薄片粒度分析和“杂基的处理”

《某地下第三系T层粒度分布特征及沉积环境》（赵霞飞,1980,地质科学,第1期）（以下简称《T层》）一文提出:以往的薄片粒度分析所作出的概率累计曲线,形态畸变,必须进行“杂基的处理”。同时提出了“杂基的处理”的方法。笔者认为,这是一个复杂的、需要综合探讨的问题。      

《T》文粒度计量方法及其资料的质疑和“杂基处理”的再讨论

针对《T》文所说的线计法存在忽略4.5ф以下的细颗粒,导致曲线形态畸变,提出用粗略筛折法“杂基处理”来修改线计法资料,使其与筛析资料形态符合等问题,本文分析了《T》文所示资料,通过正反两方面的对比、剖析,证明问题的产生是由于其计量方法不当,与抽样方法本身无关,线计法资料是可信赖的。粗略筛析法“杂基处理”的提出是不必要的。而且无论在理论上、方法上都存在许多问题,它是粒度计量错误基础上畸生出来的产物。因此,不宜采用。     

《T》文粒度计量方法及其资料的质疑和“杂基处理”的再讨论

针对《T》文所说的线计法存在忽略4.5ф以下的细颗粒,导致曲线形态畸变,提出用粗略筛折法“杂基处理”来修改线计法资料,使其与筛析资料形态符合等问题,本文分析了《T》文所示资料,通过正反两方面的对比、剖析,证明问题的产生是由于其计量方法不当,与抽样方法本身无关,线计法资料是可信赖的。粗略筛析法“杂基处理”的提出是不必要的。而且无论在理论上、方法上都存在许多问题,它是粒度计量错误基础上畸生出来的产物。因此,不宜采用。     

赣北大塘期地层中冲积相粒度分布及其特征

1982年至1985年,在开展《江西北部石炭纪大塘期—威宁期地层岩相古地理及含矿性》研究专题中,对该区乐平至丰城石炭系下统大塘期冲积相地层进行了比较系统的粒度采样,并做了大量的室内分析工作。采用薄片粒度分析方法,在进行颗粒稳定性及仪器和人为误差试验之后,确定每个样品均统计400颗,用1/4φ的间距分组。使用“WJGT—1型微机光笔图象分析仪”便于粒度资料与筛析资料对比,将弗里德曼(Friedman,1962)的薄片参数     

砂岩中的杂基类型与鉴别标志

本文将砂岩中起填隙作用的粒度<0.03mm的细碎屑物划分为杂基和似杂基,前者是指示原始沉积介质特征和环境能量的标志,后者是指示成岩环境特征的标志,将两者区分开来极为重要。杂基进一步分为原杂基和正杂基,似杂基分为淀杂基、假杂基、后杂基和外杂基。文中对各类杂基和似杂基的鉴别标志作了详细论述。     

元坝-通南巴地区须家河组绿泥石膜胶结相砂岩发育控制因素与分布规律

川东北元坝-通南巴地区须家河组砂岩普遍超致密,仅绿泥石环边胶结物含量大于1.5%的砂岩（即绿泥石膜胶结相砂岩）物性较好.综合运用岩石学和测井地质学的方法,基于薄片、扫描电镜及粒度分析等资料分析绿泥石膜胶结相砂岩的岩石组构特征和形成控制因素,运用薄片鉴定、测录井等资料,明确绿泥石膜胶结相砂岩的测井响应特征并明确其发育分布规律.结果表明,绿泥石膜的发育具有较强的相控性和岩石组构的选择性,即发育于水下分流河道原始结构较好的砂岩.该类砂岩结构成熟度和成分成熟度较高,通常具有较低的杂基和塑性岩屑含量,且含有适量的火山岩岩屑（2%~6%）.较低的杂基和塑性岩屑含量为绿泥石沉淀提供所需的孔隙空间,火山岩岩屑为绿泥石膜沉淀提供物质来源.      

广东仁化县丹霞山红层内风成砂岩的特征

在丹霞山锦岩庙见砂岩具大型板状交错层理,层系厚3m以上,细层厚8—10cm,倾角30—35°,略向下收敛,细层内具正粒序。这是风成沙丘的特征。风成砂岩呈粉红色,粒度0.1—1mm者呈极圆状,其间有粉砂及粘土杂基,呈粒度双峰态。薄片粒度测量作出的概率图几乎全为跳跃总体,其斜率高,分选较好。用萨胡公式判别亦为风成砂。砂粒在显微镜下及扫描电镜下的所有特征也代表了干旱沙漠碱性环境的产物。     

惠民凹陷古近系碎屑岩储层性质主控因素简析

惠民凹陷古近系砂岩储集层物性主要受压实、碳酸盐胶结和溶蚀作用、沉积条件控制.根据铸体薄片、阴极发光薄片、扫描电镜、物性和碳酸盐含量等数据,分析了该区储集层物性的控制因素,对各因素的影响大小和程度进行初步的定量评价.认为压实作用对孔隙度的影响主要表现在埋藏早期或碳酸盐胶结程度低的阶段,埋深每增加1000m孔隙度降低8%～9%;胶结作用对储集层性质影响与成岩演化阶段有关,成岩演化程度越高,胶结对物性的影响越大;溶蚀作用对储集层性质改善很大,产生的次生孔隙最大可达20%.溶蚀作用在宏观上受区域构造背景和生油洼陷平面位置控制,断层较发育和临近生油中心（临南洼陷）的南部斜坡带和中央隆起带溶蚀最发育.微观上溶蚀作用受岩石的粒度、分选及杂基含量控制,粒度越粗、分选越好、杂基越少的砂岩溶蚀作用越强.沉积条件对物性的影响主要表现在对原生孔隙的发育程度和对溶蚀、胶结等成岩作用的控制方面.     

利用薄片粒度资料判别高山河组及罗圈组岩相的探讨

为了研究沉积环境,笔者在陕西境内研究华北台缘晚前寒武纪地层时,曾对变质较浅的高山河组、罗圈组碎屑岩做了部分岩石薄片粒度分析,试图以粒度分布特征作为环境判别的补充标志。全部粒度分析薄片均用光笔图     

松辽盆地大安油田下白垩统泉头组四段特低渗—超低渗储集层成岩作用定量研究*

利用普通薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、物性分析、测井解释和粒度分析等资料,对松辽盆地大安油田下白垩统泉头组四段特低渗—超低渗储集层成岩作用类型、成岩作用强度及其影响因素等进行了研究。结果表明:(1)压实作用是导致大安油田泉四段特低渗—超低渗储集层物性变差最主要的成岩作用。研究区储集层压实程度为中等,压实破坏程度与储集层复合砂体厚度、分选系数、泥质含量等参数具有较好的相关性。(2)胶结作用是研究区储集层物性变差的又一重要因素。区内胶结作用强度较弱,胶结作用减孔率与相对构型界面的位置、石英绝对含量、碎屑组分含量和杂基含量等因素具有明显的相关性。(3)溶蚀作用对区内储集层物性的改善程度相对较小。溶蚀作用增孔率与复合砂体厚度、杂基含量具有一定的相关性。压实、胶结、溶蚀作用对储集层物性改造程度影响因素的分析结果,反映砂体的垂向叠置关系、河道厚度规模、水动力强度等沉积特征对成岩作用类型及其强度有一定的控制作用。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.