太原市建设山西省首家地震应急避难场所

2006年，按照国家和省政府的要求，结合实际情况，太原市政府制定了《关于加快应急避难场所规划建设的意见》，对省城应对地震等突发灾害事件的应急避难场所规划建设的目标、任务、原则、管理提出了具体要求。同时制定了相应的应急避难场所应急预案，确保一旦发生地震等自然灾害，立即开启避难场所，组织群众避难。     

简讯

太原市建设山西省首家地震应急避难场所2006年,按照国家和省政府的要求,结合实际情况,太原市政府制定了《关于加快应急避难场所规划建设的意见》,对省城应对地震等突发灾害事件的应急避难场所规划建设的目标、任务、原则、管理提出了具体要求。同时制定了相应的应急避难场所应急预案,确保一旦发生地震等自然灾害,立即开启避难场所,组织群众避难。经多方考察,太原市确定在迎泽公园建立全省首家地震应急避难场所。至2006年底,根据国家标准在迎泽公园制定了应急自供水、供电、棚宿、照明、厕所、排污、物资供应、医疗卫生、防疫、广播、消防、…     

基于微粒群算法对城乡应急避难场所规划的研究

地震是具有毁坏性的自然灾害,对于震后严重受损的地区,设计合理的应急避难场所是非常必要的,为此提出基于微粒群算法对城乡应急避难场所规划的研究。将退火算法的微粒群理论与城乡地区应急避难场所规划相结合,在约束条件较多的情况下,将应急避难场所视为一个粒子,对应急避难场所规划创建目标函数,从而实现对城乡住区应急避难场所的规模规划设计;其次设计应急场所的内容与位置模型,集合城乡需求点布局的影响因素,修建不同的应急场所设施点,并以覆盖全部需求点为目标,实现应急避难场所的整体规划。通过仿真实验证明,所提微粒群算法具有较好的规划效率,可保证规划后的城乡住区在受到地震侵害后,受灾人群有即时的可避难场所,为人们的震后生活提供帮助。     

城市地震避难疏散场所的规划原则与要求

地震避难疏散场所是城市抗震防灾规划的重要组成部分。位于地震区的城市必须规划建设地震避难疏散场所。探讨了规划建设城市地震避难疏散场所的重要意义、基本原则、主要要求与重要指标。规划建设的城市地震避难疏散场所必须确保避难疏散安全。     

城市地震应急避难场所适宜性评价

地震应急避难场所是增强现代化城市防震减灾能力，保障城市安全的一项重要举措，对应急避难场所进行适宜性评价，有利于更好地发挥应急避难服务功能，提高避难成功率，减轻灾害损失。本文利用熵值权重与灰色关联分析相结合的评价模型和GIS空间分析方法，以构建的应急避难场所适宜性评价指标体系为研究基础，对天津市中心城区地震应急避难场所进行适宜性评价。评价结果给出了各避难场所适宜等级，检验了场所的避难服务功能，为避难场所空间分布合理性提出建议，对增强城市应急避难场所规划、建设合理性及提高应急处理能力具有一定指导意义。     

突发灾害应急避难场所造型设计的特点与启示

突发灾害应急避难场所,区别于长期规划建设的应急灾害避难场所,它更突出应急性、便利性、就近性等特点。就国内外灾害应急避难场所的造型设计问题进行了案例分析,包括帐篷、沙包式、充气式、拱顶结构及过渡板房等,从其造型特点、受力特点、应用案例等方面分别进行了分析。研究表明,应急避难场所设计应突出施工简便、受力合理、就地取材、方便运输等特点,为我国突发灾害应急避难场所的规划与建设提供参考。在我国,将出现开放型与封闭型避难场所并存的状况。     

居安思危积极推进应急避难场所建设——潍坊应急避难场所建设的几点启示

应急避难场所是为了人们能在灾害发生后一段时期内,躲避由灾害带来的直接或间接伤害,并能保障基本生活而事先划分的带有一定功能设施的场地。良好的地震应急避难场所规划和建设,是在地震发生时群众得以有序、有效避难和疏散的重要保障。本文简述了应急避难场所建设需注意的几点问题。     

石家庄市应急避难场所信息管理系统设计与实现

基于石家庄市地震应急避难场所及医院的实际情况,利用百度地图API接口,开发了应急避难管理系统。该系统将避难场所及医院信息存储在MySQL数据库中,通过数据的检索、调用,将避难场所及医院的位置、面积、可容纳人数等信息显示在系统中。实现了信息展示、路线规划等功能,在突发事件发生后可减轻灾难损失,提高公共服务能力。     

中美地震应急避难场所比较研究

地震应急避难场所是震时临时安置受灾人员的必要场所。通过对美国地震应急避难场的调研,发现其在管理、功能和类型等方面都和我国有着明显的差异,也有值得我国借鉴之处。在应急避难场所建设中,要充分发挥社会力量参与地震应急避难场所的管理和运作,并充分考虑特殊社会群体对地震应急避难场所的需求。     

石家庄市应急避难场所信息管理系统设计与实现

基于石家庄市地震应急避难场所及医院的实际情况,利用百度地图API接口,开发了应急避难管理系统.该系统将避难场所及医院信息存储在MySQL数据库中,通过数据的检索、调用,将避难场所及医院的位置、面积、可容纳人数等信息显示在系统中.实现了信息展示、路线规划等功能,在突发事件发生后可减轻灾难损失,提高公共服务能力.     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.