基于硼掺杂金刚石薄膜电极的海洋盐度传感器设计研究

针对目前电极式电导率传感器存在的电极材料易脱落、结构不稳定、抗生物附着能力差等问题,本文设计出一种基于硼掺杂金刚石薄膜电极的电导率传感器。本文从七电极电导率的测量原理出发,结合金刚石薄膜电极的特点,详细介绍了金刚石薄膜电极式电导率传感器的探头制备,然后概述了电导池的研究设计过程,以及电导率传感器的定标和拟合、数据的误差...     

多电极海水电导率测量电路

本文讨论了七种多电极电导率测量电路及多电极结构。分析了各种电路的测量原理，不同电极数目的电导池各个电极所完成的功能。     

高性能七电极电导率传感器技术研究

高性能七电极电导率传感器是"十一五"863海洋技术领域探索类项目,是海洋调查和水文观测必不可少的仪器.文中论述了高性能七电极电导率传感器的工作原理、设计方法和制作工艺,给出了传感器的测试方法以及目前达到的水平,提出了需要进一步研究的问题.     

一种多功能水质测定仪

介绍一种SWQ-1型多功能水质测定仪,以数字显示温度,盐度,溶解氧,pH和氧化还原电势。仪器用干电池供电,其结构是以一个带有多路模数转换器和液晶显示器的低功耗单片微计算机为基础而构成。通过微计算机按照存贮器中的物理化学公式和定标常数进行数据处理,并把结果送给显示器。温度和pH传感器用的是定型的商品—热敏电阻和玻璃电极。盐度和溶解氧分别采用由作者自行设计的铂电极电导池和薄膜原电池型传感器进行现场测量。溶解氧的测量采用了自动定标程序,减少了电位漂移对测量的影响,提高了测量的可靠性,并且便于操作。这种水质测定仪是一种尺寸小,重量轻,效率高的便携式仪器。     

开放式四电极电导率传感器的研制与实验

文章阐述了开放式四电极的工作原理、设计方法和制作工艺;分析提出了部分电路、部件的技术指标;并给出了开放式四电极电导率传感器的测试方法以及目前达到的水平,对该项技术应用进行了相关论述和介绍.     

基于表层温盐传感器的标定分析

感应式温盐传感器基于电导率法测盐,可以实现现场测量与实时测量。测量盐度时需要首先计算海水温度、海水电导率和海水压力,表层感应式温盐传感器对压力量不予考虑,温度、电导率的精度却直接关系到盐度测量结果的准确度,因此使用传感器前必须进行温度和盐度的标定。分析了温盐传感器的工作原理,设计温度、电导率的标定校准步骤,包括回归曲线的选择和回归方程系数的计算,其中温度、电导率和温度补偿的标定回归曲线采用多项式形式,用实验室高精度盐度计和铂电阻温度仪测得5~7组数据,然后对多项式最小二乘法回归,电导率回归过程中由温度和盐度求电导率用到了二分法,最后论述了标定回归方程的误差范围。     

海水电导率的温度效应

引言 海水电导率温度效应的资料,对于通过现场海水盐度—温度—深度(STD)测量给出的温度、电导和压力数据来确定盐度是重要的。这对于许多实验室的工作也是需要的。例如用一个实验室盐度计为基准进行电导测量装置的校正。在海洋测量中常用的函数是电导率R_(s.t.P)     

新型感应式电导率传感器技术研究

海水盐度是海洋水文测量的要素之一,测量海水盐度对海洋科学研究、海洋开发利用和军事国防都具有重要意义。海水电导率测量是进行盐度测量的重要手段,使用电导率传感器测量盐度,具有精确度高、速度快、计算海水密度可靠以及便于现场测量等优点,这种方法已成为海水盐度测量的主要手段。感应式电导率传感器是海洋调查和水文观测必不可少的仪器。文中论述了新型感应式电导率传感器的工作原理、设计方法和制作工艺,给出了传感器的测试方法以及目前达到的水平,最后对试验结果进行了分析说明,提出了需要进一步研究的问题。通过实验室测试,验证了上述设计,传感器工作正常、测量精度高、具有较高的可移植性,符合现场应用使用要求。     

ARGO剖面浮标电导率传感器漂移问题探讨

ARGO剖面浮标在海上长期工作,其携带的电导率传感器漂移会导致测量数据误差,从而影响观测资料的质量。文章利用误差理论和回归分析、曲线拟合等数理统计方法,检测和处理由ARGO剖面浮标电导率传感器漂移所带来的测量误差,并对太平洋、大西洋和印度洋上已经发现有电导率传感器漂移的ARGO资料进行了校正,取得了比较理想的结果。     

海水电导率

用四电极电导池测定各种盐度时温度和压力对电导率的影响。在大气压下测量各种盐度时冰点至35℃范围内的温度对1)r_T(温度为T和35℃时35‰海水的电导率比)和2)Rr(温度为T时海水的电导率和相同温度时35‰海水的电导率比)的影响。将1)的结果和多菲尼的[1]综合起来,该结果被珀金和刘易斯[2]表示为温度的四次方程。2)的结果证实了多菲尼[1]和波伊森[4]关于各种温度对R_T与盐度(重量稀释)的关系曲线中所得到的温度关系式。对于2、14、22和35‰的盐度、超出大气压0至1000bar的压力和冰点至30℃的温度而言,进行了压力对电导率的影响的测量。这些结果充实了我们过去工作[5]的结果,那些结果是用二电极电导池对31、35和39‰盐度的海水在大致相同的压力和温度下取得的。在压力和温度下,最佳最小二乘法多项式拟合于新的和旧的35‰电导率增加百分比的值,在1000bar压力下偏差小于0.006‰盐度当量。新结果的精确度比过去的结果的精确度好得多,在1000bar下新结果的精确度可能不劣于0.003‰盐度当量。珀金和刘易斯[2]用P、T、R和R~(1/2)的比例函数拟合新、旧数据,其中R为P、T和S时的电导率和0bar、15℃、35‰时的电导率之比。他们得到1.3PPm盐度的标准误差。     

New generation CTD system [conductivity-temperature-depth sensor]

A microprocessor-based CTD (conductivity-temperature-depth) sensor unit is described in which the microprocessor is used to vary the analog-to-digital conversion process to achieve 16-bit resolution at a measurement rate of 500 measurements per second, or 18-bit resolution at 30 measurements per second. Software control of resolution, sampling rate, and sampling sequence permit the sensor unit to be software-configured for a wide variety of missions. Pressure and conductivity sensors are expected to substantially improve the system accuracy. The conductivity cell design has six electrodes which are all relatively remote from the external measurement volume (approximated by a 2-cm diameter sphere). This so called recessed-electrode concept is expected to eliminate calibration drift due to contamination of the electrodes and the insulating surfaces of the cell, thus ensuring excellent long-term stability     

海洋环境参数监测传感器的稳定性评价研究

海洋环境参数监测传感器的性能是海洋环境监测参数数据质量的保障。文章以常用的海水温度、电导率、浊度和叶绿素传感器为评估对象,利用同一台仪器连续多年的校准数据实现传感器的稳定性评价。当漂移系数在1附近时,表明传感器性能稳定,当漂移系数大于或小于1时,表明传感器测量值发生漂移;由历年校准数据计算的漂移系数可实现各传感器校准周期内数据的修正,修正前各传感器的测量误差大且呈单向增量变化,修正后的误差降至传感器最大允许误差且呈正态分布。利用历史计量数据建立的传感器性能评价模型可为用户提供长期的传感器稳定性评价,有利于提升海洋环境监测传感器的性能和数据的准确性,拓展计量数据的服务能力。     

A comparison of four methods for bubble size and void fractionmeasurements

We compare the performance of four different bubble-sensing techniques in a range of environment from the surf zone to the open ocean: a remote sensing method using high-frequency backscatter, two in situ methods using an acoustical resonator and a pulse propagation sensor, and a bulk method using electrical conductivity. Comparisons between the techniques show general consistency within the appropriate operational bubble density ranges, although spatial variability in bubble clouds introduces substantial variance. Each technique has its strengths and limitations. Our acoustical resonator is suitable for bubble concentrations with air fractions greater than approximately 10 ^-9 and the pulse propagation sonar for air fractions from 10 ^-6; the upper limit for both is constrained by attenuation and the validity of the Foldy scattering approximation. Both sensors can be implemented to encompass a wide frequency range with high resolution, corresponding to resonant bubble radii of 10~1200 μm. For air fractions higher than ~5×10^-4, bulk measurement using electrical conductivity provides a measure of air fraction. Sufficient overlap in operational air-fraction range exists between in situ acoustical techniques and conductivity measurement to permit comparison and demonstrate consistency in the measurement. Single- and multi-frequency backscatter sonars may be used for low air fractions (<1×10^-5) and provide a continuous vertical profile from a deployment beneath the active surface zone, but are subject to masking by dense bubble clouds and are unable to resolve high air fractions close to the surface. This study suggests that the best approach is to use a combination of sensors to probe the bubble field     

传感器测量衰减下的水下目标纯方位跟踪算法

为解决多传感器水下目标纯方位跟踪中的传感器测量衰减问题,建立水下目标静态多传感器纯方位跟踪模型,将传感器测量衰减建模为统计特性已知的随机变量,基于融合中心接收到的各水声传感器的原始测量值,设计了一种集中式状态估计器结构,利用最小方差方法推导出最优的集中式目标状态估计增益。通过算例仿真可以得出,所提出的算法能够在水声传感器不做机动的前提下跟踪目标,弥补了单个水声传感器观测性不足的缺点,对比传统的集中式Kalman估计器,具有更高的精度,能够有效解决传感器测量衰减问题。     

适用于水下滑翔器的CTD传感器设计

为满足水下滑翔器连续获取海洋剖面水文动力高质量数据的应用需求,利用自主研制的电磁感应式电导率传感器,集成快速响应的热敏电阻与压力传感器,以PIC18F2520单片机为电路系统的核心控制器,设计出一种适用于水下滑翔器搭载的微型化、低功耗、重量轻的SZQ1-1新型CTD传感器。该CTD测量仪经实验室多次标定,数据质量达到海试要求。2016年10月,该CTD传感器与海鸟SBE19 Plus在青岛胶州湾进行了海试比测。海试结果证明,该CTD传感器与SBE19 Plus测量结果相近,实时获取的温、盐、深剖面数据精度满足水下滑翔器的搭载要求。     

Dynamical analysis and robust control for dive plane of supercavitating vehicles

The high-speed supercavitating vehicle (HSSV) utilizes advanced technology that enables an underwater vehicle to reach its unprecedented high speed. The vertical motion control of the HSSV is challenging problem because of its complex dynamics with nonlinear planing force, parametric uncertainties, external disturbances, actuator saturation, and sensor noises. This paper deals with dynamical analysis and a robust H∞ loop-shaping synthesis with modified PID (proportional-integral-derivative) algorithm to control the dive plane maneuver of the HSSV. Typically, the control scheme has the low order structure and provides robustness against dynamic uncertainties, which can be implemented using the bilinear matrix inequality (BMI) optimization of an equivalent Schur formula. Simulation results show that the controlled vehicle system provides good performance and high robustness against uncertainties, ensuring no-overshoot and fast in time-domain responses. In addition, the control algorithm can decouple the dynamic interactions in the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system, overcoming parametric uncertainty, planing force, and actuator saturation while minimizing the effect of the strong external disturbances and measurement noises.     

Simulation of an Inertial Acoustic Navigation System With Range Aiding for an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

This paper presents an integrated navigation system for underwater vehicles to improve the performance of a conventional inertial acoustic navigation system by introducing range measurement. The integrated navigation system is based on a strapdown inertial navigation system (SDINS) accompanying range sensor, Doppler velocity log (DVL), magnetic compass, and depth sensor. Two measurement models of the range sensor are derived and augmented to the inertial acoustic navigation system, respectively. A multirate extended Kalman filter (EKF) is adopted to propagate the error covariance with the inertial sensors, where the filter updates the measurement errors and the error covariance and corrects the system states when the external measurements are available. This paper demonstrates the improvement on the robustness and convergence of the integrated navigation system with range aiding (RA). This paper used experimental data obtained from a rotating arm test with a fish model to simulate the navigational performance. Strong points of the navigation system are the elimination of initial position errors and the robustness on the dropout of acoustic signals. The convergence speed and conditions of the initial error removal are examined with Monte Carlo simulation. In addition, numerical simulations are conducted with the six-degrees-of-freedom (6-DOF) equations of motion of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) in a boustrophedon survey mode to illustrate the effectiveness of the integrated navigation system.     

一种新型便携式旋桨流速仪

介绍了一种新型BH-1型便携式旋桨流速仪,主要由自主研制的流速传感器、手持式主机及微机数据回放处理软件三部分组成.其传感器采用独特的导流筒和导流罩结构设计,增加了系统的抗干扰能力,有效提高了测量准确性.应用单片机技术实现了数据的实时检测与处理,多路存储以及瞬时测量流量功能.通过静态试验标定,表明该流速仪测量范围(0.04～4)m/s,非线性误差为0.874%.该流速仪结构新颖、使用轻巧方便、稳定可靠,已广泛应用于国家海洋局对陆源入海排污口排污监测和海洋环境管理工作中.