现行黄河口保护区典型湿地植被时空动态遥感监测

滩涂植被是滨海湿地的重要组成部分,其动态变化影响着湿地生态系统的结构和功能.利用遥感技术监测和评估湿地植被的长期变化对于海岸带资源管理和生态保护具有重要意义.本文以多时相Landsat卫星影像为数据源,结合面向对象和随机森林算法实现现行黄河口保护区内典型湿地植被的精准分类,揭示了2000-2020年研究区内芦苇、盐地碱...     

基于GF-1WFV的黄河口湿地植被碳储量估算研究

为掌握黄河口湿地植被地上生长部分碳储量的空间分布情况,基于GF-1WFV卫星数据,对黄河口湿地植被地上生长部分碳储量开展了遥感估算模型研究,并根据研究区植被类型空间分布特点,对不同植被类型地上生长部分碳储量的特征开展了分析,结果表明:6种植被碳储量估算模型中,基于NDVI建立的指数模型为单位面积碳储量估算最佳模型,其决定系数(R2)最大,值为0.76,均方根误差(RMSE)最小,值为19.1g/m2;在不同植被类型分布区,地上植被单位面积碳储量平均值大小顺序为互花米草芦苇草甸柽柳林潮滩芦苇盐地碱蓬,其中各区域平均值最大为78.1g/m2,最小为46.7g/m2。研究结果为提高黄河口湿地植被的碳储量提供了有效措施,即合理优化植被类型的空间分布、恢复裸滩上盐地碱蓬的生长和提高植被类型盖度。     

基于“资源三号”卫星的黄河口湿地景观格局及其空间尺度效应分析

为了在更精细尺度上分析黄河口湿地的景观格局特征,作者基于2012年的国产高分辨率"资源三号"卫星遥感影像,选取斑块类型面积(CA)、斑块个数(NP)、平均斑块面积(AREA_MN)、边缘密度(ED)、平均周长面积比(PARA_MN)、散布与并列指数(IJI)、香农多样性指数(SHDI)和香农均匀度指数(SHEI)8种常用的景观指数,表征景观类型的面积与结构特征、形状特征、聚集特征和景观多样性特征,开展了黄河口湿地的景观格局现状分析,以及空间尺度对黄河口湿地景观格局分析的影响。结果表明:黄河口湿地以裸滩和自然植被等自然景观为主,人工景观所占比重较小,但研究区内油井散布且数量众多,道路修建所导致的景观破碎化已较为明显;总体上,研究区的景观特征具有较强的尺度依赖性,其中表征面积和结构特征的斑块个数、边缘密度、平均斑块面积随着空间尺度的增大有明显的变化,斑块面积则相对稳定,形状特征表现出对空间尺度较强的依赖性,聚集特征随空间尺度的变化不规律,景观多样性特征随空间尺度的变化不明显;不同景观类型的景观特征随空间尺度的变化有较大差异,斑块为条状或斑块边界不规则的景观类型对空间尺度的依赖性更为显著。     

互花米草入侵对盐城淤泥质潮滩湿地潮沟系统影响研究

潮沟既是滨海湿地特有的地貌因子,也是输送水分与盐分的重要通道,对植被的生长与空间分布有重要的影响。为探究互花米草入侵对盐城滨海湿地潮沟系统演变的影响,本文利用遥感与地理信息系统（Geographic Information System,GIS）技术,分析了1989年至2020年江苏盐城典型淤泥质潮滩湿地互花米草沼泽时空变化过程与潮沟系统演变特征。研究结果表明：(1)互花米草扩张经历了入侵初期的斑块阶段、中期连续带状分布阶段及现状阶段过程,入侵影响的景观类型也从光滩转变为碱蓬沼泽;(2)互花米草入侵过程对潮沟系统产生的影响主要表现为潮沟平均宽度与长度减小、互花米草内潮沟的数量与分支增多;(3)潮沟系统的变化与互花米草的平均面积、平均周长等存在较大的相关性,表明互花米草的入侵是潮沟系统变化的重要影响因素。     

黄河口新生湿地沉积物中的金属元素及其环境指示意义

通过对黄河口新生湿地沉积物岩芯中常量元素、稀土元素,以及重金属分布特征进行研究,探讨了滨海湿地沉积物中金属元素的环境指示意义。结果表明,大部分金属元素的分布模式类似,均在40cm左右出现明显的低值区,这主要是由黄河挟带而来的大量陆源物质的输入造成的。沉积物粒度组成及有机质含量对金属元素的分布影响显著。常量元素中,Na_2O与其他元素变化趋势相反,反映了潮汐对滨海湿地的侵蚀作用;黄河口新生湿地沉积物单个稀土元素含量的大小顺序与黄河沉积物和渤海沉积物基本一致,其稀土元素总量高于黄河沉积物而低于渤海沉积物,表明黄河口湿地沉积物具有河流泥沙和海水颗粒物双重来源,而轻重分异比的变化则反映了物质输入的改变;而在较高的有机质和黏土含量的影响下,黄河口新生湿地沉积物中重金属发生了明显的富集。     

黄河口新生湿地沉积物中的金属元素及其环境指示意义

通过对黄河口新生湿地沉积物岩芯中常量元素、稀土元素以及重金属分布特征的研究,探讨了滨海湿地沉积物中金属元素的环境指示意义。结果表明,大部分金属元素的分布模式类似,均在40 cm左右出现明显的低值区,这主要是由黄河携带而来的大量陆源物质的输入造成的。沉积物粒度组成以及有机质含量对金属元素的分布影响显著。常量元素中,Na₂O与其他元素变化趋势相反,反应了潮汐对滨海湿地的侵蚀作用;黄河口新生湿地沉积物单个稀土元素的含量大小顺序与黄河沉积物和渤海沉积物基本一致,稀土元素总量则高于黄河沉积物而低于渤海沉积物,表明黄河口湿地沉积物具有河流泥沙和海水颗粒物双重来源,而轻重分异比的变化则反映了物质输入的改变;而在较高的有机质和粘土含量的影响下,黄河口新生湿地沉积物中重金属发生了明显的富集。     

近30 a来盐城沿海盐沼时空分布演变规律及影响因素分析

盐沼是全球温带及亚热带地区的主要滨海湿地类型之一,具有重要的生态服务功能。本文以盐城沿海区域为例,利用近30 a来的6期遥感卫星图像,通过简单的植被覆盖指数(NDVI)粗提取和目视解译的方法分析了该区域盐沼的时空演变,并对引起这些变化的影响因子进行了探讨。结果表明,近30 a来研究区盐沼面积呈大幅度先升后降又小幅度上升的趋势,至2015年盐沼面积减少了约18 km²;盐沼的空间位置不断向外扩张,最大扩张距离达到了5.5 km,盐沼的宽度也随着时间不断变化;盐沼植被类型发生了不同程度的演变,景观指数表明景观破碎化程度不断加剧,獐毛、碱蓬、芦苇大量减少,单一的互花米草覆盖湿地。对盐沼时空变化起到影响的自然因素和人为因素中,围垦活动的影响最为显著。     

中国北方典型河口芦苇湿地土壤有机碳库比较研究

以2008年10月和2009年5月黄河口和辽河口芦苇湿地野外调查获取的数据为基础,研究中国北方典型河口芦苇湿地表层和剖面土壤有机碳库的分布特征,并探讨其土壤有机碳库差异的原因。结果表明:5和10月份,黄河口芦苇湿地表层土壤有机碳变幅分别为2.15~10.13和10.98~28.82kg/m3,无显著性季节差异;辽河口芦苇湿地表层土壤有机碳库变幅分别为0.8~31.38和18.95~68.7kg/m3,10月份显著高于5月份。两河口剖面土壤有机碳库分布特征相同,均表现为0~10cm土层含量明显高于各底层,0~20cm土层集中了整个剖面50%以上的有机碳。辽河口芦苇湿地表层土壤有机碳含量及碳库均高于黄河口湿地,且10月份其差异达到了显著性水平。相对于我国其它河口芦苇湿地,黄河口湿地有机碳含量严重偏低,具有很大的可提升潜力。辽河口湿地芦苇地上生物量的均值达到2.96kg/m2,是黄河口的5.82倍,而表观土壤呼吸通量显著低于黄河口湿地,有机碳的高输入和低输出是其土壤有机碳库高于黄河口湿地的根本原因;土壤盐渍化程度高、黏粒含量低和氮素匮乏是影响黄河口芦苇湿地土壤有机碳库严重偏低的主要因素。因此,在开展黄河口退化湿地的生态恢复重建技术中降低土壤盐渍化程度、提高黏粒含量和全氮含量是提高土壤有机碳库的关键。     

黄河口羽状流对调水调沙的响应

本文基于2010年MODIS卫星遥感数据,研究了黄河口海域海表温度(SST)的季节性变化,分析了调水调沙期间黄河口羽状流向海扩展的时空变化,揭示了黄河口羽状流对调水调沙的响应。研究结果表明:海表温度主要受太阳辐射和临近大陆气候的影响,夏季秋季高,春季冬季低,四个季节羽状流扩散范围都较小。调水调沙期间,羽状流向海传输方向发生摆动,由北向逐渐向东偏转至正东方向,最后又转为北向。随着径流量的增加,羽状流扩散范围和传输距离也迅速增大,传输距离与径流量呈较好的对数线性关系。此外,潮汐变化也会影响羽状流的传输方向和输运距离。     

海岸圈围对雁鸭类种群及生境的影响研究——以长江口横沙东滩为例

滨海湿地是雁鸭类的重要栖息地,然而高强度的海岸圈围工程对滨海湿地生态系统和鸟类栖息地造成了显著影响,因此分析和研究海岸圈围对雁鸭类种群及栖息地的影响,对水鸟保护和滨海湿地资源可持续利用具有重要的理论和实践意义。位于长江口的横沙东滩,于2003年启动了海岸圈围促淤工程,工程的实施导致湿地生境和水鸟种群都发生着快速变化。本研究分别对2013、2015、2016和2017年,横沙东滩雁鸭类种群和生境因子的时空变化进行了调查与分析,通过拟合回归分析了两者的相关关系,探讨海岸圈围后生境的快速变化对雁鸭类种群产生的影响,从而提出海岸带圈围后水鸟栖息地的保护与管理对策。结果表明:1)海岸圈围工程的实施显著改变了滨海湿地的水鸟生境及种群特征。随着工程的推进,自然潮滩的盐沼湿地呈动态变化趋势;促淤区则随着泥沙的补给,新生了大面积的沼泽湿地;成陆区逐渐向淡水生态系统演替。伴随着生境的变化,雁鸭类种群逐渐从成陆区和自然潮滩向促淤区转移。2)不同生境类型影响雁鸭类种群数量特征的生境因子不同。未实施圈围的自然潮滩影响雁鸭类数量的主要因素是海三棱藨草/藨草群落面积;正在实施圈围的促淤区的主要影响因素是挺水植物面积、植被归一化指数(NDVI)和无植被覆盖水域面积;已圈围的成陆区主要影响因素为沉水植物面积。综上,雁鸭类偏向选择具有开阔水域、充足食物供给和相对较低植被盖度的生境类型。对于海岸圈围区域,若能合理利用圈围土地,保留部分区域为湿地,并根据水鸟的生境需求,适当营造水鸟适宜的栖息地,可在一定程度上减缓圈围工程对水鸟的影响,实现滨海湿地水鸟栖息地保护和湿地资源可持续利用的动态平衡。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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