珠江三角洲台风龙卷的活动特征及环境条件分析

利用常规观测、自动气象站、多普勒雷达等资料分析珠江三角洲台风龙卷的活动特征及其产生的环境条件。结果表明:台风龙卷发生在6—10月,时间多为10—20时,出现在台风登陆后1.3～21.3 h的时段内;多数龙卷位于台风中心的东北象限,台风中心在广东湛江一广西东南部或北部湾附近时是珠江三角洲龙卷发生的高风险期。高层辐散、低层辐合及中低空强东南急流在珠江口附近叠加是龙卷产生的有利环流背景。强或弱龙卷环境条件的共同特征为低抬升凝结高度、强深层和低层垂直风切变及较大风暴相对螺旋度(SRH),主要差异是强龙卷的深层和低层垂直风切变与SRH更大;相似台风路径下,有/无龙卷环境条件的明显差异在于0～1 km低层垂直风切变和SRH,两值越大出现超级单体或中气旋的可能性越大,龙卷发生概率也就越高。台风龙卷风暴母体属于低质心的微型超级单体风暴;低层有强或中等强度中气旋,有时强中气旋中心伴有龙卷涡旋特征(TVS);龙卷出现在钩状回波顶端或TVS附近。与西风带超级单体龙卷相比,台风龙卷中气旋的尺度更小、垂直伸展高度更低。     

台风山竹(1822)龙卷的双极化相控阵雷达特征

2018年9月17日台风山竹（1822）外围螺旋雨带中发生EF2级龙卷。在高湿度、高不稳定、强垂直风切变的环流背景下,龙卷在台风外围雨带上微型超级单体右后侧钩状回波顶端的弱回波区中发展起来。具有高时空分辨率的广州X波段双极化相控阵雷达,不仅观测到超级单体的发展过程,还呈现出龙卷涡旋演变特征:单体风暴尾端在右后方入流加强作用下,逐渐形成钩状回波形态,此时对流层中低层2~3 km高度附近的中气旋强度率先达到最大,随着旋转强度进一步加强和旋转中心高度逐步下降,低层强旋转特征越来越明显,当低层旋转速度达到峰值（超过21 m·s-1）,旋转直径收缩到1 km范围,地面出现EF2级以上龙卷,旋转速度对区域出现清晰的弱回波龙卷眼区特征。X波段双极化相控阵雷达在龙卷观测中优势显著,弥补了多普勒天气雷达观测的不足。     

Analyses and forecasts of a tornadic supercell outbreak using a 3DVAR system ensemble

As part of NOAA’s "Warn-On-Forecast" initiative, a convective-scale data assimilation and prediction system was developed using the WRF-ARW model and ARPS 3DVAR data assimilation technique. The system was then evaluated using retrospective short-range ensemble analyses and probabilistic forecasts of the tornadic supercell outbreak event that occurred on 24 May 2011 in Oklahoma, USA. A 36-member multi-physics ensemble system provided the initial and boundary conditions for a 3-km convective-scale ensemble system. Radial velocity and reflectivity observations from four WSR-88 Ds were assimilated into the ensemble using the ARPS 3DVAR technique. Five data assimilation and forecast experiments were conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of the system to data assimilation frequencies, in-cloud temperature adjustment schemes, and fixed- and mixed-microphysics ensembles. The results indicated that the experiment with 5-min assimilation frequency quickly built up the storm and produced a more accurate analysis compared with the 10-min assimilation frequency experiment. The predicted vertical vorticity from the moist-adiabatic in-cloud temperature adjustment scheme was larger in magnitude than that from the latent heat scheme. Cycled data assimilation yielded good forecasts, where the ensemble probability of high vertical vorticity matched reasonably well with the observed tornado damage path. Overall, the results of the study suggest that the 3DVAR analysis and forecast system can provide reasonable forecasts of tornadic supercell storms.     

逾量旋转动能在区分我国龙卷与非龙卷中气旋中的应用

多普勒天气雷达中气旋算法是为探测直径在1.8～9.2km(1～5nmi)的中气旋而设计的。绝大多数强龙卷都属于发生在中气旋内部的超级单体龙卷,但并不是所有的中气旋都能发展成龙卷。文中引入中气旋核的逾量旋转动能(ERKE)概念,结合中气旋算法和速度产品,分析了龙卷和非龙卷中气旋个例维持期间ERKE值的演变特征,并计算了一些超级单体风暴个例的中气旋初始的ERKE及其权重高度值。结果表明,与非龙卷中气旋相比,龙卷中气旋中ERKE的值普遍较大且其权重高度较低;超级单体风暴的初始中气旋ERKE值及其权重高度可以有效地区分中、低对流层中的龙卷和非龙卷中气旋,并可作为龙卷中气旋识别的定量指标。同时在我国平均中气旋气候特征的基础上,还绘制了ERKE图解,可从中气旋旋转速度和旋转半径快速查得对应ERKE值的大小。     

2017-08-11内蒙赤峰EF4级山地多发龙卷灾调与成因分析

2017年8月11日下午,三个EF4级龙卷袭击了内蒙古自治区赤峰市的地形复杂地区,造成5人死亡,58人受伤。这是1961年以来中国有记录的最强山地龙卷事件。首先给出了此次龙卷过程的灾情调查结果,接下来分析了此次龙卷母体风暴-龙卷超级单体产生的天气背景、关键环境参数以及多普勒天气雷达观测特征。本次龙卷事件发生在东北冷涡东南象限的地面锋前和干线向湿侧发展处,CAPE(对流有效位能)值为1 800 J/kg,0～6 km风垂直切变为12.9 m/s,0～1 km风垂直切变达到10.8 m/s;同时,0～1 km相对风暴螺旋度达到67.3 m²/s²,接近美国龙卷发生环境的中位数,有利于超级单体龙卷的发生。现场灾害调查发现,灾害路径具有多涡旋和不连续的特点,可能与当地的复杂地形有关。基于多普勒天气雷达相对径向速度图识别出三个龙卷涡旋特征(TVS),TVS径向速度差最大达到38 m/s。三个龙卷及对应TVS出自同一个超级单体的同一个中气旋,其中两个TVS出现时间重叠。     

Radar-based Characteristics and Formation Environment of Supercells in the Landfalling Typhoon Mujigae in 2015

This study presents the radar-based characteristics and formation environment of supercells spawned by the tornadic landfalling Typhoon Mujigae(2015)in October 2015.More than 100 supercells were identified within a 24-hour period around the time of the typhoon’s landfall,of which three were tornadic with a rotational intensity clearly stronger than those of non-tornadic supercells.The identified supercells were concentrated within a relatively small area in the northeast quadrant beyond 140 km from the typhoon center.These supercells were found more likely to form over flat topography and were difficult to maintain in mountainous regions.During the study period,more supercells formed offshore than onshore.The mesocyclones of the identified supercells were characterized by a small diameter generally less than 5 km and a shallow depth generally less than 4 km above ground level.An environmental analysis revealed that the northeast quadrant had the most favorable conditions for the genesis of supercell in this typhoon case.The nondimensional supercell composite parameter(SCP)and entraining-SCP(E-SCP)were effective in separating supercell from non-supercell environment.Even though the atmosphere in the typhoon’s northeast quadrant was characterized by an E-SCP/SCP value supportive of supercell organization,orography was an impeditive factor for the supercell development.These findings support the use of traditional parameters obtained from midlatitude supercells to assess the supercell potential in a tropical cyclone envelope.     

基于对流可分辨集合预报的阜宁龙卷概率预报研究

本文针对2016年6月23日江苏阜宁龙卷,设计了两组对流可分辨尺度集合预报:一组以ERA5再分析资料为初始和侧边界(CEFS_ERA5);另一组以NCEP GEFS为初始和侧边界(CEFS_GEFS),评估了两组试验对此次龙卷的预报能力。结果显示:两组对流尺度集合预报均有约半数以上成员能够再现龙卷超级单体的特征;2~5 km上升螺旋度(UH25)对本次龙卷超级单体有较好的预报指示意义。在上述分析的基础上,考虑位置预报偏差,提出了一种基于UH25的邻域龙卷概率预报产品,分析了龙卷概率预报技巧对关键参数邻域半径和UH25阈值的敏感性,CEFS_ERA5邻域半径取15个格点,UH25阈值取250 m²·s^-2最优;而CEFS_GEFS邻域半径取15个格点,UH25阈值取100 m²·s^-2最优。总的来说,邻域概率预报产品显著提升了对此次龙卷概率预报水平。     

070703天长超级单体龙卷的多普勒雷达典型特征

主要使用南京多普勒天气雷达资料,分析了2007年7月3日发生在安徽天长和江苏高邮的龙卷风天气,着重分析了中气旋和龙卷涡旋特征(TVS)等产品的典型特征.龙卷发生在飑线回波带的北端强烈发展的超级风暴单体中,回波带前沿存在强烈的水平风切变,使得回波带上不断有中气旋生成.对产生龙卷的超级风暴单体,龙卷发生30min前,雷达给出了中气旋(M)产品,该中气旋持续了7个体扫的时间(42min),在中气旋出现后第5个体扫,雷达给出龙卷涡旋特征(TVS)产品,龙卷涡旋特征持续了3个体扫,综合切变产品也给出了显著的提醒.实地调查结果,龙卷风和第2个TVS同时发生,龙卷风位置与TVS位置对应,但位于TVS的南侧,位于中气旋最大风速圈的南缘.虽然CINRAD/SA雷达的TVS产品有虚警的情况,但结合反射率因子、平均径向速度、中气旋、综合切变等产品的分析,对于龙卷监测和预警会很有帮助的.     

Supercell simulations with simple ice parameterization

Summary A three-dimensional cloud model derived from the Klemp-Wilhelmson model has been used to perform simulations of a right-moving supercell with the purpose of testing the effects of terminal velocity of precipitation on the storm dynamics. The model has no ice variables and computes a fall velocity for condensed water. We simulate one of the effects of ice presence, without including phase transition, by reducing the fall velocity of the precipitation in the coldest cloud layers. The reduction of precipitation terminal velocity is shown to have a strong influence on supercell dynamics and to be responsible for nearly all the improvements in the simulation of supercells that are obtained with full ice microphysics. This includes the transition to tornadic phase, which is sharper than in the case of a pure rain supercell. The vertical component of vorticity is seen to increase at all levels, as observed in real storms, instead of just at the surface as is common in simulations with no ice phase.Our results indicate the primary importance of terminal fall speed among the effects due to the presence of ice.With 13 Figures     

A multiscale observational case study of an isolated tornadic supercell

This work deals with the analysis of an isolated tornadic supercell thunderstorm that took place on the plain of Friuli Venezia Giulia (Italy) causing several damage. The analysis is performed using different kind of data, looking in the available information for possible signatures that could be helpful in the forecasting and nowcasting procedures. The analysis reveals that rather than a single cause for the tornadic storm development, there is an “interaction” of several effects. In particular, a favorable environment seems to be produced by the interplay between synoptic and mesoscale environments with a fundamental role played by orography. Radar data, in particular Doppler measurements, are fundamental to the recognition and interpretation of the events but in this particular case they could give little useful information for the forecasting and nowcasting procedures. The most robust signals of an environment prone to the onset of severe deep moist convection come from the thermal gradients at the ground and by the vertical profile analysis. The reason why the event took place in that specific place and not in others is still unknown.     

An Observational Analysis of a Derecho in South China

Derechos occur frequently in Europe and the United States, but reports of derechos in China are scarce. In this paper, radar, satellite, and surface observation data are used to analyze a derecho event in South China on 17 April 2011. A derecho-producing mesoscale convective system formed in an environment with medium convective available energy, strong vertical wind shear, and a dry layer in the middle troposphere, and progressed southward in tandem with a front and a surface wind convergence line. The windstorm can be divided into two stages according to differences in the characteristics of the radar echo and the causes of the gale. One stage was a supercell stage, in which the sinking rear inflow of a high-precipitation supercell with a bow-shaped radar echo induced a Fujita F0 class gale. The other stage was a non-supercell stage (the echo was sequentially kidney-shaped, foot-shaped, and an ordinary single cell), in which downbursts induced a gale in Fujita F1 class. This derecho event had many similarities with derechos observed in western countries. For example, the windstorm was perpendicular to the mean flow, the gale was located in the bulging portion of the bow echo, and the derecho moved southward along with the surface front. Some differences were observed as well. The synoptic-scale forcing was weak in the absence of an advancing high-amplitude midlevel trough and an accompanying strong surface cyclone; however, the vertical wind shear was very strong, a characteristic typical of derechos associated with strong synoptic-scale forcing. Extremely high values of convective available potential energy and downdraft convective available potential energy have previously been considered necessary to the formation of weak-forcing archetype and hybrid derechos; however, these values were much less than 2000 J during this derecho event.     

一次强对流系列风暴个例的多普勒天气雷达资料分析

讨论了新一代（多普勒）天气雷达对2002年5月14日19:00至21:00影响湖南常德地区的3个对流风暴的探测情况，其中两个为超级单体，一个为飑线。观测到了与超级单体相联系的中气旋和龙卷式涡旋特征（TVS）。上述强对流系统产生了地面大风、大冰雹和龙卷等强烈天气，与雷达的探测相吻合。特别值得一提的是在中国首次探测到了三体散射（TBSS）和龙卷式涡旋特征（TVS）这两个分别指示大冰雹和龙卷的雷达回波特征，并得到了地面报告的印证。     

冷涡背景下一次微型超级单体龙卷的雷达特征和物理过程探究

2019年8月16日渤海北部沿岸出现了一次冷涡背景下的EF1级龙卷。利用营口S波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达探测资料、5 min间隔的地面自动气象站观测资料、盘锦风廓线雷达探测资料及ERA5再分析资料,研究了该龙卷风暴产生的环境条件、龙卷风暴结构特征及龙卷形成的可能物理过程。结果表明:此次龙卷过程发生在500 hPa冷涡主体控制下,低空位于“利奇马”台风残涡西侧水汽输送带内,环境条件表现为弱的风垂直切变和强低层热力不稳定。营口双偏振雷达位于距龙卷发生地15 km处,探测到产生龙卷的微型超级单体钩状回波、下沉反射率核心（DRC）、弱回波洞（WEH）、龙卷残片特征（TDS）等结构。处于消亡阶段雷暴的阵风锋出流向西传播,而营口附近海风锋缓慢东移,两条边界层辐合线相遇加强,在水平切变不稳定的作用下,辐合线上有γ中尺度涡旋形成。辐合线相遇造成的辐合抬升、低层强热力不稳定导致的环境正浮力以及中层中气旋扰动低压共同作用产生强上升气流,γ中尺度涡旋与上升气流叠置,强拉伸作用增强了垂直涡度,可能是低层微尺度气旋形成的关键机制。微尺度气旋直径收缩至最小伴随旋转速度达到最大时刻,对应龙卷生成,中层中气旋与微尺度气旋分离导致龙卷消亡。      

一个长生命期准静止中尺度对流系统的观测特征及其持续的环境条件

2010年5月31日至6月1日华南特大暴雨过程经历了三次集中降水期,共有4次MCS（Mesoscale Convective Systems）演变过程,其中一个TL/AS MCS（Training Line/Adjoining Stratiform Mesoscale Convective System,邻接层状单向发展的中尺度对流系统）在广西壮族自治区中部准静止地维持了10多个小时,导致了多个观测站出现极端强降水。用观测资料和数值模拟结果重点探讨了该TL/AS MCS的观测特征及其发展持续的环境条件。结果表明,准静止TL/AS MCS发展在一个高空强辐散、低空气旋性汇合环流的天气尺度环境中,TL/AS MCS维持期间热力环境特征表现为对流层中低层持续高湿近饱和态、偏中性层结、合适的对流有效位能和极小的对流抑制能量。在对流层中低层,低空急流的加强发展维持与对流层中层相对弱的环境风形成了风垂直切变随高度呈现强逆转,近地层风垂直切变垂直于对流线的分量大,而在中层风垂直切变平行于对流线的分量占绝对优势,风切变特征可能是TL/AS MCS 准静止的原因;低空急流和中层环流的相互作用、对流层动力和热力条件有利于强上升运动的长时间维持与发展,不断触发新对流从而组织成一个长生命期准静止的TL/AS MCS     

2004年初春武汉机场临近的两次强雷暴天气过程分析

使用常规地面和高空原始报文资料,采用最优插值法,对2004年4月29日出现在武汉天河机场临近的两次强雷暴天气过程进行了客观诊断分析。结果表明:两次强雷暴天气,前一次为典型的飑线天气过程,后一次为超级雷暴单体天气过程;高空槽、冷锋、中尺度低值系统是当天两次强雷暴天气的触发机制;低空深厚湿层(水汽丰富)、高低空存在急流强风带对当日飑线天气的形成和发展较为有利,强的不稳定层结、强的环境风垂直切变以及上层干、下层湿的湿度层结对当天超级雷暴单体的形成和发展十分有利。     

龙卷型强风暴——1995年4月19日洪奇沥龙卷风剖析

1995年4月19日13:00至21:00，一次范围较广的强对流天气过程波及了肇庆、佛山、顺德、南海、番禺、中山市等地。广州雷达站探测了这一过程，并取得了较为完整的雷达资料。该文主要对受灾严重的番禺市万顷沙地区龙卷风进行剖析，所得结果表明:（1）该龙卷是反气旋式龙卷，实属罕见；（2）尺度属微尺度—小尺度范围（120～4000 m）（3）与该龙卷伴随的风暴单体生命史长达4～5小时；（4）计算出的该龙卷风的破坏力以及龙卷环流等参量与Dellas、Fargo等龙卷风所得出的参量的量级比较一致。     

华南热带气旋特大暴雨的统计特征

根据珠江三角洲１９７６－１９８３年３－５月逐日天气资料和广州０８时探空资料，采用对比度分析方法，研究了本地区春季龙卷发生的环境条件，并与非龙卷局地强风暴发生的环境条件作了比较，结果表明，龙卷发生的有利环境条件对流层深层气层中气压低风速大、层结不稳定、低层高温高湿和中下层位势不稳定，定性上与局地强风暴的条件基本相同，其中对流层深厚气层中更强的强的低压辐合、更不稳定的层结和更大的水平动量是局地强风暴进     

Investigation into the Formation,Structure, and Evolution of an EF4 Tornado in East China Using a High-Resolution Numerical Simulation

Devastating tornadoes in China have received growing attention in recent years, but little is known about their formation, structure, and evolution on the tornadic scale. Most of these tornadoes develop within the East Asian monsoon regime, in an environment quite different from tornadoes in the U.S. In this study, we used an idealized, highresolution (25-m grid spacing) numerical simulation to investigate the deadly EF4 (Enhanced Fujita scale category 4) tornado that occurred on 23 June 2016 and claimed 99 lives in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province. A tornadic supercell developed in the simulation that had striking similarities to radar observations. The violent tornado in Funing County was reproduced, exceeding EF4 (74 m s^–1), consistent with the on-site damage survey. It was accompanied by a funnel cloud that extended to the surface, and exhibited a double-helix vorticity structure. The signal of tornado genesis was found first at the cloud base in the pressure perturbation field, and then developed both upward and downward in terms of maximum vertical velocity overlapping with the intense vertical vorticity centers. The tornado’s demise was found to accompany strong downdrafts overlapping with the intense vorticity centers. One of the interesting findings of this work is that a violent surface vortex was able to be generated and maintained, even though the simulation employed a free-slip lower boundary condition. The success of this simulation, despite using an idealized numerical approach, provides a means to investigate more historical tornadoes in China.     

单多普勒雷达对一次龙卷过程的观测和分析

本文利用泰州S波段多普勒雷达观测资料和探空、地面资料对2013年7月7日发生在江苏高邮的一次龙卷过程进行分析讨论。此次龙卷过程由超级单体风暴引发,环境分析显示高邮地区低层位于急流辐合区,高层位于急流辐散区,有利于对流发展。龙卷发生前具有强对流不稳定度和中等风切变。雷达回波资料分析显示超级单体在成熟阶段出现明显的钩状回波,有界回波区以及悬垂回波的特征。旋转速度最强时,有龙卷产生,之后超级单体进入消亡过程。底层强垂直风切变和垂直速度不均匀分布,有利于激发龙卷天气的发生或者促进龙卷天气的维持发展。     

台风“艾云尼”（2018）外围两次近距离龙卷的环境条件和雷达特征

2018年6月8日在距台风“艾云尼”中心80 km、160 km的广州市南沙区横沥镇、佛山市南海区大沥镇两地罕见地先后出现了龙卷天气。利用X波段双偏振雷达组网、广州S波段双偏振雷达、风廓线雷达和区域加密自动站等观测资料对两次近距离台风龙卷过程的环境条件和雷达特征进行了分析。环境条件分析表明,两次龙卷发生地位于低层西南急流和东南急流辐合区,所处环境为弱的对流有效位能（CAPE）、低的抬升凝结高度和强的低层垂直风切变环境中,0~1 km垂直风切变值超过15×10-3 s-1。中小尺度雷达特征分析表明:（1）两地龙卷由台风外围微型超级单体引起,超级单体在发展强盛阶段有钩状回波、入流缺口、中层回波悬垂等典型特征,最强反射率因子55~60 dBz,强度≥50 dBz强回波发展高度在4 km以下,微型超级单体有水平尺度2~3 km的中气旋,由于速度模糊影响,仅在南海龙卷发生前9 min广州S波段雷达能自动识别中气旋。（2）与南沙龙卷相联系的中气旋核心高度低,强度进一步加强紧缩导致龙卷发生;而与南海龙卷相联系的中气旋从中层发展,中气旋加强紧缩下降到更低导致龙卷发生。（3）两地弱龙卷发生时广州和南海双偏振雷达没能捕捉到龙卷碎片（TDS）特征,南海X波段雷达能提前30 min监测到入流急流,提前27 min探测出钩状回波等特征,并通过分析ZDR弧和KDP弧可判断低层强盛的上升气流和强的垂直风切变利于风暴的发展。（4）佛山四部X波段组网雷达反演的1 km水平风场可分析出小尺度涡旋结构,对应钩状回波尾端有强的风向切变,这对龙卷发生地点的判断和风暴的流场结构有较好指示意义。