degree gravity change from GPS data of COSMIC and GRACE satellite missions

This paper demonstrates estimation of time-varying gravity harmonic coefficients from GPS data of COSMIC and GRACE satellite missions. The kinematic orbits of COSMIC and GRACE are determined to the cm-level accuracy. The NASA Goddard's GEODYN II software is used to model the orbit dynamics of COSMIC and GRACE, including the effect of a static gravity field. The surface forces are estimated per one orbital period. Residual orbits generated from kinematic and reference orbits serve as observables to determine the harmonic coefficients in the weighted-constraint least-squares. The monthly COSMIC and GRACE GPS data from September 2006 to December 2007 (16 months) are processed to estimate harmonic coefficients to degree 5. The geoid variations from the GPS and CSR RL04 (GRACE) solutions show consistent patterns over space and time, especially in regions of active hydrological changes. The monthly GPS-derived second zonal coefficient closely resembles the SLR-derived and CSR RL04 values, and third and fourth zonal coefficients resemble the CSR RL04 values.     

强地震前后重力观测中异常变化现象的研究

分析了2001年昆仑山口西M_S8.1地震和2004年印尼M_S8.9地震前后部分重力观测的变化, 对这些采样间隔在1分钟以下的重力数据进行了高通滤波和频谱分析。 结果表明, 在昆仑山口西M_S8.1地震前, 乌鲁木齐和库尔勒观测台在二个时段分别同步出现了异常变化。 一次是在2001年11月3~5日, 另一次在2001年11月11~13日; 这二次异常都表现为颤动信号的出现, 而且后一次的强度要大于前一次; 颤动信号的周期主要集中在几十分钟。 印尼M_S8.9地震前, 这二个台也记录到类似的异常信息, 但颤动的幅度很小; 同时武汉观测台的超导重力仪也记录到了颤动信号, 该信号一直持续到地震的发生。 这些信息对于识别、 认识慢地震, 进而探索与强地震发生之间的关系具有重要意义。     

日本MW9.0地震震区及其周缘2002—2015年卫星重力变化时空特征

本文在考虑全球陆面数据同化系统陆地水储量变化影响后,利用2002年4月—2015年4月GRACE卫星RL05月重力场模型获取了2011年日本M_W9.0地震震中及其周边区域的重力场信息;然后给出了日本及其周边2003—2015年的年度累积重力变化和差分重力变化,并且利用经验正态函数方法深入分析了该地震过程中同震重力变化对区域重力场的贡献. 结果显示:日本M_W9.0地震前研究区域出现了幅值高达2×10-8 m/s2的异常重力变化,其同震效应的时间和空间特征均出现在第一模态,且同震重力变化和震后区域重力场变化特征显著,这充分表明该地震对区域重力场的影响显著.      

GRACE terrestrial water storage data assimilation based on the ensemble four-dimensional variational method PODEn4DVar:Method and validation

Seasonal and interannual changes in the Earth's gravity field are mainly due to mass exchange among the atmosphere,ocean,and continental water sources.The terrestrial water storage changes,detected as gravity changes by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE) satellites,are mainly caused by precipitation,evapotranspiration,river transportation and downward infiltration processes.In this study,a land data assimilation system LDAS-G was developed to assimilate the GRACE terrestrial water storage(TWS) data into the Community Land Model(CLM3.5) using the POD-based ensemble four-dimensional variational assimilation method PODEn4 DVar,disaggregating the GRACE large-scale terrestrial water storage changes vertically and in time,and placing constraints on the simulation of vertical hydrological variables to improve land surface hydrological simulations.The ideal experiments conducted at a single point and assimilation experiments carried out over China by the LDAS-G data assimilation system showed that the system developed in this study improved the simulation of land surface hydrological variables,indicating the potential of GRACE data assimilation in large-scale land surface hydrological research and applications.     

Comparative study of temporal variations in the earth’s gravity field using GRACE gravity models in the regions of three recent giant earthquakes

Comparative analysis of coseismic and postseismic variations of the Earth’s gravity field is carried for the regions of three giant earthquakes (Andaman-Sumatra, December 26, 2004, magnitude M _w = 9.1; Maule-Chile, February 27, 2010, M _w = 8.8, and Tohoku-Oki, March 11, 2011, M _w = 9.0) with the use of GRACE satellite data. Within the resolution of GRACE models, the coseismic changes of gravity caused by these seismic events manifest themselves by large negative anomalies located in the rear of the subduction zone. The real data are compared with the synthetic anomalies calculated from the rupture surface models based on different kinds of ground measurements. It is shown that the difference between the gravity anomalies corresponding to different rupture surface models exceeds the uncertainties of the GRACE data. There-fore, the coseismic gravity anomalies are at least suitable for rejecting part of the models that are equivalent in the ground data. Within the first few months after the Andaman-Sumatra earthquake, a positive gravity anomaly started to grow above the deep trench. This anomaly rapidly captured the area of the back-arc basin and largely compensated the negative coseismic anomaly. The processes of viscoelastic stress relaxation do not fully allow for these rapid changes of gravity. According to the calculations, even with a sufficiently low viscosity of the upper mantle, relaxation only covers about a half of the observed change of the field. In order to explain the remaining temporal variations, we suggested the process of downdip propagation of the coseismic rupture surface. The feasibility of such a process was supported by numerical simulations. The sum of the gravity anomalies caused by this process and the anomaly generated by the processes of viscoelastic relaxation accounts well for the observed changes of the gravity field in the region of the earthquake. The similar postseismic changes of gravity were also detected for the region of the Tohoku-Oki earthquake. Just as in the case discussed above, this earthquake was also followed by a rapid growth of a positive postseismic anomaly, which partially counterbalanced the negative coseismic anomaly. The time variations of the gravity field in the region of the Maule-Chile earthquake differ from the pattern of changes observed in the island arcs described above. The postseismic gravity variations are in this case concentrated in a narrower band above the deep trench and shelf, and they do not spread over the continental territory, where the negative coseismic anomaly is located. These discrepancies reflect the difference in the geodynamical settings of the studied earthquakes.     

Gravity field variations from superconducting gravimeters for GRACE validation

The network of superconducting gravimeters (SG) of the ‘Global Geodynamics Project’ (GGP) offers the unique opportunity to supplement and validate the gravity field variations derived from the GRACE satellite mission. Because of the different spatial and temporal resolutions of the gravity data a combination of all datasets can be used to retrieve a maximum of information regarding mass transfers especially related to hydrology which is deployable as constraint for hydrological modelling.For a consistent combination of the datasets the gap between terrestrial data of superconducting and absolute gravimeters (AG) and from satellite data has to be bridged. A successful combination of SG and AG data could be realized for several stations which resulted in time series of the highest accuracy and long-term stability.In principle, the same reductions applied to GRACE data have to be taken into account for the terrestrial data. The separation of local hydrological effects in SG observations is crucial for the comparison with satellite-derived gravity data. It is shown that even for stations with a hydrological challenging situation such as Moxa/Germany local hydrology-induced effects can be successfully modelled.Currently, the study focuses on Europe with its dense and long-term observation network. Regarding the consistency of the SG gravity variations they are representative for a larger region. From a comparison with GRACE-derived gravity field changes, and the variations due to hydrological models a principle good agreement emerges.     

Effects of Earth's curvature and radial heterogeneity in dislocation studies:Case studies of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and the 2004 Sumatra earthquake

Recently,effects of Earth's curvature and radial heterogeneity on coseismic deformations are often investigated based on the 2004 Sumatra earthquake.However,such effects are strongly related to earthquake types.As a low dip angle event,the 2004 Sumatra earthquake is not a good seismic case for such a topic since the effects for moderate dip angle events are much bigger.In this study,the half-space and spherical dislocation theories are used,respectively,to calculate coseismic displacements caused by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake and the 2004 Sumatra earthquake.Effects of Earth's curvature and stratification are investigated through the discrepancies of results calculated using the two dislocation theories.Results show that the effects of Earth's curvature and stratification for the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake are much larger than those for the 2004 Sumatra earthquake.Ignoring the effects will cause errors up to 100%-200% in far field displacements for a moderate dip angle event like the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.Such great effects are much bigger than those conclusions of previous studies.Besides,comparison with observations verifies that spherical dislocation theories yield better results than half-space ones in far fields.     

地震和潮汐对气候波动变化的影响

2004年12月26日印尼地震海啸后,全球低温冻害和暴雪灾害频繁发生."潮汐调温说"和"深海巨震降温说"是一种合理的解释.根据"潮汐调温说"和"深海巨震降温说"理论,2005年以后全球气温将因为地震海啸和强潮汐南北震荡而降低.2009年11月至2010年1月低温暴雪袭击北半球,西方科学家也承认2000～2010年气候的...