Numerical simulation on excavation-induced damage of rock under quasi-static unloading and dynamic disturbance

During the excavation of underground opening, the rock may experience a complex loading path that includes the highly confined compression before excavation, unloading of confining stress and further disturbance of dynamic loading after excavation. By using Rock Failure Process Analysis for Dynamics (RFPA-Dynamics), the failure of rock sequentially subjected to this complex loading path is numerically simulated, in order to examine the rock failure mechanism induced by excavation. The RFPA-Dynamics is firstly used to reproduce the failure of rock under confined compression, followed by unloading of confining pressure, and it is validated against with the existing experimental observation. Then, the failure characteristics of rock specimen sequentially subjected to the quasi-static triaxial loading, unloading of confining pressure and dynamic disturbance are numerically simulated, where the effect of magnitude of axial loading and confining pressure, and duration and amplitude of the dynamic disturbance on the final failure patterns of rock are examined. The numerical results indicate that the arc-shaped spalling damage zone is prone to develop with the increase in the axial pressure and lateral pressure coefficient. As for the effect of dynamic disturbance, the contribution of duration and amplitude of dynamic disturbance on the energy input are similar, where the area of damage zone increases with the energy input into the rock specimen. In this regard, the area of the damage zone is influenced by both the magnitude of in situ stress and waveform of dynamic disturbance. This study denotes that it is of great significance to trace the complex loading path induced by excavation in order to capture the rock failure mechanism induced by underground excavation.     

深部复合地层TBM开挖扰动模型试验研究

针对全断面隧道掘进机（TBM）开挖过程掌子面岩体软硬交替变化的特点,以兰州水源地建设工程为背景,采用模型试验与数值模拟方法研究了复合地层TBM开挖过程隧洞围岩的动态响应规律。通过开展相似配比试验配制了不同围岩强度比的复合地层岩体相似材料,运用光纤光栅技术全程捕捉了隧洞开挖过程复合地层应变演化规律,并分析了隧洞围岩的宏观破裂形态。模型试验结果表明：TBM推进过程中复合地层应变变化规律体现了掌子面推进的空间效应,软岩部分应变要大于硬岩部分应变,且随着开挖步数的增加两种岩层应变差值越大;隧洞内岩体完全挖除后,围岩宏观破裂形态表明因复合地层岩体物理力学性质的差异,上覆软岩变形破坏较为严重,破裂和变形较为显著,在软、硬岩层交界面出现“变形不协调”现象。选取工程沿线某洞段的地质力学参数,基于破坏接近度（FAI）指标评价了隧洞开挖过程中复合地层围岩的稳定性,数值结果表明：开挖过程软岩中FAI变化较为明显,塑性区和破坏区分布范围更广,而下部硬岩受开挖扰动影响较小,只有拱底小范围岩体进入破坏状态。模型试验和数值结果均说明交替变化的掌子面岩体在开挖过程中其围岩在变形破坏等规律方面存在明显差异,因此,TBM在复合地层施工可采取重点部位监测预警、提前采取相应措施等手段,减少或避免卡机事故的发生。该研究成果对于指导复合地层TBM施工具有一定的借鉴和指导意义。     

Prediction of Rock Mass Squeezing of T4 Tunnel in Iran

One of the most important steps in designing underground structures is the evaluation of ground conditions in terms of squeezing potential and behavior of the geological structures. Generally, constructing a tunnel in the squeezing condition is a very slow and difficult task. Therefore, recognition and evaluation of the squeezing potential is very important in selecting a suitable excavation method and support, especially in weak rocks. This research is concerned with the assessment of squeezing potential along tunnel T4 of water conveyance system from Azad dam to Ravansar plain with the length of 11,380 m, located between Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces, west of Iran. This tunnel is in an almost NS direction and flows through the contact zone of Iran and Arabic plates. According to the engineering geological investigations, the squeezing potential has been recognized as the most important difficulty in the excavation of tunnel T4. This conclusion can be explained by the several indicators including lithology, high disintegration of rock masses, alteration of rocks on the border of Iran and Arabic plates’ contact zone, low rock mass quality, high overburden, and highly jointed rock masses in a shuffle tectonic condition. This paper deals with the engineering geological and geomechanical properties of rock masses. Then, it evaluates squeezing intensity using empirical, semi-empirical, and analytical properties methods. The analysis conducted in these work shows that the tunnel excavation would encounter squeezing problems, which is most severe in region 2 due to the effects of the major young Zagros fault.     

沂源鲁村煤矿千米混合立井围岩稳定性分析与施工措施

基于沂源鲁村煤矿围岩稳定性差,塑性变形量大的实际情况,采用弹塑性力学分析的方法,分析了鲁村煤矿千米混合立井岩石开挖后围岩应力重新分布情况和塑性变形,进而确定是否采用临时支护措施,以确保施工安全。研究表明鲁村煤矿混合井围岩掘进深度大于780 m时,围岩变得不稳定,需要施加锚喷临时支护,同时增加井筒掘进荒断面,预留围岩变形空间。     

Probabilistic key block analysis of a mine ventilation shaft stability – a case study

In this study, the probabilistic key block analysis was applied to evaluate the stability of a mine ventilation shaft developed in a rock mass of granite. The key blocks were identified based on the block theory. The variations of discontinuity orientations were fitted with the Beta distribution and taken into consideration. The key block forming probabilities were analyzed. For simplification of calculations the first-order second-moment (FOSM) approximation was employed for probability estimation. With the considerations of the rock properties as random variables and applications of several statistical analysis tools, the key block failure probabilities, the probabilistic distribution of safety factors, and the probabilistic distribution of potential maximum key block volumes were analyzed. The analysis indicated that although the safety factor calculated based on the mean values of the variables was above 1.0 for the stability of the most critical key block, the block had a considerable probability of failure with a significant rock volume due to variations in discontinuity orientations and rock properties. Without promptly applying supports to the rock excavation, the shaft had a significant likelihood of failure.     

边坡开挖卸荷松弛区的力学性质研究

开挖卸荷松弛区对边坡稳定性分析与防护加固工程设计具有重要的作用和影响,重点体现在松弛区的分布特征及松弛岩土的强度衰减效应。基于典型边坡的开挖模拟,研究其最大主应力增量及塑性区力学特征与分布规律,结果表明:边坡开挖应力调整引起的最大主应力增量的负值区与坡面塑性区的分布形态与发展规律吻合;基于边坡开挖卸荷松弛的基本力学原理,以开挖边坡应力张量增量的最大主应力分量增减变化作为开挖卸荷松弛区的划分标准,提出了接近开挖坡面的应力衰减塑性松驰区、远离开挖坡面的原岩应力区及介于两者之间的应力集聚弹性挤压区的三场确定方法。     

考虑剪胀效应的深埋圆形隧道围岩应变软化弹塑性解

隧道围岩非线性体积膨胀影响施工安全,如何正确评价隧道围岩塑性区域内扩容机制非常重要。多数研究从理论上推导深埋圆形隧洞应变软化围岩应力-应变场时仅采用恒定或线性变化剪胀模型,针对此不足,提出了一种基于有限差分法的分析方法,能够合理地考虑围岩非线性剪胀效应及其应变软化特性。利用已有的研究成果,验证了该方法的合理性,并进一步探讨了不同质量石灰岩与支护压力下剪胀系数在围岩塑性区域内的影响因素,比较了恒定与非线性变化剪胀模型下围岩变形的不同。结果表明:对于地质强度指标(GSI)较小、质量较差的岩体,塑性区域内主要由围压控制剪胀效应程度;恒定与非线性变化剪胀模型下围岩洞壁变形差别显著。     

秦岭公路隧道通风竖井岩爆预测和防治措施

秦岭公路隧道2号通风竖井,为国内乃至世界公路隧道规模最大的竖井工程。根据工程地质资料分析,岩爆是该竖井施工过程中的主要难题。为了从岩性角度评价竖井围岩的岩爆倾向性,开展了室内岩石单轴压缩变形试验和物理模型试验,根据改进脆性指数指标和模型试验的结果,表明竖井围岩有岩爆倾向性,必须加强岩爆预测和防治。根据水压致裂法的地应力测试结果和地应力分布特点,采用三维有限元回归分析反演了竖井工程区域的初始应力场。根据竖井围岩地应力场和Kirsch解得到的围岩二次应力场,结合Russenes和陶振宇岩爆判据,进行了竖井岩爆综合预测和分析,得出竖井有轻微和中等岩爆发生的结论,并提出岩爆防治措施。     

3D numerical model for dynamic loading-induced multiple fracture zones around underground cavity faces

Three dimensional numerical modelling was used to examine the fracture responses around cavities in rock masses experiencing the stress of excavation. In addition to the primary fracture zone in the near-field, numerical modelling generated a second fracture zone in the far-field and an elastic non-fracture zone between the two fields, i.e., fracture and non-fracture zones occurred alternately around a deep cavity. Further research illustrated that the dynamic load and static stress gradient are two necessary precursors for a far-field fracture in the excavation process. Neither quasi-static loading nor homogeneous stress conditions could induce a far-field fracture. A simple theory is introduced, suggesting that multiple fracture zones occur during excavation due to both the initial stress gradient and the dynamic load. This finding indicates that it may be possible to induce continuous rock fractures in deep underground rock masses by employing optimal excavation methods to generate multiple contiguous fracture zones.     

三峡工程永久船闸高边坡岩体卸荷松弛特征研究

三峡工程永久船闸高边坡岩体卸荷松弛特征明显,采用地质调查、钻孔声波测试、内外部变形监测、现场变形试验、钻孔芯样力学试验、压水试验、孔壁录像、钻孔弹模测试等手段进行综合研究,结果表明,边坡岩体可划分为强、弱、微三个卸荷带,强、弱卸荷带岩体力学性质有明显弱化,微卸荷岩体力学性质无明显变化。在卸荷带内未产生新的结构面,但卸荷引起了结构面的进一步扩展和张开。岩体变形是结构面张开和岩块变形的综合反映,主要受开挖卸荷影响,锚索对于限制结构面张开作用明显。     

灰岩钻掘过程的红外热像试验

钻掘过程中岩石的发热效应对岩石材料性能和热损伤会产生重要影响。介绍了红外热像仪的测温原理并利用红外热像仪对硬质灰岩钻掘过程的红外热像进行了试验研究。试验结果表明：钻掘过程中钻头前端岩石的热影响区呈类似弹头的形状,热影响区的厚度与钻头半径大致相当;钻掘结束后的冷却过程中热影响区温度总体降低,热影响范围逐渐扩大;钻孔轴线上岩石温度总体下降,最高点位置随时间发生变化,并有逐渐趋同的趋势,具体与钻孔直径、深度和岩石与空气的热物性质有关;热影响区内岩石温度最高值的下降速度表现为先快后慢,即钻掘刚结束时的温度下降速度最快,然后随时间推移温降速度逐渐放缓。试验结果证实了红外热像仪应用于岩石钻掘温度的动态测量与分析的有效性与实用性,研究结论为进一步改善钻掘效率和提高工程安全性提供了重要的参考依据。     

松散堆积体隧道围岩变形破坏细观特征研究

隧道穿越复杂松散堆积体地层时,如何确保隧道施工过程的安全是工程人员普遍关心的课题。依托云南省罗打拉隧道,基于Monte Carlo随机原理,结合数字图像处理技术,建立了考虑接触面单元及抗拉强度的堆积体地层隧道开挖细观结构模型,并探讨了隧道开挖引起的堆积体围岩变形、破坏过程以及失稳机制,并在现场进行应用验证。研究结果表明,构建的堆积体地层隧道开挖细观结构模型可有效反映隧道开挖过程中围岩的破坏过程,围岩位移等值线呈波动性与非对称性分布;围岩破坏以剪切破坏为主,局部存在拉裂?剪切复合破坏,且破坏区由边缘块石尖端向深层逐步扩展,形成包裹块石的剪切楔形区及拉剪松动圈,在施工扰动下易发生局部失稳。针对堆积体地层破坏特征,提出了围岩注浆加固措施,地层加固后土石颗粒间胶结良好,开挖轮廓周边形成有效的注浆加固圈,开挖支护过程围岩变形可控,支护结构稳定,效果良好,可为后续类似松散堆积体地层隧道的设计、施工提供新思路。     

西南某水电站层状建基岩体松弛特征研究

建基岩体开挖松弛及其形成的松弛带是水利水电工程中一种常见的现象,对建基岩体的岩体质量有重要的影响。建基岩体在开挖后必然产生新的爆破裂隙,同时伴随开挖卸荷、应力的释放,尽管岩体并未发生进一步风化,但因岩体发生松弛、卸荷,在浅表部形成松弛带,因此,确定松弛带厚度及其分布,更有效地对松弛、卸荷岩体进行处理具有重要的工程实际意义。本文在现场地质环境条件调查、原位声波测试及室内综合分析的基础上详细地对一重力坝层状建基岩体的松弛带厚度及其特征进行了研究,并分析了建基岩体产生深部松弛的原因,在此基础上分析了对建基岩体工程特性的影响,其成果对类似工程的坝基开挖实践具有指导作用。     

高地应力硬脆性围岩开挖损伤区时效性扩展案例分析——特征与机制

硬脆性围岩在开挖完成后，其强度在高应力的影响下具有明显的时间效应，这导致围岩开挖损伤区的发展也呈现出与时间相关的特征。在岩石强度时效性演化模型的基础上，以锦屏二级水电站试验洞钻孔摄像、声波、变形监测等开挖损伤区实测结果为目标函数，采用正交设计方法、最小二乘支持向量机模型、粒子群优化算法等方法，建立了考虑时间效应的LSSVM-PSO智能反演分析方法，并以锦屏二级水电站试验洞为例，研究了开挖完成后的25 d里，围岩强度在高地应力条件下的时效性演化特征，进而获得这一时段内开挖损伤区扩展过程。研究结果表明：（1）高应力地区，隧洞开挖后，围岩损伤区的主要扩展方向受地应力控制，且最大扩展方向为最小主应力方向，且破坏区（破坏接近度FAI≥2）也集中于该方向； （2）开挖损伤区面积随时间近似呈S形曲线变化，表明开挖损伤区初始发展较为缓慢，随着时间推移呈现线性增加的趋势，最后又逐渐趋于稳定；（3）开挖后第3～10 d为开挖损伤区快速增长阶段。该研究成果对高应力地区硬脆性围岩开挖损伤区时效性演化研究具有指导意义。     

Rock mass characterization for the underground cavern design of Khiritharn pumped storage scheme

A general approach to rock engineering designing aspects adopted at the Khiritharn Pumped Storage Scheme is described. The scheme involves excavation of three large caverns and tunnels in jointed sandstone within a suture zone in Southeast Thailand. Geological condition and engineering properties of the sandstone were investigated. Strength and modulus properties of the intact rock were determined from laboratory tests and properties of rock mass were empirically estimated for the design analysis in the de.nite study stage on the basis of three rock mass classi.cation systems namely the Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Geological Strength Index (GSI) and a Japanese system (EPDC). While the GSI gives strength and modulus of deformation values slightly higher than the RMR classi.cation, the EPDC gives a lower value of modulus of deformation but comparable rock mass strength value for the level of con.ning pressures at the depth of the cavern excavation. The results of stress analysis and loosening wedge analysis for the cavern excavations suggest favorable excavation condition.     

金川矿区深部巷道开挖损伤数值模拟研究

在地下深处开挖巷道会诱发应力的急剧调整,无疑会使围岩产生不同程度的损伤。开挖的动态作用虽然持续时间较短,但造成的损伤为后续时效变形和工程扰动影响下的失稳破坏提供了基础条件。为了能够得到开挖作用引起的金川矿区深部巷道损伤区演化规律,从而对巷道损伤破坏进行针对性的防治,本文基于矿区的实际巷道埋深和岩体结构种类,采用等效开挖模拟方法和非均质模型进行了巷道开挖损伤问题的数值模拟研究。模拟结果揭示了在不同水平和岩体结构条件组合情况下开挖损伤区的演化过程和规律。根据研究区巷道的损伤破坏规律,本文提出了深部巷道开挖损伤演化的5种模式,并揭示了各种模式的诱发条件、表现特征、力学机制及发展趋势。相关认识和结论期望为理论和工程实践提供一定的借鉴和参考。     

基于能量原理的露天矿边坡开挖稳定性突变研究

基于边坡系统能量的原理,借助FLAC3D有限差分法内嵌FISH语言进行了三维露天矿边坡模型在开挖过程中能量计算的二次开发。将能量与突变理论相结合,以边坡系统的总耗散能作为状态变量,构建了边坡系统的能量耗散突变判别准则。以大孤山露天矿西北帮边坡为例,通过能量耗散突变分析、塑性区演化分析、安全系数变化分析及关键点位移分析可知,以上分析得到的边坡稳定性演化规律具有一致性,验证了提出的突变判别准则的适用性,研究结果表明：能量突变特征值 是露天矿边坡在第ki步开挖后发生失稳的充要力学条件;当进行至第6～8步开挖时,边坡局部岩体系统发生了失稳,且第7、8、9三个台阶受开挖扰动的影响较为严重,与现场的实际开挖情况相符,为预防露天矿边坡在开挖扰动过程中的局部围岩系统失稳提供了一定的理论支持。     

上下交叉隧道爆破振动控制技术研究

钻爆法是隧道开挖中一种主要的施工方法,爆破开挖不可避免会对围岩产生扰动。以新建走马岗隧道上穿东深供水走马岗引水隧洞工程为背景,开展上下交叉隧道爆破振动控制技术研究。选取与交叉段岩性一致的爆破施工开挖区域进行爆破振动监测,得到了现场爆破施工方案条件下走马岗隧道爆破振动规律。对实测数据进行回归分析,计算得出走马岗地区爆破质点峰值振动速度（PPV）的Sadovsk公式,反演得到控制爆破振动的最大掏槽药量及安全距离,制定出交叉段施工的安全控制范围以及相应的爆破方案。通过数值模拟进行了验证并付于交叉段现场施工。现场监测数据表明,提出的振速控制标准及爆破方案符合安全要求,保证了在建隧道的顺利开挖以及既有隧道的安全运行。研究成果可为类似工程爆破开挖及振动控制提供参考。     

锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞爆破开挖损伤特性研究

爆破开挖导致的围岩损伤是围岩稳定性的重要影响因素。采用数值分析及现场检测的方法研究了锦屏二级引水隧洞岩体爆破开挖损伤特性。数值模拟结果表明,引水隧洞开挖引起的围岩应力重分布是围岩损伤的主要原因,爆炸荷载和应力重分布的耦合作用将增大引水隧洞围岩损伤区范围,增大的损伤深度可达1.5 m,考虑开挖荷载瞬态卸荷动态损伤效应的损伤区范围最大,较单独考虑围岩地应力准静态重分布所导致的损伤深度可增大1.9 m,平均损伤深度增大近1倍。现场检测成果较好地验证了数值模拟结果,表明爆破开挖可显著增大围岩的损伤范围。锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞开挖过程中,不可忽视爆炸荷载及开挖瞬态卸荷对围岩的损伤作用。     

考虑岩体劣化的大型地下厂房围岩变形动态监测预警方法研究

针对大型地下厂房洞室开挖后围岩力学参数发生劣化的事实,以及大型地下厂房允许变形无相关规范参考的缺陷,在分析地下厂房围岩失稳机制基础之上,基于强度折减法思想,提出大型地下厂房围岩劣化折减计算方法,建立围岩变形的动态预警路线体系。该体系应用屈服接近度指标确定围岩的劣化区域,折减劣化区域内的变形模量、凝聚力及抗拉强度值,在折减计算过程中依据围岩的变形、劣化区体积、释放能量三者之一发生突变作为围岩失稳判据,获得围岩失稳的变形预警值,并与现场变形监测值对比分析,从而实现围岩稳定状况的快速判别。地下厂房实例分析表明,该方法可为洞室稳定性判断提供定量依据,较好地满足了地下工程建设需要。