右江盆地中三叠统细碎屑岩地球化学特征及其对物源区、构造背景的指示

右江盆地位于华南板块西南缘与印支板块的结合部位,于中三叠世沉积了一套以细碎屑岩为主的巨厚浊积岩。研究区中三叠统细碎屑岩的主量、微量和稀土元素分析表明,细碎屑岩以杂砂岩和岩屑砂岩为主,其源岩来自大陆上地壳,物源区岩石类型主要为长英质沉积岩和火成岩,岩石风化程度中等偏高,构造背景为大陆岛弧和活动大陆边缘。综合细碎屑岩稀土元素特征及前人对该区中三叠统古流向和碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究,认为中三叠统碎屑物来源复杂,云开地区、江南造山带和越北地块是主要的物源区。     

松嫩平原南缘现代沉积物磁化率、粒度、色度特征及古气候环境意义

深入了解松嫩平原第四纪古气候演化过程,对本区黑土退化的气候影响因素研究有重要理论意义。选择松嫩平原南缘大黑山地垒长春—四平段郭家（GJ）、湾沟（WG）、平安屯（PA）、腰分水岭旁（YP）、西地（XD）、胡家甸（H）、肖家（XJ）7个现代沉积剖面进行磁化率、粒度和色度分析。结果显示：各剖面沉积物磁化率多表现为干燥时期较大、湿润时期较小、寒冷阶段较大、温暖适宜阶段较小的特点。颜色对磁化率影响较大,不同颜色砂或砂质黏土的磁化率从大到小依次为红褐色→浅黄色或灰绿色→灰黑色。碳酸盐岩或灰岩物源的存在,使沉积物色度和磁化率之间的关系相对复杂。磁化率会随沉积物粒度增大而增大,冻融风化和降雨增多导致沉积物粒度增大,使磁化率升高;但温暖适宜时期,磁化率受物源供给量的减小而减小。磁化率、粒度和色度三指标综合反映出研究区早更新世寒冷干燥→中更新世冷湿—暖湿—冷湿→晚更新世寒冷较湿润的古气候环境演化过程。     

红寺堡盆地晚更新世沉积特征及古气候背景

萨拉乌苏组、水洞沟组和马兰黄土是青藏高原东北缘弧形构造带乃至鄂尔多斯高原西部晚更新世发育的3套重要的沉积层系,但三者之间的沉积接触关系一直存在着争议。以红寺堡盆地为研究对象,在路线地质调查的基础上,结合砂岩石英颗粒表面扫描电镜分析及黏土矿物含量分析,查明3套地层之间的纵横向变化关系,确定红寺堡盆地晚更新世接受黄土沉积的最早时限及所处的古气候背景。研究认为:红寺堡盆地萨拉乌苏组与水洞沟组和马兰黄土之间是上下叠置关系,湖盆中心萨拉乌苏组上覆水洞沟组,湖盆边缘萨拉乌苏组上覆马兰黄土;水洞沟组与马兰黄土之间为同时异相的相变关系,在湖盆中心为湖相沉积,在湖盆边缘地形相对较高的部位,则为同时期的风成黄土沉积;红寺堡盆地接受黄土沉积的最早时限为萨拉乌苏组沉积末期,萨拉乌苏组顶部局部可见风成沉积的柱状节理,砂岩石英颗粒表面具有水成和风成兼顾的特征。红寺堡盆地晚更新世经历了温暖湿润-寒冷干旱-温暖湿润-寒冷干旱的气候变化过程,在萨拉乌苏组二段与水洞沟组中部,伊利石和绿泥石含量表现为相对低值,而蒙脱石和高岭石含量表现为相对高值,蒙脱石含量明显增加,但同时又有高岭石矿物的出现,总体上反映了温暖湿润的古气候特征,两期温暖湿润的环境分别对应于深海氧同位素曲线MIS3与MIS5阶段,具有全球对比意义。研究成果为鄂尔多斯高原西部生态环境的演化及综合治理提供了基础地质依据。      

昌都盆地古近系贡觉组物源及其沉积环境

为了研究昌都盆地古近系构造背景和沉积环境演化规律及其资源响应,采集12件昌都盆地贡觉组细碎屑岩样品,通过电子显微镜、XRF和等离子质谱分析（ICP-MS）以及野外沉积特征观察等方法进行系统研究。研究结果显示:盆地贡觉组以红色泥岩和砂岩为主,含纤维状石膏,发育交错层理,可见波痕构造和球状风化,揭示其气候以干旱氧化环境为主;镜下观察石英颗粒磨圆和分选性差,说明以近源沉积为主;主微量元素的岩性和构造图解显示样品主要落入长石砂岩和石英质砂屑砂岩区域以及岛弧环境;微量元素特征指示贡觉组一段和二段以半咸水—咸水的氧化环境为主,气候湿润,而第三段以咸水的强氧化环境为主,气候干热。上述特征表明贡觉组细碎屑岩主要是江达—阿中岛弧花岗岩体风化的产物,其环境演化可划分为两个阶段,第一阶段以贡觉组一段和二段的沉积环境变化为主,第二阶段以贡觉组第三段的沉积环境变化为主;进一步表明新特提斯闭合后,印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲,导致江达—阿中地区变形隆升更为强烈,类乌齐地区变形隆升相对弱,对油气资源的保存起着破坏作用。     

桌子山地区奥陶系乌拉力克组碎屑岩地球化学特征及其对物源的制约

桌子山地区位于鄂尔多斯盆地西缘北段,保留了相对完整的奥陶统地层。本文通过对该地区中—上奥陶统乌拉力克组16件碎屑岩样品进行地球化学分析,对碎屑岩的源区特征和构造环境进行了研究。结果表明:乌拉力克组碎屑岩主要为成熟度较低的岩屑砂屑岩,SiO_2为62.74%~85.47%,K_2O/Na_2O比值为2.2~12.9,tFe_2O_3+MgO值为2.6%~7.21%。稀土元素标准化配分曲线呈现轻稀土富集、重稀土平坦和Eu、Ce负异常特征。砂岩风化蚀变指数(CIA)为66~75,反映温暖、湿润条件下中等的化学风化程度。Zr/Sc和Th/Sc比值共同表明乌拉力克组的碎屑组成不具备"沉积再旋回"的特征。砂岩物源区组成判别图研究表明,乌拉力克组碎屑岩的物源区主要出露长英质沉积岩。砂岩形成构造环境判别图解及特征指数分析表明,乌拉力克组主要形成于大陆岛弧和活动大陆边缘相关沉积盆地,具有多物源的特征。     

西秦岭临潭地区泥盆纪——三叠纪沉积环境恢复与盆地构造演化

根据西秦岭临潭地区泥盆纪—三叠纪沉积盆内细碎屑岩的主量、微量、稀土元素特征追溯源区背景,反演母岩性质,建立了该区沉积盆地与构造演化模式.认为沉积盆地的物源总体来自盆地的北部,北部经历了晚泥盆世的陆相—湖相沉积,石炭纪的滨岸海滩相-温暖潮湿的近岸海湾（潟湖或潮坪）相-浅海陆棚相沉积,到二叠纪的浅海陆棚-浅海陆棚内的堡礁或堤礁建造;沉积盆地南部为稳定的碳酸盐台地相.三叠纪,盆地经历了大陆斜坡浊流沉积—大陆斜坡（半深海）浊流沉积—滨浅海沉积环境复杂的环境变化.沉积盆地形成演化整体划分为3个阶段：被动大陆边缘台盆台地稳定发育阶段;弧后盆地形成演化阶段;弧后前陆盆地叠合阶段.     

广西十万大山盆地扶隆坳组地球化学特征及其地质意义

为了探究广西十万大山盆地扶隆坳组地球化学特征及其地质意义,在显微镜下对研究区砂岩进行了系统鉴定、碎屑颗粒组分统计,并利用ICP-MS对该区泥岩样品进行了微量元素和稀土元素分析,结果显示扶隆坳组砂岩碎屑颗粒组分石英颗粒含量较高,长石含量较少,岩屑以浅变质岩屑为主,Dickinson图解显示物源区为再旋回造山带;泥岩样品的REE受成岩作用改造微弱,且主要来自陆源碎屑矿物,源岩主要为沉积岩及花岗岩岩石;稀土元素和微量元素相关参数显示晚三叠世扶隆坳沉积时期气候相对湿热,沉积了一套以陆相沉积环境为主的碎屑岩。综合前述认识,结合本区构造演化史,推断扶隆坳组物源供给主要来自晚泥盆世-早石炭世钦防海槽沉积的硅质岩、硅质页岩及泥岩,源区构造背景兼有活动大陆边缘和被动大陆边缘的性质。     

莲沱砂岩——南华大冰期前气候转冷的沉积记录

湖北宜昌地区出露的莲沱组中上部细屑岩的化学蚀变指数(CLA)介于60～70之间,表明是在寒冷干燥的气候条件下沉积的。比较莲沱组与板溪群中下部沉积岩的主化学成分和 CIA 值表明,板溪群源区遭受过强烈的化学风化,相应的古气候是温暖湿润的,而莲沱组源区化学风化弱,可见两者形成时的古气候环境明显不同。根据 CIA 值推测,地层层序上莲沱组位于板溪群的中上部,莲沱砂岩的 CIA 研究表明南华大冰期前全球气候已经从温暖湿润转变为寒冷干燥,CIA 值继续降低预示着全球性的冰期到表,不久就发生了"雪球地球"事件。     

西藏白朗南部地区三叠纪地层沉积环境及物源

综合露头剖面、砂岩碎屑组分、地球化学、阴极发光等资料的研究,对西藏白朗地区南部三叠系沉积环境及物源开展了研究。该区三叠纪地层以灰黑色泥岩、浅灰白色石英砂岩、长石石英砂岩、灰色灰岩为主,沉积背景为拉轨岗日被动陆缘盆地的浅海-半深海环境。碎屑岩及其地球化学分析结果反映,物源总体来自克拉通内部。阴极发光结果表明,物源区石英主要为变质成因,次为火成岩成因。综合判定,研究区该套地层为下—中三叠统吕村组和上三叠统涅如组,物源区来自南部高喜马拉雅基底杂岩带。     

伊犁盆地南缘中下侏罗统碎屑岩地球化学特征及对物源制约

对可地浸砂岩铀矿找矿和评价而言,明确赋铀砂体的物源是关键。伊犁盆地南缘中下侏罗统为重要砂岩型铀矿赋矿层位。来自盆地南缘坎乡苏阿苏沟中下侏罗统剖面碎屑岩岩石学及地球化学特征分析,对该套碎屑岩物源区特征及构造环境进行研究。下侏罗统八道湾组以杂色砾岩、含砾粗砂岩为主,颗粒具有较差的分选性和磨圆度。砾岩中可见块状层理,正粒序层理,砂岩中可见大型板状层理,砂岩主要为岩屑砂岩,岩屑成分主要为硅质岩屑和流纹岩岩屑;下侏罗统三工河组以细砂岩,粉砂岩,泥岩为主,细粉砂岩中可见沙纹层理,泥岩中可见到水平层理;中侏罗统西山窑组主要发育含砾粗砂岩-砂岩-泥岩组合,砂岩中发育大型槽状层理,平行层理,泥岩可见水平层理;来自该剖面19件样品的地球化学测试数据显示,该套碎屑岩具有较高的SiO_2(53.01%~85.52%,平均值为71.22%)和Al_2O_3(7.45~23.83%,平均值为13.96%),低TFe_2O_3+MgO(0.95~10.77%,平均值为3.64%)和TiO_2(0.20~1.32%,平均值为0.74%),其微量元素和稀土元素组成与上地壳相似,轻稀土富集,重稀土较平坦,铕亏损较明显。微量元素和稀土元素特征显示其物源来源于上地壳长英质岩石,母岩沉积构造背景为与大陆岛弧相关沉积盆地。结合前人资料,认为伊犁盆地南缘中下侏罗统物源可能来源于石炭系大陆岛弧环境下形成的岩石。     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

山西五台山区滹沱群变质玄武岩岩石学、地球化学特征及其成因意义

在野外地质调查的基础上,选取滹沱群豆村亚群底部四集庄组玄武岩、顶部青石村组玄武岩和东冶亚群中下部河边村组玄武岩,进行岩石学和地球化学研究。分析结果表明：玄武岩主量元素高TiO2、TFeO,低MgO,具有演化的基性岩浆的特征。稀土元素含量相对较高,具有弱—中等程度的轻稀土元素富集,中等程度的轻重稀土元素分异,轻微的Eu异常;玄武岩中Cr、Ni含量变化较大,但与Mg#具有很好的正相关性。微量元素配分图解中具有明显的Sr负异常,部分样品具有Nb、Ta和Ti负异常,无Zr、Hf负异常,与岛弧火山岩不同;同时Nb、Ta无分异,Zr/Hf值较高,具有板内玄武岩浆的特征。综合分析认为,滹沱群玄武岩可能形成于板内裂谷环境。在岩浆上升过程中发生橄榄石与尖晶石的分离结晶作用,同时不同程度地受到地壳的混染。     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...     

深港西部通道填海区地下水铜、钒、铊、镉、钨迁移的实验研究

填海工程使滨海地区的地下水物理化学条件改变,导致该区域地下水中重金属浓度升高。本文以深港西部通道填海区为例,采用实验室模拟填海条件的办法,初步探讨了影响填海区地下水重金属迁移的关键因素。模拟实验结果表明,填海区地下水中钨元素含量升高与地下水淡化、淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;铜元素含量升高则与淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;钒元素含量升高与地下水淡化和淤泥氧化过程有关,而其他元素含量升高则主要与填料风化释放有关。     

西藏南木林县秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体岩石成因

以出露在西藏南木林县秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体为研究对象,从野外地质调查、岩石学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、元素和Lu-Hf同位素地球化学等方面对其进行了分析研究。结果显示：秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体类似于A型花岗岩,形成于古近纪(E1),其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(62.0±0.5)~(63.0±0.5) Ma;岩体形成的温度较高(锆石饱和温度为745~805 ℃,平均766 ℃);岩石富SiO2(72.6%~75.0%)、Na2O(2.86%~3.59%)和K2O(4.12%~5.25%),贫CaO(0.72%~1.39%)和MgO(0.26%~0.36%),高FeOT/MgO值(7.26~10.3),属高钾钙碱性系列,弱过铝质;岩石具明显的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.40~0.70),普遍表现出Ba、Sr、P、Ti元素的亏损和Rb、Th、K、Zr、Hf元素的富集。εHf(t)值为-4.7~-1.8,其两阶段地壳Hf模式年龄tDM2为(1.1~1.3) Ga。秦马弄A型花岗岩体是冈底斯基底地壳物质部分熔融的岩浆产物,形成于古近纪印度板块与欧亚板块俯冲碰撞引起的总体为岛弧背景下的局部拉张构造环境。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Geology, mineralogy, and PGE mineralization of the copper-nickel occurrences of the Kvinum ore field, Sredinny Range, Kamchatka

The geology and mineralogy of host metamorphic rocks, the mineralogy of sulfide ores, and the distribution of PGE mineralization were studied in detail for the Kvinum-1 and Kvinum-2 copper-nickel occurrences of the Kvinum ore field, which are the most promising targets for the copper-nickel-PGE mineralization of the Sredinny Range of Kamchatka. It was established that stringer-disseminated and massive copper-nickel ores are localized in amphibole peridotites, cortlandites, and form ore bodies varying from tens of centimeters to 5–20 m thick among the layered cortlandite-gabbroid massifs. The massive sulfide ores were found only at the bottom of cortlandite bodies and upsection grade into stringer-disseminated and disseminated ores. Pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and pentlandite are the major ore minerals with a sharply subordinate amount of pyrite, sphalerite, galena, arsenopyrite, and löllingite. Besides pentlandite, the Ni-bearing minerals include sulforasenides (gersdorffite), arsenides (nickeline), and tellurides (melonite) of nickel. It was found that PGE mineralization represented by antimonides (sudburyite) and tellurobismuthides (michenerite) of Pd with sharply subordinate platinum arsenide (sperrylite) is confined to the apical parts of massive sulfide zones and the transition zone to the stringer-disseminated ores. Ore intervals enriched in arsenides and tellurides of Ni, Pd, and Bi contain high-purity gold. In the central parts of the orebodies, the contents of PGE and native gold are insignificant. It is suggested that the contents of major sulfide minerals and the productivity of PGE mineralization in the cortlandites are defined by combined differentiation and sulfurization of ultramafic derivatives under the effect of fluids, which are accumulated at the crystallization front and cause layering of parental magmas with different sulfur contents. The fluid-assisted layering of mafic-ultramafic massifs resulted in the contrasting distribution of PGM in response to uneven distribution of sulfur (as well as As, Te, and Bi) during liquid immiscibility. The productivity of PGE mineralization significantly increases with increasing contents of S, As, Te, and Bi (elements to which Pt and, especially, Pd have high affinity) in fluids.     

Depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer, based on geophysical exploration, southern Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA

 A geophysical survey was conducted to determine the depth of the base of the water-table aquifer in the southern part of Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA. Audio-magnetotellurics (AMT) measurements at 77 sites in the study area yielded electrical-resistivity logs of the subsurface, and these were used to infer lithologic changes with depth. A 100–600 ohm-m geoelectric layer, designated the Jackson aquifer, was used to represent surficial saturated, unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age. The median depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer is estimated to be 200 ft (61 m), based on 62 sites that had sufficient resistivity data. AMT-measured values were kriged to predict the depth to the base of the aquifer throughout the southern part of Jackson Hole. Contour maps of the kriging predictions indicate that the depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer is shallow in the central part of the study area near the East and West Gros Ventre Buttes, deeper in the west near the Teton fault system, and shallow at the southern edge of Jackson Hole. Predicted, contoured depths range from 100 ft (30 m) in the south, near the confluences of Spring Creek and Flat Creek with the Snake River, to 700 ft (210 m) in the west, near the town of Wilson, Wyoming. Received, May 1997 · Revised, February 1998 · Accepted, April 1998