On Data Interpolation at Three Croatian Repeat Stations by Using the Spherical Elementary Currents Systems Method

A general mathematical tool for expanding vector systems on a sphere into basis functions, spherical elementary current system (SECS) method, was applied for separation of the geomagnetic field variations into external and internal parts, over a limited region of central and southeastern Europe. The registered variations at three Croatian repeat stations were compared to the variations estimated by the SECS method using the variations from the different sets of observatories. The results of the SECS method were also compared to a simple assumption that the variations at repeat station are equal to those at particular observatory. The relevance of this comparison was to get an insight about the possibility of using the SECS method for estimating the geomagnetic field variations over Croatia. The guidelines for the application of the SECS method for the purpose of reducing repeat station data were also given.     

Spherical Elementary Current Systems Method Applied to Geomagnetic Field Modeling for the Adriatic

The aim of this work was to derive an accurate regional model of geomagnetic components on the Adriatic. Data of north, east and vertical geomagnetic components at repeat stations and ground survey sites enclosing the Adriatic Sea were used to obtain a geomagnetic model at 2010.5 epoch. The core field was estimated by use of the global Enhanced Magnetic Model, while the crustal field by a mathematical technique for expanding vector systems on a sphere into basis functions, known as spherical elementary current systems method. The results of this method were presented and compared to the crustal field estimations by the Enhanced Magnetic Model. The maps of isolines of the regional model are also presented.     

1980．0年东亚地区地磁场的勒让德多项式模型

根据中国、原苏联等地区的地磁复测点和地磁台资料，利用勒让德多项式方法，计算出１９８０．０年东亚地区的地磁场模型，绘制出总强度（Ｆ）、磁偏角（Ｄ）和磁倾角（Ｉ）地磁图．地磁场模型的均方偏差分别为：总强度１４４．６ｎＴ，磁偏角１９．１′，磁倾角８．５′．将勒让德多项式模型与ＤＧＲＦ１９８０进行了比较，并绘制出总强度的差值分布图．本文计算出来的地磁场勒让德多项式模型能较好地表示东亚地区地磁场的分布．     

2005.0年代中国地区地磁场及其长期变化球冠谐和分析

国家地磁图作为描述一个国家领域内地磁场空间分布的基础科技产品,其选用的模型计算方法应准确合理地反映标准年代上地磁场空间分布及未来5年的地磁场长期变化趋势.本文应用球冠谐和(SCH)方法,对中国地区1119个野外地磁测点和36个地磁台的观测数据进行了计算,获得了2005.0标准地磁年代中国地区地磁正常场及其异常场空间分布...     

Analysis of Croatian geomagnetic repeat station surveys in 2004 and 2007

Surveys of the geomagnetic declination, inclination and total field intensity were carried out at eight stations of the Croatian Geomagnetic Repeat Stations Network in 2004 and 2007. The total field time series at repeat stations and observatories were compared by use of the multi-linear regression and linear correlation coefficients. The surveys’ data were reduced to 2004.5 and 2007.5 epochs by a simple method proposed here, assuming the secular variations at the repeat station and observatory are equal or different, respectively. These reductions, obtained in reference to L’Aquila, Fürstenfeldbruck and Tihany observatories, and corresponding weighted as well as non-weighted averages, were compared. The preferred geomagnetic field elements as well as the corresponding annual changes between 2004.5 and 2007.5 epochs, were compared to the latest International Geomagnetic Reference Field. Additionally, the Croatian Geomagnetic Normal Reference Fields for 2004.5 and 2007.5 epochs were presented.     

我国及邻近地区的嵌套式磁场模型

本文将球谐分析（SHA）和矩谐分析（RHA）依次用于空间范围逐步缩小的区域,得到了嵌套式磁场模型。这个模型可以清楚地反映出大小不同的各级地磁异常的三维结构,为研究地磁异常起源及有关的大地构造问题提供了较好的依据。本文建立的1970年代华北地区地磁场的三级嵌套模型由全球SHA模型、中国RHA模型和华北RHA模型三级组成。该模型指出,华北中部由南向北有一个由北北东逐渐转向北东东方向的Z分量正异常带,这可能与华北的地质构造有关。     

Estimation of effect of unequal secular variation on geomagnetic data reduction

The geomagnetic field components are periodically measured at repeat stations. The main objective of the repeat stations is to provide data for tracing the secular variation of the geomagnetic field components. Secular variation at the repeat station is generally different from that at geomagnetic observatory used in the data reduction. The effect of the secular variation differences on geomagnetic data reduction was estimated for the regions of Europe, North America (below 60°N) and Australia, respectively, during the period of 2000-2010. These estimations were obtained by using the monthly mean values of north, east and vertical components of geomagnetic field, recorded at geomagnetic observatories. The effects were calculated by using observatories pairs, with distances from 350 km (in Europe) to 3100 km (in North America and Australia). The maximal effects were found to be the smallest in east component in Europe and North America, and vertical component in Australia; the effects increase with time from a central reduction epoch and they are not constant during mentioned eleven years; they were less than 1 nT only in Europe, for distances between the observatories up to 1000 km in all three components and for periods spanning ±1 month from a central epoch. It was found that their year to year variability is mostly due to the non-eliminated external field residuals in the observatories monthly means; their effect is up to 3 nT for ±3 months from a central epoch. Further, the real effects were compared to those modeled by IGRF-12 model. The maximal differences between the real and the modeled values are below 4.5 nT in all three components, for ±3 months from a central epoch.     

A Regional Archaeomagnetic Model for the Palaeointensity in Europe for the last 2000 Years and its Implications for Climatic Change

The SCHA.DI.00 directional model for the geomagnetic field in Europe for the last 2000 years (Pavón–Carrasco et al., 2008) has been updated by modelling the palaeointensity. This model, SCHA.DI.00, was developed from available Bayesian European Palaeosecular Variation Curves using the regional Spherical Cap Harmonic Analysis technique. The comparison of the palaeosecular variation curves, given by the regional model, with available archaeomagnetic data not used in its development showed an improvement with respect to the fit obtained by global archaeomagnetic models. In this paper advantage is taken of recently published palaeointensity databases to develop a complete (direction and intensity) regional archaeomagnetic model for the last 2000 years valid for the European region: the SCHA.DI.00–F model. Not only does this complete model provide an improvement for example for archaeomagnetic data studies, but it is also shown that this new regional model can be used to study the recently proposed link between the centennial secular variation of the geomagnetic field and climate change. The pattern of the archaeosecular variation of the field intensity obtained by SCHA.DI.00–F seems to verify the hypothesis presented by Gallet et al. (2005) about a possible (causal) connection between changes in the geomagnetic field intensity and in climate parameters, opening the door for more discussions on this challenging subject.     

欧洲中部地壳和上地幔的电导率(英文)

根据捷克和斯洛伐克电磁台站的数据 ,得到波西米亚块体地壳和上地幔的电阻率分布模型。估计电阻率时特别使用了短周期和长周期的电磁数据以及用连续谱方法对固定台站数据的分析结果。根据欧洲地磁感应矢量分布绘出了显著的地电不均匀带的地图 ,将波西米亚块体的视电阻率与中欧有关台站的感应标量长度与W1响应做了比较 ,并根据电阻率 /深度图估计了电导率范围 ,该图与替代性理想导体反演相对应     

东亚地磁场的Taylor多项式模型

根据我国国家自然科学基金委员会和俄罗斯科学院的国际合作研究计划，在国际上首次同时使用中国、前苏联和蒙古的地磁复测点资料，以及东亚地区的地磁台站资料，计算出１９８０．０年东亚地磁场的Ｔａｙｌｏｒ多项式模型，并绘制出相应的东亚地磁图，给出了确定地磁场模型最大阶数的新判据。     

东亚地磁场模型的计算与分析

根据中国、前苏联和蒙古等地区的地磁复测点和地磁台站资料,使用泰勒多项式方法和冠谐分析方法,计算东亚地磁场(X,Y,Z)的泰勒多项式模型和冠谐模型,以及东亚剩余磁场(ΔX,ΔY,ΔZ)的冠谐模型和泰勒多项式模型,并绘制了相应的理论地磁图. 泰勒多项式模型的展开原点位于45°N和100°E,截断阶数为7.地磁场泰勒多项式模型的均方偏差为:X分量是133.0nT,Y分量是107.4nT,Z分量是14.0nT. 球冠极点位于45°N和100°E,球冠半角为42°,冠谐模型的截断阶数为10. 剩余磁场冠谐模型的均方偏差分别为131.2nT(ΔX),112.6nT(ΔY)和13.7nT(ΔZ). 对比分析了上述两种模型. 提出了确定区域模型截断阶数的判据.     

台站资料在我国地磁学基础研究中的应用

台站观测资料包含了上至太阳活动、星际空间、磁层、电离层活动，下至地壳构造、地震活动、地球深部导电特征，乃至地核活动的各种丰富的信息。中国学者利用台站资料广泛开展地磁学的基础研究，在研制中国地磁场模型，研究地磁场长期变化规律、地下的导电率结构及震磁关系等方面取得了许多成果。文章介绍了台站资料在中国地磁学基础研究中的应用。     

地磁正常场的选取与地磁异常场的计算

根据2003年中国地磁观测数据（包括135年地磁测点和35个地磁台）以及我国邻近地区38个IGRF计算点的地磁数据,计算中国地磁异常场的分布。选取两种地磁场模型作为地磁正常场,一是国际参考地磁场的球谐模型,二是中国地磁场泰勒多项式模型。根据各个测点的地磁异常值（观测值减去模型计算值）,用球冠谐分析方法计算地磁异常场的球冠谐模型,并绘制2003年中国地磁异常（△D,△I,△F,△X,△Y,△Z）。分析和讨论了中国地磁异常场。     

第七代国际地磁参考场的检验与评价

本文对国际地磁和高空物理学会推荐的第七代国际地磁参考场进行了检验和评价。评价工作是通过１９６０～１９９５年（５年间隔）中国地磁台的观测数据;对中国地区复测点的测量数据;中国地区三阶泰乐多项式模型与第七代国际地磁参考场模型进行了比较,求得了平均差和标准偏差。并以１９９０年代为例,做出了１９９０年代各个地磁要素两个模型计算值之间的差值图,图上显示出这些差值的异常分布,这结异常是来自地壳源,比较结果,可     

2000年中国地磁场及其长期变化冠谐分析

根据1998～2000年完成的118个地磁测点 和39个地磁台的三分量绝对测量资料以及IGRF2000，计算2000年中国地磁场冠谐模型(截断 阶数为8)，以及2000～2005年中国地磁长期变化冠谐模型(截断阶数为6). 球冠极位于36 °N，104°E，球冠半角为30°. 中国地磁场冠谐模型能更好地表示我国地磁场的时空变化 ，地磁场模型的均方偏差为：104.4 nT(X分量)，103.3 nT(Y分量)，123.9 nT(Z分量). 依据地磁场及其长期变化的冠谐模型，分别绘制2000年中国地磁图(F，X，Y，Z)和异常磁场图(ΔF，ΔX，ΔY，ΔZ)，以及2000～2005年地磁长期变化图(F，X，Y，Z). 指出改善地磁场模型边界效应 的途径，并对如何布设地磁复测点提出了建议.     

Determination of the Croatian geomagnetic observatory location

Ground survey within the Nature Park Lonjsko Polje, placed in the middle-northern Croatia was performed during the time interval 2007–2010 in order to find the best location for installing the geomagnetic observatory. The total magnetic field has been measured a few times using the Overhauser proton magnetometers. The horizontal and vertical gradients of the total field, and its temporal behaviour were investigated over the restricted region that we estimated as suitable for the observatory. The results obtained from thoroughly conducted measurements allowed us to find definitive positions for the instrument pillars. These results are in agreement with previously suggested location found based on combination of Comprehensive CM4 model prediction and measurements conducted from 2003 to 2005. This study contributes to the development of geomagnetism in Croatia and paves a way to install the first geomagnetic observatory in Croatia.     

中国地区地磁场的球冠谐和分析

本文根据中国及其邻近地区的地磁三分量绝对测量资料,利用球冠谐和分析方法,计算出中国地区地磁剩余场的冠谐模型,地磁剩余场△X,△Y,△Z的模型均方根偏差分别为106.9,89.7,137.6 nT.提出由地磁场的国际参考地磁场和地磁剩余场的冠谐模型组成的联合模型作为中国参考地磁场的模型,它能较好地表示中国地磁场的分布.以地磁场的联合模型为正常背景场,计算出三分量磁异常的冠谐模型,并分析了磁异常的基本特征,它将为深入研究中国岩石层结构提供新证据.     

Detailed analysis of the geomagnetic ground survey performed in middle-northern Croatia over the time interval 2003–2005

During the time interval 2003–2005 a ground survey of the total magnetic field intensity in the middle-northern part of Croatia was performed, in order to get a detailed insight of the field distribution over the region. A special effort was done to understand the uncertainty and errors in data reduction, namely different amplitudes of the diurnal variations and different secular variations at the ground stations with respect to the observatories. For data reduction to epoch 2004.5 the total field recordings from AQU, FUR, NCK and THY geomagnetic observatories have been used. We estimate the mean determination error to be one order of magnitude smaller than the maximal reduction error. Multiple linear regression and the method of empirical orthogonal functions were applied on the ground survey and observatory time series. This allowed us to explain the correlations among them and the variance of the total field. Furthermore, we identified two sources of serious artificial disturbances caused by DC leakage: the tramway system of the capital and one railway station in neighbouring Slovenia. Also, we estimate the region free of these disturbances. The magnitude of one of them is estimated to be more than five nT at the distance of about 10 km.     

Ionospheric effects caused by the series of geomagnetic storms of September 9–14, 2005

This study presents the ionospheric effects caused by the series of geomagnetic storms of September 9–14, 2005. The behavior of different ionospheric parameters over the Yakutsk, Irkutsk, Millstone Hill and Arecibo stations during the considered period have been numerically calculated, using a global self-consistent model of the thermosphere, ionosphere, and protonosphere (GSM TIP) developed at WD IZMI-RAN. The model calculations of disturbances of the ionospheric parameters during storms qualitatively agree with the experimental data at these midlatitude stations. We suggest that the causes of the quantitative differences between the model calculations and the observational data were the use of the 3-hour Kp index of geomagnetic activity and the dipole approximation of geomagnetic field in GSM TIP, with additional contributions from the effects of solar flares which are not considered in GSM TIP.     

1950-1985年中国地磁长期变化的模型和分析

对1950年以来中国及其邻近地区的地磁观测台和复测点地磁三分量数据进行了系统地分析,求得这期间每5年的共7组地磁长期变化的模型（SV模型）.利用这些SV模型将需要的地磁观测值归算到所需的年代,很好地建立了1950-1985年中国地区的主磁场模型.文中还表示了中国地区1950年以来地磁各分量地磁长期变化的时空变化趋势.这些SV模型系数和国际参考地磁场系数计算的SV值与相应观测的SV值比较,由中国SV模型系数得到的均方值比国际参考场的小.