山东蒙山第四纪冰川遗迹光释光测年研究及冰期划分与对比

针对蒙山发育的第四纪冰川遗迹,采用光释光(Optic Stimulated Luminescence)的测年方法,对遗迹较新的冰碛垄进行了采样与测试,首次在我国东部中低山区获得了8.2ka BP与18.2~22.2ka BP两个时间段的冰期年龄值,对应于8.2ka BP早全新世全球冷事件与末次冰盛期。根据冰碛垄的特征与测定年龄值,结合我国以往其他地区冰期的对比研究,在蒙山建立了拦马冰期与蒙山冰期。本项研究,确认并发展了李四光关于我国东部第四纪冰川理论。     

东昆仑阿拉克湖地区第四纪水系演化过程及其趋势

根据第四系沉积物的沉积时代、沉积类型及盆山耦合与迁移规律,将东昆仑阿拉克湖地区第四纪水系变迁划分了4个阶段：早更新世小型内陆盆地无序水系阶段;中更新世冰川水系与东流水系阶段;晚更新世柴达木盆地内陆水系向南溯源侵蚀阶段;全新世黄河外泄水系形成与发展阶段。根据研究区及相邻地区黄河水系和柴达木盆地内陆水系的溯源侵蚀发展历史及趋势分析,认为研究区未来水系发展趋势不一定是加鲁河袭夺鄂陵湖、扎陵湖两湖及黄河水系,而可能是黄河加快下蚀作用和溯源侵蚀,鄂陵湖和扎陵湖将逐渐消失成为河流,黄河水系最终将袭夺柴达木内陆盆地水系。     

松嫩平原东部中、晚更新世地层界限：光释光年龄及元素变化

松辽平原东部受第四纪差异性构造活动影响,形成特殊的更新世沉积地层。由于第四纪划分方案和地域差异,松辽平原东部中、晚更新世界限仍处于不确定状态。通过黑龙江省方正剖面的研究、中更新统顶部(149.6±10.4) ka光释光年龄和主要氧化物、微量元素、稀土元素分析以及区域剖面对比,认为将松辽盆地东缘中、晚更新世的界限年龄置于140 ka更适合地层实际情况。中更新世地层以河湖相、河流相和洪积相沉积物为主,完整的晚更新世地层应该包括下部的沼泽漫滩相黏土、亚黏土和上部亚砂土、黄土沉积。黑龙江省荒山剖面哈尔滨组下部可能由于相变而缺少沼泽漫滩相的沉积物。方正剖面与榆树东岗组剖面地层可以对比。中、晚更新世沉积环境发生了明显变化,主要氧化物、微量元素和稀土元素含量在中、晚更新世的地层界限处都发生了明显的突变。     

玉龙雪山冰川沉积序列OSL定年

位于青藏高原东南缘的玉龙雪山分布有欧亚大陆纬度最低的海洋型冰川,其主峰及周边地区保存了大量清晰完整的第四纪冰川遗迹。研究该区第四纪冰川作用遗迹及其冰川作用史,具有重要的理论与实际价值。应用光释光（OSL）测年技术对玉龙雪山冰川沉积物进行了定年,结合前人研究资料,重建玉龙雪山冰川作用史。研究结果表明：玉龙雪山东麓的末次冰期冰碛物主要形成于晚更新世末次冰期最盛时期,其平均年代约在25ka,西麓末次冰期冰碛物形成年代约为50ka,对应于深海氧同位素3阶段中期（MIS3b）。而倒数第二次冰期的年代在240ka左右,处于中更新世晚期,对应于MIS8阶段,当时玉龙雪山存在多条复式山谷冰川。该研究可为玉龙雪山第四纪冰川作用历史的重新认识以及光释光测年技术在该区的应用提供基础资料。     

泥河湾盆地剖面顶部黄土沉积及其古地理意义

选取泥河湾盆地郝家台、小长梁和东谷坨三个典型剖面顶部的黄土沉积进行磁化率和粒度特征的研究，以期揭示盆地晚更新世以来的古地理状况。结果表明，黄土沉积可以划分为S1、L1和S0三层，与我国西北地区典型剖面的黄土堆积和深海氧同位素阶段MIS1-MIS5可以很好的对比。它记录了这一地区130Ka.B.P.以来至少千年尺度的气候和环境变化历史，也说明这一地区对东亚季风气候的变化是十分敏感的。剖面黄土沉积说明盆地在更新世晚期的发育具有差异性，由于断块抬升作用使盆地西部继续接受湖相沉积，而东部则湖盆消失，接受黄土堆积。这些初步成果对研究盆地晚更新世时期的演化具有重要意义。     

中国东部(105°E以东)第四纪冰川研究回顾、进展及展望

中国东部(105°E以东)第四纪冰川及其演化可为中国东部乃至东亚地区古气候环境重建提供基础信息及关键证据,正确认知冰川发育条件及正确运用冰川遗迹判别标准又是重建中国东部第四纪冰川及其演化的关键。中国东部中低山地第四纪期间冰川发育与否,即泛冰川论与有限冰川论的争议由来已久。近年来,山东与周边地区中低山及沿海丘陵带的"第四纪冰川"研究波澜再起。在较系统地回顾中国东部第四纪冰川研究历史及新近出现争议的基础上,结合冰川发育条件、山地冰川地貌组合、判别原则与识别依据、中国东部数座中高山地存在无争议且形态清晰的冰川地形及其测年资料以及东亚古气候环境演化记录等再次指出:中国东部仅有台湾山地、长白山、贺兰山与太白山等数座主峰海拔超过2 500 m的中高山地保存有晚更新世以来的冰川作用地形。其余山地及海拔更低的丘陵带在第四纪期间任何一次冰川作用中均未达到与当时冰期气候相耦合的高度,不存在泛冰川作用。已报道的"冰川遗迹"皆为各种形似地质地貌现象的系统误判,其确切成因及环境意义有待深入探讨。     

中国东部（105o E以东）第四纪冰川研究回顾、进展及展望

中国东部（105^o E以东）第四纪冰川及其演化可为中国东部乃至东亚地区古气候环境重建提供基础信息及关键证据,正确认知冰川发育条件及正确运用冰川遗迹判别标准又是重建中国东部第四纪冰川及其演化的关键。中国东部中低山地第四纪期间冰川发育与否,即泛冰川论与有限冰川论的争议由来已久。近年来,山东与周边地区中低山及沿海丘陵带的“第四纪冰川”研究波澜再起。在系统地回顾中国东部第四纪冰川研究历史及新近出现争议的基础上,结合冰川发育条件、山地冰川地貌组合、判别原则与识别依据、中国东部数座中高山地存在无争议且形态清晰的冰川地形及其测年资料以及东亚古气候环境演化记录等得出：中国东部仅有台湾山地、长白山、贺兰山与太白山等数座主峰海拔超过2 500 m的中高山地保存有晚更新世以来的冰川作用地形。其余山地及海拔更低的丘陵带在第四纪期间任何一次冰川作用中均未达到与当时冰期气候相耦合的高度,不存在泛冰川作用。已报道的“冰川遗迹”皆为各种形似地质地貌现象的系统误判,其确切成因及环境意义有待深入探讨。     

青藏高原东缘晚新生代地质特征与古环境变化

青藏高原东缘地区发育了完整的晚新生代湖相、黄土、红土和冰川沉积系列,不同成因的沉积物记录了晚新生代以来古环境时空变迁的信息。上新世昔格达湖相沉积发育于4.2～2.6MaBP,具有9个冷—暖气候环境变化阶段。川西风尘堆积始于1.15MaBP,连续记录了14个古季风变化旋回,成都平原红土记录了1.13Ma来的5个古环境演化阶段。青藏高原东缘发育了约4.3MaBP的老冰期,第四纪时期出现了5次极端古气候事件,对应为5期冰期。     

岷江上游叠溪古堰塞湖沉积物粒度特征及环境意义

利用古堰塞湖沉积物中连续的地质记录来研究区域过去气候变化规律,这一方法是继通过深海沉积、极地与高山冰芯、黄土、湖泊、洞穴石笋、珊瑚等沉积物中的地质记录来研究全球气候变化途径之后的又一新途径。反映沉积物中环境信息的代用指标有多种,其中粒度特征就是其中一种,它可以反映沉积过程中的古环境、古气候特征。通过该项研究可以建立青藏高原东部边缘(岷江上游叠溪地区)2万年以来的古环境古气候演化规律以及地质环境的演化规律,找到气候环境变化与地质环境演化的相关性。本文采用精细粒度分析和系统粒度分析等方法提取了堰塞湖相沉积物的粒度特征资料,并与已有的冰川湖沉积物的研究成果进行了对比分析。通过精细分析得到了堰塞湖相沉积物多为粉土和黏土;深色沉积物与粗颗粒相对应,浅色沉积物与细颗粒相对应的关系;并结合有机质测试发现:深色沉积物有机质含量多于浅色沉积物,表明粗颗粒土代表的是雨水充沛水动力条件好且植被相对茂盛的气候环境特征,细颗粒土则与其相反;沉积物中深浅交替的纹层厚度约为2～5 cm;这些特征与冰川湖沉积物特征差别很大,因此其代表的气候环境意义也完全不同。通过整个剖面的系统粒度分析得到了整个沉积过程的粒度变化特征,并据此结合年代测试结果将整个沉积剖面划分了7个粒度变化周期,揭示了该沉积过程中该地区经历了7次气候环境的变迁。     

钻探揭示的青藏高原东北部黄土地层与第四纪气候变化

青藏高原地表侵蚀强烈,不利于保存连续的第四纪松散沉积物,难以获得良好的高原环境变化记录.在青藏高原东北部的西宁-互助地区,堆积着厚层黄土,是认识高原第四纪环境演化和气候变化重要的信息载体.但是,由于次生黄土披覆较厚,露头剖面不完整,长久以来,对这套风成沉积没有进行过全面细致的研究.根据钻探岩芯揭示的土壤地层、磁性地层以及磁化率变化,初步认为青藏高原东北部厚层黄土堆积底界的年代大约为2.0Ma.黄土-古土壤序列可以与黄土高原中部的标准黄土地层对比,但青藏高原黄土有着更为复杂的沉积和侵蚀过程.在具有较好年代学控制的基础上,可以重建第四纪气候变化的某些细节.在冰期-间冰期时间尺度,青藏高原第四纪气候变化与中国北方气候变化对应,但是,在早更新世青藏高原古气候变化有幅度大和频率高的特点.根据与标准黄土堆积的时间序列对比,在距今129～71ka, 254～188ka, 334～279ka, 428～385ka, 576～471ka, 670～658ka, 748～706ka, 788～760ka, 883～853ka, 1000～967ka, 和1120～1061ka等时间段,青藏高原东北部古气候相对温暖湿润;其间厚层的黄土/砂层堆积,即71～12ka, 188～130ka, 380～334ka, 471～428ka, 658～576ka, 853～788ka, 1273～1265ka 和1727～1640ka等时间段则反映了寒冷干燥的气候,可能与冰川发育对应.对高原黄土堆积的环境替代性指标的深入研究,不仅可以揭示古气候变化过程,而且可能为研究青藏高原冰川变化提供有价值的线索.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.