Development of functionalized carrageenan,chitosan and alginate as polymeric chelating ligands for water softening

Chitosan, carrageenan and alginate are among the most abundant biopolymers in nature. They were prepared in uniform beads shape with a diameter of 2 mm ± 10%, using the encapsulator for removal of calcium, magnesium and iron cations from hard water. Solutions of 100–500 mg/L were prepared from each cation, and the detection of cations was carried out using atomic absorption spectrometer. Carrageenan and chitosan were able to chelate the three cations without further modification. However, alginate beads succeeded to chelate iron and magnesium and failed to chelate any calcium ions; in contrast, it increased the initial calcium concentration! That could be due to the pre-cross-linking of alginate beads using calcium chloride solution, which may be leaked back to the solution. However, grafting the alginate beads with polyethyleneimine and bromoacetic acid rectified this problem and the new functional group, –COOH, has been proved using the FT-IR. Optimization of the results in terms of beads weight (0.25–3.0 g) and cations concentrations (100–500 mg/L) has shown that most biopolymeric beads can chelate 85–100% of the cations in concentrations up to 500 mg/L. According to our finding, we came up with the recommendation to use chitosan for chelation of calcium and iron as it showed 100% chelation efficiency of both cations, whereas carrageenan is highly recommended for chelation of iron and magnesium, as it showed 100 and 98% chelation efficiency, respectively. Further work can be done on the reusability of the beads and scale up for the industrial use.     

Flows above oscillatory ripples

The flows above ripples of glass beads and ripple models have been visualized in an oscillatory water tunnel. Some ripples were observed to form without flow separation. Two types of vortices, the standing vortices without flow separation and the separation vortices have been observed, and their similarity is discussed.     

Basaltic magmatism on the Moon: A perspective from volcanic picritic glass beads

It is widely accepted that basaltic magmas are products of partial fusion of periodotite within planetary mantles. As such, they provide valuable insights into the composition, structure, and processes of planetary interiors. Those compositions which approach primary melt compositions provide the most direct information about planetary interiors and serve as a starting point to understand basaltic evolution. Within the collection of lunar samples returned by the Apollo and Luna missions are homogeneous, picritic glass beads of volcanic origin. These picritic glasses are our closest approximations to primary magmas. As such, these glass beads provide a unique perspective concerning the origin of mare basalts, the characteristics of the lunar interior, and processes in the early differentiation of the Moon. We have obtained trace element data for these picritic glasses using SIMS techniques. These data and literature isotopic and experimental data on the picritic glasses are placed within the framework of mare basaltic magmatism.The volcanic glasses are very diverse in their trace element characteristics, for example, they have a wide range of REE pattern shapes and concentrations. Like the crystalline mare basalts, all picritic glasses have a negative Eu anomaly. Unlike the crystalline mare basalts, there is little correlation between the size of the Eu anomaly and overall REE concentrations. Trace element differences among the various glasses suggests that a KREEP component was incorporated into their mantle source. This implies large scale mixing of the “Lunar Magma Ocean”-derived cumulate pile. Subtle differences among glasses suggest that local mixing of sources may also have been an important process. Preservation of subtle chemical differences in the picritic glasses and crystalline basalts may be interpreted as indicating that they were produced by small to moderate degrees of partial melting and that the lunar mantle did not experience extensive melting during episodes of mare volcanism.Several lines of evidence are consistent with the view that the picritic glasses were derived from mantle sources that were compositionally distinct from the sources for crystalline mare basalts. These are parallel, but no common, liquid lines of descent; chemical differences between picritic glasses and the more primitive crystalline mare basalts; experimental studies indicating that the picritic glasses are multiply saturated at depths greater than that of the mare basalts; differences in lead isotopic data; and the mode of eruption (i.e., fire fountaining for glass beads). These data also provide circumstantial evidence that suggests that the picritic glasses were derived from a source somewhat more volatile-rich than that of the mare basalts.Several petrogenetic models are suggested by the trace element characteristics of the picritic glasses:

• 1.(1) Partial melting of heterogeneous lunar mantle at depths greater than 300 km to produce the parental magmas (picritic) for both the mare basalts and picritic glasses. Picritic magmas represented by glass beads were erupted to the surface with small degrees of fractional crystallization while mare basalts were produced by larger degrees of fractional crystallization (15–30%) of similar (but not identical) picritic magmas.
• 2.(2) Picritic magmas represented by the glass beads were generated at depths greater than 400 km in a volatile-enriched (relative to the mare basalt source) heterogeneous mantle while mare basalts are fractional crystallization products of picritic magmas generated at depths of less than 400 km.
• 3.(3) The picritic magmas represented by the glass beads represent polybaric melting that initiated at depths of at least 1000 km. A primitive mantle component or less processed cumulate mantle components may have been involved in the generation of the picritic glasses in any of these models.

     

Replenishment of magma chambers: comparison of fluid-mechanic experiments with field relations

 Magma chambers are commonly replenished at low Reynold’s number by liquids denser than that already resident in the chamber, and, nearly always, the injected liquid is less viscous than the resident liquid in the magma chamber. We report fluid-mechanic experiments that are designed to investigate this case, specifically treating the injection process itself, before a multilayered, convecting system develops. The injected fluid is emplaced as a viscous gravity current with a nose slightly elevated above the floor, trapping a thin layer of ambient fluid beneath it. Further, these injections develop a flow-front instability that takes the form of fingers that extend in the direction of the flow. Using scaling arguments, we model the height and the length of the current as functions of time, and we use dimensional analysis and our experimental data to model the wavelength of the fingers. The fingers and other structures observed in the experiments correlate well with similar features found in silicic intrusions that have been replenished with basic liquid. We argue that these and associated mafic pillows are formed by this finger instability. Our scaling can be combined with finger widths measured in the field to estimate magma reinjection rates. We suggest that structures observed in similar environments–composite lava flows, sills, and dikes–also formed by a flow-front instability. When applied to basic replenishments of basic magma chambers, the scaling arguments constrain the time required for emplacement. The emplacement time scale is short relative to the cooling time scale, indicating that, even when traveling tens of kilometers, such injections cool little during emplacement. Received: 27 October 1994/Accepted: 13 June 1995     

淤泥EPS颗粒混合轻质土黏聚力的一种计算方法

在疏浚淤泥中添加固化材料和EPS颗粒制作成淤泥EPS颗粒混合轻质土,既可以资源化利用疏浚淤泥,又生产一种轻质高强的土工材料。强度是EPS颗粒混合轻质土最重要的工程特性之一,建立抗剪强度参数与原材料的性质和配比之间的关系式对于配方初步设计非常重要。EPS颗粒混合轻质土强度的形成是固化材料的固化作用和EPS颗粒的置换效应的综合表现,固化作用已经较为明确,置换效应的研究是确定强度的核心。在已知固化土(水泥土)的弹性模量和泊松比的前提下,针对EPS颗粒的置换效应,根据其剪切面上力的等效关系和变形协调关系以及EPS颗粒的物理关系建立了其黏聚力与EPS颗粒密度和添加量之间的关系式,利用原材料的性质对计算方法进行了简化;利用直接剪切试验获取了淤泥EPS颗粒混合轻质土的黏聚力,验证了上述关系式。     

Removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution by barium ion cross-linked alginate beads

Barium ion cross-linked alginate beads have shown great affinity to toxic hexavalent chromium ions in aqueous solution, in contrast to the traditionally used calcium alginate beads. Our adsorption experiments were carried out by the batch contact method. The optimal pH for removal was found to be pH 4. The equilibrium was established in 4 h, and the removal efficiency of chromium(VI) was found to be 95 %. The adsorption data were applied to Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Redushkevich (D–R), and Temkin isotherm equations. Both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm constants indicated a favorable adsorption. The value of mean sorption energy calculated from D–R isoterm indicates that the adsorption is essentially physical. The high maximum chromium(VI) adsorption capacity was determined from the Langmuir isotherm as 36.5 mg/g dry alginate beads. The chromium(VI) adsorption data were analyzed using several kinetic models such as the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, and Elovich models, and the rate constants were quantified. Our study suggests that barium alginate beads can be used as cost-effective and efficient adsorbents for the removal of chromium(VI) from contaminated waters.     

注胶晕长石的鉴定方法

近期,国家黄金钻石制品质量监督检验中心对一串具蓝色晕彩的长石手链样品进行常规检测时,在长波紫外灯下多数珠子发中等强度的蓝白色荧光,且荧光在珠子中呈线状分布。为了对该长石样品进行准确定名,并探究其紫外荧光产生的原因,对其进行了常规宝石学检测、电子探针和红外光谱测试与分析。结果显示,该样品的折射率约为1.53,在显微镜下具有层状结构和针片状包裹体,结合其电子探针的分析结果,确定该样品为晕长石,即具有蓝色晕彩的钠长石;基于样品表面具有典型的＂蚯蚓行踪＂纹路、沿裂隙发出的紫外荧光及红外光谱下3 053,3 038cm^-1处的吸收峰,确定其为注胶处理的晕长石。     

发泡塑料颗粒轻质土的强度、变形特性研究

发泡颗粒轻质土是一种比较新颖的土工材料,具有质量轻、强度高等特点。在道路、桥梁、建筑等领域有着广泛的应用前景。为了探讨轻质土的工程特性,利用室内试验及理论分析的方法对发泡颗粒轻质土的强度、变形特性以及影响因素进行了分析。根据分析探讨的结果,利用轻质土的构成特征所建立的两相体计算模型可以比较合理、可靠地分析轻质土的应力-应变特性,并在此基础上可方便地应用计算模型分析时间、轻质填充料含有率等因素对轻质土的强度、变形特性的影响,为轻质土的工程应用提供必要的理论依据。     

Biodegradation of cyanide and evaluation of kinetic models by immobilized cells of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Serratia marcescens</Emphasis> strain AQ07

Immobilized form of Serratia marcescens strain AQ07 was experimented for cyanide biodegradation. Cyanide degradation (200 ppm) was achieved after 24-h incubation. Three parameters were optimized which included gellan gum concentration, beads size, and number of beads. In accordance with one-factor-at-a-time method, cyanide removal was optimum at 0.6% w/v gellan gum gel, 0.3-cm-diameter beads, and 50 beads number. It was able to withstand cyanide toxicity of 800 ppm, which makes it very suitable candidate in cyanide remediation. Beads reusability indicates one-cycle ability. The first cycle removed 96.3%, while the second removed 78.5%. Effects of heavy metals at 1.0 ppm demonstrated that mercury has a considerable effect on bacteria, inhibiting degradation to 61.6%, while other heavy metals have less effect, removing 97–98%. Maximum specific degradation rate of 0.9997 h^?1 was observed at 200 ppm cyanide concentration. Gellan gum was used as the encapsulation matrix. ?-picoline-barbituric acid spectrophotometric analytical method was used to optimize the condition in buffer medium integrated with potassium cyanide via one-factor-at-a-time and response surface method. The range of cyanide concentrations used in this research, specific biodegradation rate was obtained to model the substrate inhibition kinetics. This rate fits to the kinetic models of Teisser, Aiba and Yano, which are utilized to elucidate substrate inhibition on degradation. One-factor-at-a-time approach parameters were adopted because it removes more cyanide compared to response surface methodology modules. The predicted biokinetic constant from this model suggests suitability of the bacteria for use in cyanide treatment of industrial waste effluents.     

Biosorption of lead from acid solution using chitosan as a supporting material for spore forming-fungal biomass encapsulation

Asexual spores of the filamentous fungus Rhizopus arrhizus were used as the resting biomass as they tolerate chitosan gelling for mycelia growing in chitosan beads. Biosorption of lead using the dead detergent pre-treated chitosan-immobilised and grown fungal beads was performed with initial lead (II) nitrate concentrations ranging from 9.02 to 281.65 mg/L. The adsorption data were best correlated with equilibrium adsorption isotherms in the order Redlich–Peterson, Langmuir, Freundlich and Fritz–Schlünder by non-linear regression. The biosorption kinetic model of pseudo second-order (R ² > 0.99) fitted better than pseudo first-order and modified pseudo first-order models. Among the four pseudo second-order kinetic models, the Blanchard model was the best fit for the experimental biosorption data. The rate-limiting step of biosorption of lead was shown to be intraparticle diffusion controlled according to Weber and Morris model fitting. The beads could be regenerated using 1 M nitric acid solution. This illustrated the good performance of the beads for regenerated sorption/desorption at least five cycles.     

我国海上油田开采模式与强化采油技术研究

与陆上油田相比,海上油田的开采难度大、设备维护费用高,这就决定了海上油田必须以最短的时间产生最大的经济效益,获得最大采收率。因此,该文研究了海上油田的开采模式和三次采油的配套技术,提出了加快一次采油,模糊二、三次采油界限的新模式,并对适合海洋油田的聚合物的性能进行了分析,为油田的增效提供了参考。     

On the elusive isotopic composition of lunar Pb

Highly radiogenic Pb isotope compositions determined for volcanic glass beads from the Apollo 14 soil sample 14163 are similar to those commonly determined for mare basalts and are correlated with chemical variations observed in the beads. This indicates that Pb unsupported by in-situ U decay has a similar origin in both glass beads and mare basalt samples and is likely to reflect variations of ²³⁸U/²⁰⁴Pb (μ) in the lunar mantle. An alternative explanation that this Pb is a result of late equilibration with the radiogenic Pb present in soil is less likely as it would imply that all other characteristics of glass beads such as their chemistry must also be a consequence of equilibration near the lunar surface. Regardless of the origin of unsupported Pb, observed variations of Pb isotope compositions in the glass beads and mare basalts appear to be a result of two component mixing between a primitive reservoir with a μ-value similar to the Earth’s mantle and KREEP with a μ-value in excess of several thousand. This range cannot be explained by the fractionation of major rock forming minerals from the crystallising Lunar Magma Ocean and instead requires substantial extraction of sulphide late in the crystallisation sequence. The proportion of sulphide required to produce the inferred range places limits on the starting μ of the Moon prior to differentiation, demanding a relatively high value of about 100-200. Low μ indicated by several basalt samples and previously analysed volcanic glass beads can be explained by the preservation of an early (but post Ferroan Anorthosite) sulphide rich reservoir in the lunar mantle, while a complete range of Pb isotope compositions observed in the glass beads and mare basalts can be interpreted as mixing between this sulphide rich reservoir and KREEP.     

Effect of system variables and particle size on physical characteristics of air sparging plumes

Air was injected through a well in a thin transparent tank filled with saturated glass beads to study how the size and air saturation of air sparging plumes are affected by particle size and gradation; operational parameters such as injection pressure, well depth, injection pressure pulsing; and well outlet configuration. V-shaped air plumes with an apex between 40° and 60° were obtained for all tests. The air pressure required to initiate sparging agreed closely with the sum of the air entry pressure and the hydrostatic pressure, with higher initiation pressures required in the fine and well-graded beads. Higher air flow rates and air saturations were obtained in coarser beads at a given pressure, and the variation in flow rate was consistent with estimated air permeabilities. Peak average air saturations were 28–56% for the coarse-medium beads, 10% for the well-graded beads, and 8% for the fine beads. Air saturation and the radius of influence increased modestly (<40%) as the normalized injection pressure exceeded 0.1. Radius of influence increased by approximately a factor of two as the well depth increased, but leveled off once the ratio of radius of influence to well depth reached 0.60–1.05. Pulsing of injection pressure had no effect on the initiation pressure, air flow rate, or air saturation, but increased the size of the air plume and the radius of influence slightly (<15%). Well outlet configuration had only a slight affect the radius of influence (<10%), air saturation (<10%), or air flow rate (<12%). Dye testing showed that water surrounding the air plume circulated during continuous and pulsed sparging. However, pulsed sparging resulted in greater and more defined circulation of water within and adjacent to the air plume, which should reduce mass transfer limitations during sparging.     

矿产勘查对比研究

从矿产勘查项目的决策，矿产勘查的技术标准，矿产勘查与矿为开发的衔接，矿产勘查筹资机制，矿产勘查经济效益的实现等５方面进行了对比研究，阐述了计划经济下和市场经济体制下矿产勘查基本特征的异同。     

基于案例挖掘的边坡稳定性智能评价系统研究

虽然边坡灾害治理实践已经积累了大量的成功的或失败的边坡治理工程案例,但这些工程案例产生的大量数据信息未被充分利用与开发,造成了极大的资源浪费。为此,基于边坡工程案例,应用数据挖掘与知识发现和递归的自-组织模糊神经推理网络的方法,初步提出了一种基于案例挖掘的边坡稳定性智能评价系统,并通过案例挖掘的应用实例表明了该系统的有效性和可行性。     

Effect of hypersaline cooling canals on aquifer salinization

The combined effect of salinity and temperature on density-driven convection was evaluated in this study for a large (28 km²) cooling canal system (CCS) at a thermoelectric power plant in south Florida, USA. A two-dimensional cross-section model was used to evaluate the effects of hydraulic heterogeneities, cooling canal salinity, heat transport, and cooling canal geometry on aquifer salinization and movement of the freshwater/saltwater interface. Four different hydraulic conductivity configurations, with values ranging over several orders of magnitude, were evaluated with the model. For all of the conditions evaluated, aquifer salinization was initiated by the formation of dense, hypersaline fingers that descended downward to the bottom of the 30-m thick aquifer. Saline fingers reached the aquifer bottom in times ranging from a few days to approximately 5 years for the lowest hydraulic conductivity case. Aquifer salinization continued after saline fingers reached the aquifer bottom and coalesced by lateral movement away from the site. Model results showed that aquifer salinization was most sensitive to aquifer heterogeneity, but was also sensitive to CCS salinity, temperature, and configuration.     

条件价值评估法的发展与应用

环境物品或生态系统服务的经济价值评估是国际上生态经济学、环境经济学研究的前沿领域。由于绝大多数环境物品或生态系统服务的公共物品特性，其经济价值的评估需要运用非市场的价值评估技术。条件价值评估法（CVM）是非市场价值评估技术中应用最广、影响最大的一种方法。详细介绍了国际上CVM及其发展与应用研究的现状，分析了CVM在环境价值评估技术中的地位及其理论基础，总结了最大支付意愿（WTP）的各种引导技术，全面归纳了CVM研究中可能出现的各种偏差及其相应的解决方法，简要介绍了最大支付意愿的数据统计分析方法。     

NMR relaxation measurements of biofouling in model and geological porous media

Recently 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation techniques have been able to access changes in pore structures through surface and diffusion based relaxation measurements. This research investigates the applicability of these methods for measuring pore and surface changes due to biofilm growth in various model porous systems and natural geological media. Model bead packs of various construction containing 100 μm borosilicate and soda lime glass beads were used to demonstrate how changes in the measured relaxation rates can be used to non-invasively verify and quantify biofilm growth in porous media. However significant challenges are shown to arise when trying to implement the same techniques to verify biofilm growth in a natural geological media.     

重庆忠县翠屏山西晋崖墓出土宝玉石和玻璃饰品的工艺初探

利用显微镜对重庆忠县翠屏山西晋时期崖墓出土的玛瑙珠、琥珀饰品和玻璃珠的表面痕迹进行了显微观察,对它们的加工工艺进行了分析和探讨。其中,玛瑙珠在粗磨过程中应使用了粒径较大、粒度不均匀的石英砂粒,导致玛瑙珠的外形不规整,表面多大而深的凹坑;琥珀饰品的钻孔外缘和表面存在较多应力裂纹,显示当时的玉匠对琥珀的加工尚不能克服琥珀性脆、怕热的缺点;玻璃珠至少可见铸造——切削成形、缠珠和直管切割3种制作工艺。这些饰品的特点反映了西晋时期平民社会所使用的饰品的面貌和工艺水平,为中国古代宝玉石和玻璃器的断代以及工艺研究提供了新的信息。     

豫西唐山村金矿地球化学异常特征及找矿方向

唐山村金矿地处著名的嵴山金成矿区，是主要的金成矿远景区之一。在成矿有利部位——拆离断层带及硅质岩带，1：5万分散流测量呈现Au、Pb、Ag、Zn组合异常；1：2．5万沟系次生晕测量呈现浓集中心明显的串珠状Au异常，并沿拆离断层带及硅质岩带呈带状分布；经原生晕测量验证均具有Au矿化显示。由此，充分说明了地球化学测量在唐山村金矿床勘查中的指导意义，为进一步找矿工作指明了方向。