长江三峡及邻区地震活动的灰色预测

根据历史地震记载和现今地震观测数据,运用灰色系统理论,建立了长江三峡及邻区下一个地震活跃期及活跃期内可能发生的最大地震的震级的灰色预测模型,预测结果表明,下一个地震活跃期将持续79a,活跃期内的最大地震震级不会超     

应用灰色理论估计我国未来地震趋势

应用灰色理论ＧＭ（１,１）预测模型估计我国未来时段的地震趋势。为提高预测精度和反映“最新信息”,在组成原始数列时,对于Ｍ≥７５级地震,由平静幕、活跃幕采用不同震级阈值联合组成;对于其它级别地震则尽可能采用当前活动期以来的数据。计算结果表明,１９９７～２０００年期间我国大陆及邻区有发生Ｍ≥７５级地震的可能,大陆西部可能发生７０至７５级以上地震;东部可能发生５５至６０级以上地震。同时,估计本活跃期的结束时间也可能比预计的稍长。     

对日本9级地震的中期预测及其依据

对2011年3月11日发生在日本的9级大地震所做出的中期预测进行小结,并对所提出预测意见及其依据做了简要论述。预测地区在日本南部、台湾以及菲律宾一带;预测震级为8～8.3级;预测时间是今后几年;预测依据是青藏滇缅印尼歹字型构造体系。预测地震三要素与日本9级大地震三要素的对比结果表明,这一中期预测是基本正确的。     

世界性科学难题——地震预报有可能首先在中国实现突破

采用多学科交叉的地震前兆观测方法 ,成功地做出了一些地震的临震预测及年度 (中期 )预测。可以预测几千km以外的 7级以上大地震。预测地震 3要素 (发震时间、震级及地点 )所达到的精度在地震史上也是罕见的。文中介绍了我们所用的主要地震前兆观测方法 :次声波、地应力、地电脉冲、大地微动、引潮力共振叠加等。文中还介绍了几次较好的临震预测及年度预测震例。从近几年的地震预测实践证明 ,对 7级以上大地震做出准确的预报是可能的。     

台湾活断层研究与地震预测现况

<正>台湾海峡及福建被认为是地震极稀少的地区,但考察史料却可发现,公元1604年在泉州外海发生过震级达8.0的大地震。河北省唐山市附近也是地震极稀少的地区,但却在1976年发生了震级达7.6的大地震,造成重大灾害。这种地震的发生很难被掌握,因此,地震预测研究在近30年来倍受瞩目。     

地面沉降预测的灰色-马尔柯夫模型

天津滨海新区地处京津和环渤海两大城市带的交汇点,与日本、韩国隔海相望,是我国对外开放的重要通道。滨海新区广泛分布有软弱土层,属于欠固结地层,不仅会自然压密,而且在荷载的长期作用下容易产生次固结变形;长期以来,由于地表水资源短缺,大幅超采地下水的形势严峻。自然因素与人为活动的综合作用,使得滨海新区地面沉降现象普遍发生,形势不容忽视。应用一定的理论与方法,预测地面沉降可能的发展趋势,以寻求有效的防治措施,是天津滨海新区地面沉降研究的最紧迫任务之一。地面沉降是一种渐变性地质灾害,可以预测其发展趋势。文章结合灰色系统理论预测模型及马尔柯夫预测模型特点,提出了地面沉降预测的灰色-马尔柯夫模型,并应用实例演示灰色-马尔柯夫模型预测过程。为便于大量监测点的预测,采用C＋＋编程对天津滨海新区170个监测点进行预测,结果证明灰色-马尔柯夫模型对天津滨海新区地面沉降趋势预测具有实际意义,表明此模型对随机性强,波动性大的时间数列预测具有较好的精度。在实际应用中,灰色-马尔柯夫模型一般需要较多的原始数据,原始数据越多,预测精度越高。     

滑坡非线性灰色预测及其软件设计

在深入分析非线性灰色模型基本原理的基础上,开发了滑坡发生时间的非线性灰色预测软件,并通过实例验证了本模型用于预测滑坡发生时间的适用性以及本软件的可靠性。     

福建及其邻近地区地震活动节律性研究

本文通过对福建及其邻近地区五百多年来中强地震序列的研究,结果表明,该地区地震活动存在着明显的节律性,具有在节点上震级最大的特征,从而可预测该区下一次可能发生的中强地震的震级范围。     

基于灰色Verhulst模型的岩溶塌陷定量预报预测方法

在总结分析现有岩溶塌陷预报预测方法的基础上,从灰色系统理论出发,选取带有时间因子的地下水动力条件因素为已知信息,应用灰色Verhulst模型对桂林柘木村岩溶塌陷的发生时问进行了预报预测验证.验证结果显示,预测时问和实际塌陷时间基本吻合.柘木村3月份岩溶塌陷的预测时问为2000年3月17日,实际塌陷时问为2000年3月20日,预测值比实际值提前3天,准确率为90%;8月份岩溶塌陷的预测时间为2000年8月14日,实际塌陷时问为2000年8月14日,准确率为100%.另外,作者对预报产生误差的可能原因进行了分析,以便能改进模型,进一步提高预测精度.      

抚顺煤田极值矿震影响范围预测

矿山地震是矿山开采诱发的一种地震活动,为矿山开采的伴生动力地质现象之一。抚顺煤田矿震事件频繁发生,1968年12月开始对矿震作监测记录,截止2002年12月31日,共记录到ML>0级的矿震81522次。其中ML>3.0级64次,最大震级为ML3.7级。研究预测,抚顺煤田矿震的最大震级可能达到ML3.9~4.2级。当发生ML4.2级极值矿震时,极震区的烈度将超过Ⅶ度。文章依据以往矿震调查资料及地震烈度衰减理论,推导出抚顺煤田矿震烈度衰减模型,用该模型预测了极值矿震事件发生时的影响范围。有望为矿山及矿山城市减灾防灾决策提供参考。     

用线性预测理论研究地震中长期预报

引言长期以来,人们十分注重对地震的时间、空间序列进行研究,以探索地震发生的规律和进行预报。过去相当多的工作讨论了地震的周期性,地震在空间分布上的填空性及迁移规律问题。引入现代统计方法研究地震的时空序列,就有可能在更一般的条件下对原因和过程都尚未清楚的地震事件进行统计分析,概括出某些数学模型进行外推预测。     

Intraplate seismotectonic features of North China

Intraplate earthquakes in North China are characterized by shallow depth, large magnitude and high frequency. Obviously, the zonal distribution of earthquakes is closely related to recent active faults and Cenozoic graben and rift systems.The active faults are mainly oriented NNE with right-lateral movements, and partially oriented NW with left-lateral movements.The Hetao-Yinchuan graben, Fenhe-Weihe graben and North China Plain rift systems often reflect crustal thinning and mantle uplift.According to the data concerning crustal deformation, particularly the movement patterns of faulting, crustal taphrogenesis and earthquake surface rupture, it is suggested that a shearing-extension mechanism could be considered as a cause of the formation of seismotectonic structures in North China since the Early Cenozoic Era.Graben and rift systems also developed in Northeast and South China. They formed earlier than the graben and rift systems in North China, however, and their activity has decreased during the Quaternary period. It is reasonable that the seismicity in Northeast and South China is not as strong as that in North China.     

Groundwater radon anomalies associated with earthquakes

Earthquake-related changes in groundwater radon have been detected at a sensitive observation site located right on a major active fault in Northeast Japan. A time-series analysis based on Bayesian statistics was successfully applied to remove background variations from the observed radon data, enabling us to examine the earthquake-related changes in detail.

We set a simple criterion of amplitude and duration for an anomaly observed in our radon data; we define an anomaly as a radon change that kept its level beyond 2σ (a standard deviation over the whole observation period) during a period longer than one day. We have observed 20 radon anomalies that satisfied this criterion from January 1984 to December 1988. Most of these anomalies have turned out to be related to large earthquakes that occurred in East Japan and its surrounding area; we have identified 12 post-seismic and 2-pre-seismic radon anomalies out of a total of 30 earthquakes with magnitude M 6.0 and hypocentral distance D 1000 km.

The typical pattern of the post-seismic anomalies is a radon decrease which started just after an earthquake, lasting for periods ranging from a few days to more than one week. The amplitude of the post-seismic anomalies depends on both magnitude and hypocentral distance, and can, in general, be expressed by a simple magnitude-distance relationships.

A possible pre-seismic anomaly was observed about one week before the largest earthquake that occurred in this region during the observation period (March 6, 1984; M = 7.9, D = 1000 km). Another possible pre-seismic anomaly was observed about three days before two nearby large earthquakes that occurred at almost the same place in a time interval of 53 min (February 6, 1987; M = 6.4 and M = 6.7, D = 130 km).     

日本MW 9.0级大地震前后华北和东北地区现今构造应力作用调整过程与研究意义探讨

为了探讨日本M_W 9.0级大地震前后华北和东北地区现今构造应力作用调整过程与研究意义,对华北和东北地区进行原位现今地应力绝对测量与实时监测、GPS测量,结果表明：日本大地震在山东半岛、华北北部地区和东北地区所诱发同震位移引起的张性效应调整周期分别约为6个月(即调整结束时间大约在2011年9月)、15个月(即调整结束时间大约在2012年6月)和26个月(即调整结束时间大约在2013年5月),张性效应调整周期与同震位移大小成正比。在这种调整过程中,往往表现出区域现今构造应力作用方式和构造应力场转换,并可能伴随重大地质事件(如地震等)的发生。2012年5月28日和29日、6月18日、8月26日及2013年1月11日在唐山及其周围地区分别发生的4.8级、3.2级、4.0级、3.3级和3.0级地震与华北北部地区构造应力作用方式和构造应力场转换有关,而2013年10月31日以来在吉林省松原市发生的地震群应与东北地区构造应力作用方式和构造应力场转换有关,而非一个大地震前的小震群。     

地震地质工作在地震预报中的任务

我国是一个强地震较多的国家,几千年来发生了上千次强烈地震,劳动人民与地震灾害作斗争有悠久的历史,但是在历代封建王朝和蒋介石卖国集团统治的旧中国,只留下了悲惨的灾情记载。1920年海源大震时山崩地裂,黑水横流,村镇埋没,死于地震灾害者达二十万人,然而反动统治者置人民生命财产的重大损失于不顾,借地震灾害敲诈勒索,大发横财。     

Probabilities of earthquake occurrences in Mainland Southeast Asia

The frequency–magnitude distributions of earthquakes are used in this study to estimate the earthquake hazard parameters for individual earthquake source zones within the Mainland Southeast Asia. For this purpose, 13 earthquake source zones are newly defined based on the most recent geological, tectonic, and seismicity data. A homogeneous and complete seismicity database covering the period from 1964 to 2010 is prepared for this region and then used for the estimation of the constants, a and b, of the frequency–magnitude distributions. These constants are then applied to evaluate the most probable largest magnitude, the mean return period, and the probability of earthquake of different magnitudes in different time spans. The results clearly show that zones A, B, and E have the high probability for the earthquake occurrence comparing with the other seismic zones. All seismic source zones have 100 % probability that the earthquake with magnitude ≤6.0 generates in the next 25 years. For the Sagaing Fault Zone (zones C), the next Mw 7.2–7.5 earthquake may generate in this zone within the next two decades and should be aware of the prospective Mw 8.0 earthquake. Meanwhile, in Sumatra-Andaman Interplate (zone A), an earthquake with a magnitude of Mw 9.0 can possibly occur in every 50 years. Since an earthquake of magnitude Mw 9.0 was recorded in this region in 2004, there is a possibility of another Mw 9.0 earthquake within the next 50 years.     

Foreshock activity as a precursor of strong earthquakes in Corinthos Gulf,Central Greece

Foreshock activity preceding strong (M_s ≥ 5) main shocks in the Corinthos Gulf, Central Greece, is examined from primarily a data set of 1970–1998 and supplementary from data sets of 1785–1910 and 1911–1969. It has been found that foreshock activity appears at time T ≤ 4 months before the main shock. In general there is no apparent tendency of foreshock epicenters to move towards the main shock epicenter. The last 10 days of the foreshock period is the most important phase since the probability for the main shock occurrence at any time within that time window is very high exceeding 0.83. The duration of the foreshock period as well as the largest foreshock magnitude are both independent of the main shock magnitude. Obtained results are important for inclusion in probabilistic earthquake predictions in the Corinthos Gulf.     

The atmospheric water as a triggering factor for earthquakes in the central Virginia seismic zone

Even though central Virginia is far from the nearest plate boundaries, the region is well-known for minor-to-moderate shocks, which have occurred frequently since at least the eighteenth century. Many of its people have experienced small earthquakes, while infrequent larger ones have caused damage. The largest destructive earthquake (magnitude 5.8) in this seismic zone was recorded in August 2011. Smaller earthquakes that cause little or no damage are felt each year or two. It is difficult to link the earthquakes of this zone to known small faults which are numerous, deeply buried and do not show up at the surface. The mean earthquake depth since 1960 is 6.7 km. On the other hand, central Virginia is a big collector and transporter of precipitation water, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean through the James River and its tributaries. There are about 2,000 abandoned mining sites in Virginia with underground openings that can facilitate the interception and conveyance of surface water. This paper presents evidence that seismic activity in certain zones can be associated clearly with the hydrological effects of abundant precipitation. Such effects can increase tectonic stress, which surpasses the marginal amount when an earthquake occurs. We analyze the cross-correlation between precipitation or water discharge in the rivers and earthquake occurrence in the central Virginia seismic zone. This correlation is examined both over a long-term span (57–92 years) and with regard to individual cases in which earthquakes have followed the occurrence of intense hydrological phenomena such as torrential rainfall or hurricanes. As we probe for a correlation between earthquake time series for central Virginia and the monthly precipitation series at hydrometeorological stations located in the zone, we observe that the best cross-correlation is obtained for a time period of 3 months. The same time period applies to certain historical earthquakes that were preceded by large amounts of precipitation. These results support the hydroseismicity hypothesis, which points to the role of water in the generation of intraplate seismicity.     

鄂中胡集-沙洋断裂活动性及钟祥地震发震构造

为了调查该研究区的断裂活动性和发震构造, 采用现场地质、地貌调查、断层物质及阶地年龄测试等方法进行研究.调查结果显示: 胡集-沙洋断裂以正断层活动为主, 最新活动时期在第四纪早更新世晚期, 约1 136 ka.在此基础上, 进一步分析了区域构造应力场和微小地震活动与断层的关系.同时勾绘出了钟祥4次地震的有感范围, 其规模、形态与胡集-沙洋断裂的走向和活动性质基本吻合.在钟祥一带的第四纪中更新世网纹红土中, 发现疑似地震形成的破裂及喷砂喷砾现象, 表明钟祥地区在第四纪中更新世发生过M≥6.0的中强地震.基于此认识, 讨论了钟祥1407年、1469年、1603年M5.0~5.5地震的发震构造.研究表明: 该发震构造为控制汉水地堑的胡集-沙洋断裂, 也证实了在中国东部非活动断裂具有发生中强地震的构造潜力.      

Statistical analysis of the largest possible earthquake magnitudes on the Ecuadorian coast for selected return periods

ABSTRACT

In this work, we have studied the largest earthquake magnitudes on the Ecuadorian coast by using the principles of Extreme Value Analysis based on its two approaches: Block Maxima and Peaks-over-Threshold. First, before modelling the recorded earthquakes, the K-means clustering technique was applied to determine a classification according to the level of magnitude of the earthquakes. Then, models based on the Extreme Value theory of earthquake magnitudes were developed for each of the four clusters that were found, and finally, the best-fitted models were those known as Fréchet and Gumbel ones. The zone with the greatest earthquake magnitudes on the Ecuadorian coast is located between the north of the province of Manabí and the south of the province of Esmeraldas, with a return period of 50 years for an earthquake with magnitude greater than 7.7 M_W.